Computer-controlled System Research Articles

3D Silver Sponge Electrodes for High-Rate Faradaic Deionization of High-Salinity Waters

The availability of potable water is a growing global challenge that requires implementing water-purification technologies across a range of production scales from municipal systems to personal, distributed use. Reverse osmosis effectively desalinates high-salinity waters (e.g., undiluted seawater) at large scale, yet may be less suited to small-scale use due to the high-pressure pumps and regular maintenance required for operation. Capacitive deionization (CDI) utilizes high-surface-area carbon electrodes that can offer a more down-scalable desalination approach, but the relatively low capacity of double-layer storage mechanisms limits their use to low-salinity input (brackish water). Alternatively, faradaic deionization (FDI) materials that exhibit redox mechanisms for ion storage present an opportunity to displace reverse-osmosis systems in small-scale desalination systems. As one example, the redox reaction, Ag(s) + Cl–(aq) ↔ AgCl(s) + e–, can be exploited for Cl– capture in desalination cells that pair Ag/AgCl electrodes separated by a cation exchange membrane.1,2 We use macroporous silver “sponges” developed at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory as millimeters-thick flow-through electrodes that show practical salt absorption capacities >100 mg/g while maintaining high salt removal rate courtesy of this kinetically facile conversion reaction. We investigate different silver sponge architectures and their effect on desalination throughput (L/m2/h) and energy consumption (Wh/L) for inputs up to seawater-level salinity using a custom computer-controlled batch-testing system. These readily fabricated, scalable Ag sponges serve as an attractive archetype electrode for high-performance faradaic desalination. 1 P. Srimuk, S. Husmann, and V. Presser, RSC Adv., 2019, 9, 14849–14858. 2 J. Ahn, J. Lee, S. Kim, C. Kim, J. Lee, P.M. Biesheuvel, and J. Yoon, Desalination, 2020, 476, 114216.

Materials Properties vs. Device Performance: Batch Testing of MnOx-Loaded Carbon Nanofoam Papers for Low-Energy Faradaic Deionization

Electrochemical desalination is presently a popular topic in the scientific literature as a response to global challenges with production of potable water. Many of these reports focus on materials/electrode properties for ion capture yet fail to account for other factors that impact practical device performance. For example, gravimetric ion-storage capacity is commonly reported while areal and volumetric capacities may be more important for desalination cell performance. Furthermore, the dynamic fluid mechanics of flow-cell devices require deliberately engineered electrodes in contrast to their static-electrolyte analogs for energy-storage devices (batteries or supercapacitors). To break from the academic status quo, we have designed a computer-controlled batch-process system to investigate desalination performance of practical electrode materials and architectures. This system allows continuous desalination to high degrees of salt removal on a laboratory scale without the need to use large-footprint electrodes. We demonstrate the characteristics of materials-based vs. system-based desalination metrics using NRL-pioneered electrodes — MnOx-decorated carbon nanofoam paper (MnOx@CNFP)1 — relatives of which are effective for faradaic desalination via Na+ capture.2 Scalable and freestanding CNFP electrodes possess three-dimensionally interconnected pore structures with tunable porosities to facilitate ion transport,3 while the interior surfaces of the CNFP (>200 m2 g–1 in mesopores and macropores) are readily functionalized with nanoscale MnOx by self-limiting electroless deposition.1 We investigate the effect of MnOx@CNFP pore structure and electrode thickness on practical desalination performance, and demonstrate the importance of reporting throughput (L/m2/h) and energy consumption (Wh/L) to better validate new electrode materials and architectures in flow-cell desalination devices. E. Fischer, K. A. Pettigrew, D. R. Rolison, R. M. Stroud, and J. W. Long, Nano Lett., 2007, 7, 281–286.Hand and R. D. Cusick, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2017, 51, 20, 12027–12034.C. Lytle, J. M. Wallace, M. B. Sassin, A. J. Barrow, J. W. Long, J. L. Dysart, C. H Renninger, M. P. Saunders, N. L. Brandell, and D. R. Rolison, Energy Environ. Sci., 2011, 4, 1913–1925.

