Computer Color Matching Research Articles

Research on Textile Dyeing Formulation Based on Young's Double-Slit Interference Experiment Optimization Algorithm

With the development of intelligent algorithms, computer color matching has become an important method to improve product quality and save labor cost in printing and dyeing industry. In this paper, based on the K-M optical theory and the color difference theory of CIELAB uniform color space, and combined with the latest heuristic optimization algorithm "Young's Double-Slit Interference Experiment Optimizer (YDSE)" proposed in 2023, a feasible solution to generate textile dyeing formulas quickly is proposed. The model is tested with 12 textile target samples, and the experiments show that the proposed dyeing formulation model can converge quickly, and the color parameters of the generated scheme are closer to those of the real samples, with the maximum parameter error not exceeding 10-2 orders of magnitude, and the predicted color differences of the optimal scheme are all in the range of 10-6 orders of magnitude or less. Simultaneous testing of the sample formulations using three other common optimization algorithms, WOA, HHO, and IHHO, shows that their predicted color differences are greater than those of YDSE, proving the reliability of the model.

A comparative study on the difference of color space conversion based on table look-up method and neural network

A comparative study on the difference of color space conversion based on table look-up method and neural network

Effect of polydopamine deposition on wool fibers on the construction of melanin

AbstractThe use of dopamine to synthesize melanin as a natural dye on fabrics has the disadvantages of complicated processing, long processing time, and high cost. This study simplifies the processing conditions of the oxidative polymerization of dopamine and develops wool fabric melanin coatings with different finishing effects by adjusting the reaction time. The results of computer color matching, ultraviolet (UV) protection properties, and color fastness indicated that the treated wool fibers were effectively dyed, and they achieved UV resistance properties comparable to those realized in other studies in a relatively short time. The degree of lightness (L) and UV protection factor of the treated fabric reached up to 13.3 and 80+, respectively. Samples W/PDA 60 and W/PDA 120 absorbed more than 95% of the UV light. The color fastness was greater than Grade 4. The Fourier infrared spectrum and X‐ray diffraction studies revealed that the chemical and crystalline structures of the wool fiber did not change significantly after the treatment. The breaking strength of samples W/PDA 60 and W/PDA 120 was about 50% higher than that of the original wool fabric. This efficient and simple method provides a feasible and promising solution for the color deepening and UV finishing of high value‐added wool products. It can be a potential choice for upgrading the printing and dyeing industries from the perspective of ecological protection.

Research on Art Design System of Industrial Dyestuff Colour Matching with Computer Aid

The success rate of computer colour matching not only depends on the colour matching theory and algorithm, but also limited by the basic data of colour matching. In addition to the traditional accuracy analysis method, colour gamut analysis is added. We take the establishment of basic data for dyeing polyester fabrics with disperse dyes as an example to discuss the rationality of basic data for computer colour matching. The model can obtain colour matching results with a colour difference of less than 1 after 1-2 colour corrections, and can meet the basic requirements of multi-component, fixed-proportion colour matching and colour correction in the production of colour spinning.

Prediction of the reactive dye recipe in cotton fabric dyeing using the pad‐dry‐pad‐steam process by particle swarm optimisation‐least squares support vector machine with matching database

AbstractCompared with manual matching, computer colour matching is faster and more reliable. Computer colour‐matching results are determined by the method used; however, in practical application, the accuracy of colour matching still needs to be improved. In this paper, we first designed a series of colour‐matching schemes with two reactive dyes, Levafix Blue and Levafix Amber, then dyed cotton fabric through the pad‐dry‐pad‐steam process, and finally established the matching database. Furthermore, two colour‐matching sub‐models were developed by least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) to predict the dye recipe in cotton fabric dyeing, while particle swarm optimisation (PSO) was applied to optimise and tune the parameters of the LSSVM models. Herein, the model inputs are the colour parameters L*, a* and b* of the dyed samples and the model output is dye concentration. It is confirmed that the colour‐matching models have excellent evaluation indexes and colour‐matching effects. The coefficient of determination is more than 0.99, and the colour‐matching precision is more than 98%. All the results prove that the colour‐matching models by PSO‐LSSVM can be accurately applied in practical dyeing to predict the reactive dye recipe, which is suitable for use on an industrial scale.