SYNTHESIS OF A COMPUTER NETWORK FOR CONTROLLING MOVING OBJECTS

Today, there are many methods of synthesis of the basic network of the computer control system. But they do not take into account the mobility of control objects. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to develop a method of synthesis of the basic network of the computer control system, which takes into account the mobility of control objects. The method is based on the use of the function of the average loss of messages in the network at the input load and the dynamic resource allocation plan. Regardless of the selected class of the basic network, the developed method assumes: the selection of an appropriate management efficiency assessment function; synthesis of control algorithms for restricting access to the network; synthesis of adaptive routing algorithms that ensure optimal distribution of flows on the short-circuit network. The direction of further research is to take into account the placement of base stations of the computer system.

Prediction equations of the metabolizable energy in corn developed by chemical composition and enzymatic hydrolysate gross energy for roosters

Two experiments were conducted to establish the prediction equations for AME and TME of corn based on chemical composition and enzymatic hydrolysate gross energy (EHGE) in roosters. In experiment 1, eighty 32-wk-old Hy-line Brown roosters with an average body weight of 2.55 ± 0.21 kg were randomly assigned to 10 diet treatments in a completely randomized design to determine AME and TME by the force-feeding method. Each treatment had 8 replicates with 1 bird per replicate. The 10 test diets used in the experiment were formulated with corn (including 96.10%) as the sole source of energy. In experiment 2, the EHGE of 14 corn samples was measured by the computer-controlled simulated digestion system (CCSDS) with 5 replicates of each sample. The average AME and TME values of corn were 14.58 and 16.46 MJ/kg DM, respectively. The EHGE of 14 corn samples ranged from 14.66 to 15.89 (the mean was 15.24) MJ/kg DM. The best-fit equations for corn based on chemical composition were AME (MJ/kg DM) = 14.5504 + 0.1166 × ether extract (EE) + 0.5058 × Ash - 0.0957 × neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (R2 = 0.8194, residual standard deviation (RSD) = 0.0860, P < 0.01) and TME (MJ/kg DM) = 16.0625 + 0.1314 × EE + 0.4725 × Ash - 0.0872 × NDF (R2 = 0.7867, RSD = 0.0860, P < 0.01). The best-fit equations for corn based on EHGE were AME (MJ/kg DM) = 7.8883 + 0.4568 × EHGE (R2 = 0.8587, RSD = 0.0693, P < 0.01) and TME (MJ/kg DM) = 10.0099 + 0.4228 × EHGE (R2 = 0.8720, RSD = 0.0608, P < 0.01). The differences between determined and predicted values from equations established based on EHGE were lower than those observed from chemical composition equations. These results indicated that EHGE measured with CCSDS could predict the AME and TME of corn for roosters with high accuracy.

Predicting energetic values of cereal grains and byproducts using a computer-controlled simulated digestion system for growing pigs

The objective of this study was to predict the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), and metabolizable energy (ME) of cereals and byproducts using an in vitro digestion procedure automatically progressed in a computer-controlled simulated digestion system (CCSDS) for growing pigs. In in vivo test to determine the ATTD of GE, DE and ME of feed ingredients, 15 barrows (30.2 ± 2.4 kg of initial body weight) were allotted to a 15 × 6 Youden square design with 15 experimental diets in 6 periods to give 6 replicates per diet. Diets included a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet and 14 test diets formulated with 14 samples of cereals and byproducts. The in vitro digestible energy (IVDE) and IVDE/GE were determined using CCSDS with 5 replicates for each sample. Principal components analysis showed that similar positions of samples were observed on a two-dimensional plot of PC1 and PC2 extracted from chemical composition and each of DE, ME, or IVDE. The ratios of IVDE to DE or ME among 14 samples ranged from 87.7–110.4 % and 91.1–112.9 %, but ranged from 97.8–103.5 % or 100.2–105.7 % when both paddy rice and wheat shorts were excluded in consideration of lever effect. Models to predict DE and ME from IVDE were DE = 0.7428 × IVDE + 945 (R² = 0.71, root mean square error (RMSE) = 157 kcal/kg DM, P < 0.01), ME = 0.7465 × IVDE + 839 (R² = 0.76, RMSE=139 kcal/kg DM, P < 0.01) when 14 samples were included, but regression equations were DE = 0.6924 × IVDE + 1173 (R² = 0.91, RMSE = 49 kcal/kg DM, P < 0.01) and ME = 0.6876 × IVDE + 1098 (R² = 0.95, RMSE = 34 kcal/kg DM, P < 0.01) when paddy rice and wheat shorts were excluded. Our results indicate that IVDE determined with a novel CCSDS can precisely predict the DE and ME of cereals and byproducts with lower fiber content (ADF < 6.01 % DM) for growing pigs.