The color matching design based on polynomial regression

Camouflage spots are mostly color patches of different colors. Compared with the traditional empirical color matching method, computer color matching can quickly and effectively calculate the proportion of red, yellow, and blue primary colors. In general, camouflage computer color matching in the practical application of the initial formula is not accurate and multiple color modification still cannot match. First, we measured the chroma coordinates of 98 standard swatches made of red, green, and blue coatings in different proportions by the OHSP-660 spectral reflectance tester. Then, we adopted polynomial regression algorithm by Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) to obtain the regression equation between [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]. Finally, the fitting equation is used to obtain the paint color scheme in the coordinates of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] in arbitrary uniform color space, so as to realize the purpose of computer color matching. The experimental results show that the minimum color difference is 1.691 ( L* a* b* unit) the maximum color difference is 2.497, which meets the design requirements of camouflage and target color difference being no more than 3. Our work provides a theoretical basis for the further development of computer color matching system in camouflage.

Investigation for the color samples with equi‐depth in Natural Color System

AbstractThe color depth, an important attribute of color, can reflect the amount of dye partly, which has important functions on the evaluation of color‐fastness and strength of dyes, dyeing effect of fabric, computer color matching, and so on. Natural Color System, an internationally accepted color system, orders colors by three parameters (blackness, chromaticness, and hue). The color depth has not been specified within the Natural Color System. This article tries to find the regularity of the sample with equal‐depth in Natural Color System. Firstly, 1950 color samples in Natural Color System were measured using an X‐Rite Color i7 Spectrophotometer, and their color depths were calculated by five color depth formulas. Then, trend analysis and mathematical modeling methods were used to achieve the connection between the color depth and the notations of Natural Color System basing on color depth theories. Results show that, in Natural Color System, the color samples with the same distance to pure white do not have equal depth; but the color samples with the same nuance (equal blackness, whiteness and chromaticness) have broadly equal color depth, and their average coefficient values are lower than that of Society of Dyers and Colourists Standard Depths. Besides, regressive formulas were built, with which the color depths of any chips in Natural Color System can be calculated broadly by their notation.

Dyeing Wool Knitted Fabric in Nano-scale Reverse Micelle with Reactive Dyes — A Computer Colour Matching Study

The colour quality assessment of reverse micelle-based (in octane or nonane medium) and conventional water-based dyed wool knitted fabric has been investigated using computer colour matching (CCM) approach. Both water-based and non-aqueous based dyeing methods exhibited no chromatic shift from the reflectance curves and established good linearity in the construction of calibration curves. The linearity of both calibration curves in terms of R2 value played a critical role in CCM. The colour yield obtained from reverse micellar dyed fabric samples was higher than the colour yield values from wool knitted fabrics dyed in water bath under different dye percentages. The CCM predicted concentrations were in good agreement to theoretical concentrations for both dyeing systems. To conclude, the results showed that reverse micellar dyeing in octane and nonane is capable of generating reliable colour recipes. The relative unlevelness indices (RUI) obtained from dyed wool knitted fabrics using reverse micellar approach reveal good to excellent levelness, which fulfills the requirements of the textile processing industry. TEM picture illustrated that reverse micelles are in nano-scale and this could enhance the dyeing effect of wool with reactive dyes.

Spectrophotometric color matching for pre-colored fiber blends based on a hybrid of least squares and grid search method

Computer color matching can improve production efficiency and reduce costs in color spun. However, in practice the computer color matching success rate for pre-colored fiber blends has not been good, leading to customers being unsatisfied with the accuracy of the color matching results. Aiming to improve the accuracy, a hybrid of least squares and grid search method has been proposed for spectrophotometric color matching of pre-colored fiber blend based on the improved Kubelka–Munk (K-M) double-constant theory. Two-primary, three-primary, four-primary, and five-primary pre-colored cotton fiber blends were prepared as standard samples to evaluate the color matching accuracy of the proposed method. Compared with the least squares method and the grid search method, the proposed method achieved better color matching effects and greatly shortened the calculation time, respectively. For 42 pre-colored fiber blends, the average color difference between the predicted results obtained by the proposed method, least squares method, and grid search method and the spectrophotometer measurements were respectively 0.29, 0.53, and 0.36 CIE2000 units. The experimental results indicated that the proposed method could predict the formulation of standard samples quickly and effectively, and that it was superior to other methods in providing satisfactory color matching results for the enterprises.