Implementation of Decision-Making Systems Based on a Typical Decisive Element

As large amounts of data are received and accumulated, the need to create automated and automatic decision-making systems for a wide variety of tasks becomes more and more urgent. In the technical field, one of them is technical diagnostics, and in medicine, diagnostics of the human condition. Currently, dozens of computer systems for continuous vibration control and monitoring of complex rotary-type units are in commercial operation, which form time trends for 14 vibration parameters with a time step of 1–8 s for each control point at the operated facility. The functionality of a universal decision-making module is proposed, the input data of which are the parameters and characteristics of the observed object, with the required resulting output decision.

Convergence between the Computer Control System and the Intelligent Motor

Convergence between the Computer Control System and the Intelligent Motor

Computer controlled expansion of equine cord blood mesenchymal stromal cells on microcarriers in 3L vertical-wheel® bioreactors.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are an ideal cell source for allogenic cell therapy due to their immunomodulatory and differentiation properties. Equine MSCs (eMSCs) have been found to be a promising treatment for equine joint injuries including meniscal injuries, cartilage degradation, and osteoarthritis. Although the use of eMSCs has shown efficacy in preliminary studies, challenges associated with biomanufacturing remain. To achieve the required cell numbers for clinical application, bioreactor-based processes are required. Initial studies have shown that eMSCs can be cultivated in microcarrier-based, stirred suspension bioreactor culture at the laboratory 0.1L scale using a Vertical-Wheel® (VW) bioreactor. However, investigations regarding scale up of these processes to the required biomanufacturing scales are required. This study investigated the scale-up of a equine cord blood MSC (eCB-MSC) bioprocess in VW bioreactors at three scales. This included scale-up from the 0.1-0.5L bioreactor, scale-up from static culture to the 3L computer-controlled bioreactor, and scale-up into the 3L computer-controlled bioreactor using a mock clinical trial process. Results from the various scale-up experiments demonstrated similar cell expansion at the various tested scales. The 3L computer-controlled system resulted in a final cell densities of 1.5 × 105 cells/cm2 on average, achieving 1.5 × 109 harvested cells. Biological testing of the cells showed that cell phenotype and functionality were maintained after scale-up. These findings demonstrate the scalability of an eCB-MSC bioprocess using microcarriers in VW bioreactors to achieve clinically relevant cell numbers, a critical step to translate MSC treatments from research to clinical applications. This study also represents the first known published study expanding any cell type in the 3L VW bioreactor.

A New Procedure to Design an Open Circuit Blowing Subsonic Moist-Air Wind Tunnel

The present research work shows how a functional subsonic moist-air wind tunnel has been designed. Although this type of wind tunnel has never been developed to date, it is particularly interesting to develop a satisfactory design of feasibility under moist air conditions. Low-speed vertical-axis wind turbines employ different kinds of rotors, such as Savonius, Darrieus, and H-rotor. All these wind turbines present clear advantages, e.g., the horizontal-axis wind turbines are omnidirectional. This means they can work under different wind directions, need lower maintenance, and begin working under low wind speeds of 3 m/s. Recently, a new application of wind concentrators enabled the vertical-axis wind turbines to improve their performance coefficient based on new concepts like moist air phase change, which are being analysed to improve energy conversion. Thus, expectations were raised to design a suitable wind tunnel that accounts for the relative humidity of moist air. An initial prototype showed that the behaviour of open wind tunnels where the relative humidity of moist air was controlled by an adiabatic evaporative process was satisfactory. However, for such wind tunnels, certain improvements like computer control systems would need to be developed.

Real-Time Multi-Agent Mobile Robot based on A Client-Server Model

A client-server network is one of the most important topics in a computer network. In this work, a real-time computer control system is designed based on the Client-Server Model for a Multi-Agent Mobile Robot System (CSM-MAMRS) and is applied to a building that consists of (N) floors and uses one mobile robot on each floor that has specific actions in different types of environments. The new proposed CSM-MAMRS consists of four layers. The first stage manages the network communication for each agent. The second stage solves the major problems of path planning by using a proposed hybrid algorithm that combines the Rapidly Exploring Random Tree Star (RRT*) and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms in order to provide the shortest and smoothest path with collision avoidance between the starting and the target points in a static and dynamic robot environments are used.. In the third stage, a velocity planner controller is based on an inverse kinematic mobile robot model. In the fourth stage, the Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP is used to send velocity values to real mobile robots via the Wireless Network Control Administration. The simulation results and experimental works successfully achieved to significant improvement in real-time when using three missions of three mobile robots on different static map floors in the building. The maximum tracking pose errors for three robots in the static enviormnets are 0.39 cm, 0.02 cm, 0.32 cm respectively, but the maximum tracking pose error in the dynamic environments are 2.94 cm and 2.8 cm only for two mobile robots along the maximum distance of 250 cm. Index Terms— Real-time computer control, Mobile robot, Multi-agent system, Path planning algorithms.

Review of HVAC Systems History and Future Applications

Today, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems have become an integral part of modern buildings and are designed to provide comfortable indoor environments while conserving energy and reducing carbon emissions. With advancement in technology, HVAC systems have a variety of sensors that are used to detect the occupants within a controlled environment. Advancements in computer control systems and the use of smart technology have made HVAC systems even more sophisticated, allowing for approximate temperature control and energy management. This paper will review the historical development of technology and the current state of HVAC systems. With the proper data, development of artificial intelligence models can, in theory, improve the overall optimization and reduce energy consumption This paper will provide a review of HVAC history and the key concepts around the usefulness of using AI from previous research conducted in this field of study.

Joint optimization task offloading and trajectory control for unmanned-aerial-vehicle-assisted mobile edge computing

The appearance of Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is significant for the future progress of the Internet of Things (IoT). Since the system model with a continuous action space and high-dimensional state space, the joint optimization of UAV trajectory and the computational offloading problem is non-convex, and traditional algorithms for instance ant colony algorithm, genetic algorithm, Actor Critic (AC) algorithm, and Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm are difficult to cope with. Reasonably formulating the computational task offloading strategy and the trajectory control of the UAV is crucial for the high-efficiency completion of the task. In this paper, a computational offloading and trajectory control system model for UAV-assisted MEC is proposed. We seek to maximize the user ratio of coverage by jointly optimizing computing offload scheduling and UAV trajectories. We propose an improved DDPG algorithm to optimize the objective function and achieve the optimal solution. Meanwhile, our algorithm can achieve an improvement in the user rate of coverage while avoiding obstacles as compared with baseline algorithms, AC, and DDPG.

Method of Determining the Temperature Characteristics of the Thermal and Electrical Properties of Conductive Materials on a Stand for Induction Heating

In induction heating processes, knowledge of the charge material parameters, i.e., thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity, as well as resistivity and magnetic permeability, is important both at the stage of preparatory process simulations and during their implementation. The paper presents a measurement method for estimating the thermal diffusivity, volumetric heat capacity, and resistivity of the charge material as a function of temperature on a single measuring setup, using a generator for induction heating as the source of signals. The method is based on the study (for forced temperature levels) of the temperature responses of cylindrical samples of the test materials and the voltage induced in the designed measuring coil after short- or long-term step excitation impulses. The presented approach enabled the dedicated computer-controlled system to obtain the initial values of the searched parameters with an accuracy of several percent. The procedure constitutes an introductory step in the simultaneous determination of a set of searched characteristics, and, by performing measurements, significantly narrows the range of variability in the decision variables of the optimization process.

A simple computerized Arduino-based control system for insect rotary flight mills.

Flight mills are widely used to investigate insect flight behavior. As technology advances, the means to build a computerized control system for a flight mill has become more accessible in terms of both price and availability of components. However, the specialized electronics and programming knowledge required to build such a system can still present an obstacle to interested parties. Here, we describe a simple and inexpensive flight mill control system that can be easily assembled and operated without specialized experience. The hardware and software components are built around an Arduino single-board microcontroller, which outputs raw data in the form of timestamped detections of rotations of the flight mill arm. This control system is suitable both as the basis for new flight mills and for replacing outdated computer controls on existing flight mills. Additionally, it can be used with any rotary flight mill design that uses an electronic sensor to count rotations.