Washable Colorimetric Nanofiber Nonwoven for Ammonia Gas Detection.

The colorimetric sensor is a facile, cost-effective, and non-power-operated green energy material for gas detection. In this study, the colorimetric sensing property of a meta-aramid/dye 3 nanofiber sensor for ammonia (NH3) gas detection was investigated. This colorimetric sensor was prepared using various dye 3 concentrations via electrospinning. Morphological, thermal, structural, and mechanical analyses of the sensor were carried out by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and a universal testing machine, respectively. A homemade computer color matching machine connected with a gas flow device characterized the response of the meta-aramid/dye 3 nanofiber colorimetric sensor to various exposure levels of NH3 gas. From the results, we confirmed that this colorimetric green energy sensor could detect ammonia gas in the concentration of 1–10 ppm with a sensing response time of 10 s at room temperature. After washing with laundry detergent for 30 min, the colorimetric sensors still exhibited sensing property and reversibility.

Multifunctional Finishing of Woolens with Lemongrass Oil

ABSTRACT In the reported work, lemongrass oil was coated on the wool fabrics to impart multifunctional finish. During the treatment, chitosan was used as a crosslinking agent. The coated fabrics were characterized using SEM, EDX, FTIR and computer color matching in addition to mechanical and handle associated properties. The effect of coating was analyzed on the three functional properties viz., moth repellence, UV protection and aroma of the fabric. During the moth repellence test, the lemongrass treated wool fabrics showed higher moth mortality (80%) and less weight loss (14%). The UV protection factor (UPF) was also found higher (127) than the untreated wool fabric (44). The coated fabrics retained aroma even after 90 days of storage. This environment-friendly fabric coating can be applied to different types of woolen products and other textiles for value addition.

Strong and sustainable chemical bonding of TiO2 on nylon surface using 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (3-MPTMS): analysis of antimicrobial and decomposition characteristics of contaminants

In this study, the antimicrobial and photodegradation properties of nylon fabric were improved by chemical treatment using 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (3-MPTMS), which binds to photocatalyst TiO2, on a nylon fabric surface. The nylon fibers were impregnated with a solution containing isopropanol, titanium dioxide (TiO2), and 3-MPTMS at optimum ratios, and then stirred for 90 min. To remove the nonreactive impurities, the sample was washed twice with isopropanol and distilled water, and then dried. The TiO2 concentration, agitation temperature, and time were varied to determine suitable coating conditions for attachment to the nylon surface; the resulting properties were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy. To evaluate the antimicrobial and photodegradation properties of TiO2, antimicrobial tests were conducted using the microbial reduction method and contact angle tests. The fiber contamination rate was measured by computer color matching after the sample was contaminated with methylene blue. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains on the treated nylon was investigated.

A Computer Color-Matching Study of Reverse Micellar Dyeing of Wool with Reactive Dyes.

Computer color-matching (CCM) and the levelness of poly(ethylene glycol)-based reverse-micellar dyed wool fabrics in octane and nonane were investigated and compared with a conventional water-based dyeing system. Reflectance curves and calibration curves exhibited no chromatic change and maintained high linearity in both dyeing systems. The linearity of water-dyed calibration curves was slightly higher than that of the reverse-micellar dyed curves. The color yield, in term of K/Ssum values, of solvent-dyed samples was found to be generally higher than that of water-based dyed samples at various calibrated dye concentrations. The concentrations predicted by CCM were close to the theoretical concentrations for both dyeing methods. This indicates that octane- and nonane-assisted reverse-micellar dyeing of wool is able to generate color recipes comparable to the conventional water-based dyeing system. The solvent-dyed samples, measured by the relative unlevelness indices (RUI), exhibit good-to-excellent levelness, which is highly comparable with the water-dyed samples.