Analysis of market entry, restructuring and economic risks at energy companies – literature review

The entry of companies dealing with renewable energy sources into the market will be analyzed firstly, in addition to the companies dealing with fossil-based energy production, which are still strongly present. Here the game-theoretic stylization of the competition between two types of companies is in scope, while the incumbents determine the energy prices, and those entering the market can respond with quantitative adjustments. After that, the cyber security issues of the market-leading energy companies are under revision. Nowadays, due to the widespread use of computer control systems, a possible cyber-attack is a big risk for a power plant, as it can result in a complete system shutdown or, in the worst case, even irreparable damage. In light of these, risk networks are analyzed in three layers, reflecting normal and extreme market conditions. Ultimately, we will analyze the strategic steps of companies' restructuring and withdrawal. In the current economic situation, many dominant companies have a diversified portfolio, which on one hand promises beneficial profit opportunities and financial stability due to the parallel presence of diverse investment and production directions, but also makes it necessary to abandon the given route and to reallocate resources to another sector if necessary. Based on these points, by the end of the analysis, we will have a clearer picture of the struggle for market dominance of large energy companies and the steps necessary for success.

THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE: THE POSTMODERN PERSPCETIVE OF LYOTARD

This paper demonstrates Jean-Francois Lyotard's theory of knowledge in postmodern societies. Lyotard explores the nature of knowledge, including how it is generated, structured, and used in contemporary society. He questions who has access to knowledge, how it is utilized, who controls it, and how it influences our lives and perceptions of the world. He rejects meta-narrative theories that posit knowledge as serving universal human goals and instead argues that knowledge in contemporary societies is primarily organized in terms of efficiency, profitability, commodity, and power. Furthermore, he contends that the nations with the most advanced technology, communications, and information are the most powerful. He equates the state of knowledge with the systems of domination that undermine our understanding of truth, value, and justice. Finally, Lyotard argues that postmodern societies are experiencing a reduction of knowledge to efficiency and a dehumanizing culture due to the emergence of machine-led computer-controlled systems.

STATE POLICY IN THE FIELD OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN THE 1950S: ACHIEVEMENTS AND BLOCKING FACTORS

The purpose of the publication, based on currently declassified documents, is to investigate the actual problem of the evolution of state policy in the field of computer technology development in the USSR in the 1950s. The conclusion is formulated that the «cold war», the unfolding scientific and technological revolution stimulated the implementation of their own projects in the field of information technology and hardware platforms in the USSR. A significant factor that determined the creation of various domestic computers in the early 1950s was the support at the state level of developments independent of Western analogues. The continuous growth in demand for calculating machines and the release in 1956 of a number of government decisions on the creation of new types of such machines forced the leadership of various departments to take urgent measures to accelerate the development of the mathematical engineering industry. In the period from 1955 to 1957, samples of high-performance computing and mathematical machines were created. A number of them were sent to mass production. Computer centers were created on the basis of new computer technology. However, in general, the development of computer technology in the country lagged behind the United States. The documents allow us to identify a number of factors that determined the braking of this process: the industrial management reform being carried out at that time, the departmental approach, the lack of understanding by the country's leadership of the special significance of this area of industrial and scientific and technical policy, the absence of a single center coordinating this work. The Scientific Council on Computer Technology and Control Systems of the State Committee of the USSR Academy of Sciences for Science and Technology and the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences was established only in 1966.

The artificial uterus: on the way to ectogenesis.

The inability to support the growth and development of a mature fetus up to delivery results in significant human suffering. Current available solutions include adoption, surrogacy, and uterus transplantation. However, these options are subject to several ethical, religious, economic, social, and medical concerns. Ectogenesis is the process in which an embryo develops in an artificial uterus from implantation through to the delivery of a live infant. This current narrative review summarizes the state of recent research focused on human ectogenesis. First, a literature search was performed to identify published reports of previous experiments and devices used for embryo implantation in an extracorporeally perfused human uterus. Furthermore, studies fitting that aim were selected and critically evaluated. Results were synthesized, interpreted, and used to design a prospective strategy for future research. Therefore, this study suggests that full ectogenesis might be obtained using a computer-controlled system with extracorporeal blood perfusion provided by a digitally controlled heart-lung-kidney system. From a clinical perspective, patients who will derive significant benefits from this technology are mainly those women diagnosed with anatomical abnormalities of the uterus and those who have undergone previous hysterectomies, numerous abortions, and experienced premature birth. Ectogenesis is the complete development of an embryo in an artificial uterus. It represents the solutions for millions of women suffering from premature deliveries, and the inability to supply growth and development of embryos/fetuses in the womb. In the future, ectogenesis might replace uterine transplantation and surrogacy.