Comparison of computer colour matching of water‐based and solvent‐based reverse micellar dyeing of cotton fibre

In this study, cotton fabrics were dyed with reactive dyes in conventional water‐based and solvent‐based reverse micellar dyeing systems. In solvent‐based dyeing, heptane replaced water as the medium. Three commercially available reactive dyes with the primary colours of red, blue and yellow were used. Dyeing with different dye concentrations was conducted to establish calibration dyeing databases for computer colour matching (CCM). Colours produced by mixing known concentrations of primary colours were used as standard samples for CCM. Different colour difference formulae were used for predicting dye concentrations in the standard samples from CCM. Results revealed that the predicted concentrations were statistically related to the known concentrations for both dyeing methods. This indicates that the solvent‐based reverse micellar dyeing method can achieve colour matching as good as the conventional water‐based dyeing system, and that a large amount of water can be saved.

Dyeing Properties of Cotton with Reactive Dye in Nonane Nonaqueous Reverse Micelle System.

In this study, we explored the dyeing behavior of cotton with reactive dyes in poly(ethylene glycol)-based reverse micelle system in nonaqueous alkane medium of nonane (C9H20). Calibration of dyeing databases for both conventional aqueous-based dyeing method and nonaqueous nonane reverse micellar dyeing method was initially established, along with simulated dyeing of standard samples with known concentrations. Several color difference formulae were used to conduct computer color matching (CCM), by matching the color between batch samples and the standard samples, for both dyeing methods. Excellent color matching results were achieved as both dyeing methods showed that the CCM-predicted concentrations were nearly the same as the known concentrations. It indicates that utilizing nonane as a solvent to facilitate reverse micellar dyeing of cotton can achieve good color matching when compared with that of the conventional aqueous-based dyeing system. Relative unlevelness indices were used to evaluate the evenness of the dyed samples. Good to excellent levelness results were obtained, comparable to that of the conventional aqueous-based dyeing system. Color fastness to laundering of nonane reverse micellar dyed samples was found to be good for industrial applications. In addition, during the reverse micellar dyeing process, only very low level of volatile organic compound content was detected and 98% nonane could be recovered simply by fractional distillation. The results in this study explored the practical usage of nonane nonaqueous reverse micellar approach on the dyeing of cotton with the use of reactive dyes.

Octane-Assisted Reverse Micellar Dyeing of Cotton with Reactive Dyes.

In this study, we investigated the computer colour matching (CCM) of cotton fabrics dyed with reactive dye using the octane-assisted reverse micellar approach. The aim of this study is to evaluate the colour quality and compare the accuracy between CCM forecasting and simulated dyeing produced by conventional water-based dyeing and octane-assisted reverse micellar dyeing. First, the calibration of dyeing databases for both dyeing methods was established. Standard samples were dyed with known dye concentrations. Computer colour matching was conducted by using the colour difference formula of International Commission on Illumination (CIE) L*a*b*. Experimental results revealed that the predicted concentrations were nearly the same as the expected known concentrations for both dyeing methods. This indicates that octane-assisted reverse micellar dyeing system can achieve colour matching as good as the conventional water-based dyeing system. In addition, when comparing the colour produced by the conventional water-based dyeing system and the octane-assisted reverse micellar dyeing system, the colour difference (ΔE) is ≤1, which indicates that the reverse micellar dyeing system could be applied for industrial dyeing with CCM.

Handling translucent specimens in an opaque Kubelka–Munk Environment

AbstractComputer‐color matching usually employs a subset of Kubelka–Munk equations which require that each specimen analyzed be at complete hiding. This set of equations is preferred because they are simpler than their counterpart equations that operate at incomplete hiding. On the other hand, in coatings and plastics very often colorant specimens must be utilized that, either because of their nature or concentration, fail to qualify as being at complete hiding. This communication examines techniques for handling such cases and makes recommendations for obtaining the theoretical opaque reflectance of the specimens from measurements over both black and white. In addition, the article recommends a new relationship that more aptly characterizes the contrast ratios required than previous methods have done.