#5863 A NOVEL SELF-SEALING DIALYSIS PORT EVALUATION

Abstract Background and Aims There are several complications associated with hemodialytic vascular that arise from the incorrect cannulation, including aneurysms, infection, vessel damage, and uncontrolled bleeding. These risks severely limit treatment opportunities for self-cannulation by patients, which is necessary step for home hemodialysis. To improve quality of life and reduce complications, we developed a novel access port, called Safe Entry Port for AV fistuLae (SEAL), that integrates with fistulae, guides cannulation, and uses an internal colinear valve to prevent aneurysms with minimal risk of back-bleeding and infections (Figure 1A-C). Method The device was additively manufactured using direct metal laser sintering of FDA-approved Ti-6Al-4V. It was then polished and coated with silver-doped titanium nitride (TiN/Ag). The operation of the valve was tested in a mock circulation system using a peristaltic pump and Tyvek tubing to produce a pulsatile hydrostatic pressure gradient. The antimicrobial properties of the valve coating were evaluated in vitro against biofilm formation using standard assays for bacterial spreading area and turbidity. A custom computer-controlled robotic cannulation system was created to fatigue test the port as well as to determine the needle force required to open the valve. Finally, the device was implanted subdermally on a mature brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistula of an adult sheep and cannulated biweekly for six weeks. Device integration and host tissue reaction were evaluated using standard histopathological methods and micro-CT scanning. Results SEAL is engineered to integrate directly over a fistula via a Ti matrix (a mesh of small holes covering the sides of the device for interaction with host tissue). No fluid leaked through the valve during in vitro testing even under physiologically high circulatory pressure. In repeated cannulations of the device during ex vivo simulations with 14G dialysis needles, the peak force required to engage the valve recorded in our dialysis fatigue cycling simulation was 160.5 $ \pm $ 0.02 mN (Figure 1D, E). The device withstood cannulation cycles equivalent to 14 years of dialysis. Furthermore, the colinear valve smoothly opened for continuous flow through the needle guide (Figure 1F-I) and closed automatically under the tensile force similar to that of subcutaneous tissue. Antimicrobial TiN/Ag coating showed significant reduction in bacterial growth in both biofilm assays (Figure 1J,K). In preclinical trials, no signs of infection or backbleeding were observed during the continuous six-week cannulation period; vascular access was continuous with no resistance or complications. Conclusion We show that SEAL nearly eliminates backbleeding risk both in vitro and in vivo. The TiN/Ag coating of the colinear valve significantly limits bacterial biofilm formation ex vivo. Preclinical studies in the sheep model show that the device implanted on a mature fistula can easily be cannulated twice a week without any infection, cannulation complications, or backbleeding for an extensive period. SEAL has the potential to change the future of dialysis treatments, improve the quality of life for patients due the reduction of complications, and allow improved access to home hemodialysis.

EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interactions in Immersive Virtual and Augmented Reality: A Systematic Review

Brain-computer interactions allow humans to passively or actively control computer systems using their brain activity. For more than a decade now, these interactions have been implemented and evaluated in immersive virtual environments where they prompt novel means of human interaction with systems. In this paper, we present a systematic review of 76 studies published over the last 10 years that develop and evaluate immersive virtual reality or augmented reality systems with electroencephalography-based interactions. The aim of the review is to summarize and highlight trends in technology design, research methods, current practices, techniques used in systems of this kind, challenges and opportunities that present direction for future research in this area. Our analysis uncovers useful insights, limitations, and highlights of the trends, innovations, and usability and technical challenges at the intersection of brain-computer interfaces and immersive technologies, as well as recommendations for future research.