Computer Color Matching and Levelness of PEG-Based Reverse Micellar Decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane (D5) Solvent-Assisted Reactive Dyeing on Cotton Fiber

The color matching and levelness of cotton fabrics dyed with reactive dye, in a non-aqueous environmentally-friendly medium of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), was investigated using the non-ionic surfactant reverse-micellar approach comprised of poly(ethylene glycol)-based surfactant. The calibration dyeing databases for both conventional water-based dyeing and D5-assisted reverse micellar dyeing were established, along with the dyeing of standard samples with predetermined concentrations. Computer color matching (CCM) was conducted by using different color difference formulae for both dyeing methods. Experimental results reveal that the measured concentrations were nearly the same as the expected concentrations for both methods. This indicates that the D5-assisted non-ionic reverse micellar dyeing approach can achieve color matching as good as the conventional dyeing system. The levelness of the dyed samples was measured according to the relative unlevelness indices (RUI), and the results reveal that the samples dyed by the D5 reverse micellar dyeing system can achieve good to excellent levelness comparable to that of the conventional dyeing system.

Evaluation of a Novel Computer Color Matching System Based on the Improved Back-Propagation Neural Network Model.

To explore the feasibility of a novel computer color-matching (CCM) system based on the improved back-propagation neural network (BPNN) model by comparing it with the traditional visual method. Forty-three metal-ceramic specimens were fabricated by proportionally mixing porcelain powders. Thirty-nine specimens were randomly selected to train the BPNN model, while the remaining four specimens were used to test and calibrate the model. A CCM system based on the improved BPNN model was constructed using MATLAB software. A comparison of the novel CCM system and the traditional visual method was conducted by evaluating the color reproduction results of 10 maxillary central incisors. Metal-ceramic specimens were fabricated using two color reproduction approaches. Color distributions (L*, a*, and b*) of the target teeth and of the corresponding metal-ceramic specimens were measured using a spectroradiometer. Color differences (ΔE) and color distributions (ΔL*, Δa*, and Δb*) between the teeth and their corresponding specimens were calculated. The average ΔE value of the CCM system was 1.89 ± 0.75, which was lower than that of the visual approach (3.54 ± 1.11, p < 0.01). With respect to color distributions, substantial differences were found between the two color-matching systems, except for ΔL* (p > 0.05). The novel CCM system produced greater accuracy in color reproduction within the given color space than the traditional visual approach.

크라비욘 원사가 함유된 면타올의 오배자 염색

The purpose of this study is to investigate the dyeability of crabyon fiber contained cotton towels after dyeing with gallut. In this study, the colorants of gallnut were extracted with boiling water at 60&#x2103; and 60min. Crabyon, composite fiber of Chitin/Chitosan and cellulose, is manufactured by uniformly blending Chitin/Chitosan and cellulose viscose and extruding the blended viscose into spin-bath. Cotton towels with crabyon fiber dyed with extracted solution from gallnut according to concentration, temperature and time. Crabyon fiber contained cotton towels dyed using gallnut were pre of post-mordanted using Al, Cu, and Fe. The dyeability(K/S) and color characteristics(L^*, a^*, b^*, C, and h(color angle)) of dyed crabyon fiber contained cotton towels were measured by computer color matching machine and photographs. The crabyon fiber composition of cotton towels was conformed by amide peak(-CONH-) of chitin or chitosan of FT-IR spectroscopy. The results obtained were as follows; The amide peak of crabyon fiber contained cotton towels appeared at about 1652 cm^&#x2212;1. The dyeability of crabyon fiber contained cotton towel was increased gradually with increasing concentration of gallnut dyeing solution and saturated at about 150%(o.w.f). The optimum dyeing temperature and dyeing time were 90~100&#x2103; and 80minutes expectively. The crabyon fiber contained cotton towels were dyed reddish yellow by non, Al, and Cu mordanting, reddish blue by Fe mordanting, respectively. The fastness to washing according to concentration of gallnut in and mordanting method indicated good grade result as more than 3~4 degree in all conditions.