Computer-based Control System Research Articles

An Early Management System for Subscriber Equipment Installation

The Journal revisits an historic paper from 1970 detailing the introduction of a computer-based Subscriber Installation Management Control System.

Study of operating modes of the AION tanker electrical power system

THE PURPOSE. Consider the issue of automation of modern sea vessels with a high degree of electrification. The purpose of the study is to analyze the electrical power system of the AION tanker to determine the possible occurrence of abnormal phenomena during parallel operation of generator sets and methods for eliminating them. METHODS. The article analyzes the electrical power system and automatic control devices of the AION tanker. Particular attention is paid to the study of systems that ensure the production and distribution of electrical energy between consumers. The widespread use of modern computer-based automatic control systems in ship power plants has been noted. The extensive possibilities for controlling a ship's electrical power plant in various daily or emergency situations are shown. The software and hardware of the ship's Power Management System allows you to reduce the consumption of fuel, oil and other important resources by automatically regulating the load on diesel generators, timing the supply of fuel to the cylinders, and controlling exhaust and starting valves. RESULTS. Experimental oscillograms of studies of the parallel operation of diesel generator sets were obtained, in which power exchange oscillations were recorded. The amplitude of power exchange oscillations reaches 40 % of the steady-state value, and their period is 600 - 800 ms, depending on the operating mode of the ship's electrical power system. During thecollection of these oscillograms, the ship's load is turned on and no starts or stops of any powerful consumers are made, that is, a quasi-steady process takes place. CONCLUSION. It is proposed to introduce a function for eliminating power exchange oscillations into the ship power plant control system. To implement it, it is necessary to add a block that receives information from all parallel operating diesel generator sets and adaptively adjusts the settings of the frequency regulators.

Computer-Aided Neuro-fuzzy Algorithm for Prediction of Ginger(Zingiber officinale) Rhizome Drying

Neuro-fuzzy modeling technique has been used for the development of computer-based adaptive process control systems for most postharvest operations instead of convectional mechanistic modeling technique owing to its good prediction without prior knowledge of process operation. Therefore, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) modeling and prediction of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome moisture content in a forced convective tray dryer was investigated in this study. Computer codes for an exhaustive search and grid partitioning were written in the Matlab software environment and used for the analysis of experimental data obtained from the ginger rhizome drying experiment. The data were trained and checked using the grid-partitioning ANFIS method for the development of neuro-fuzzy network for ginger drying prediction. The prediction accuracy of the network was evaluated by varying input and output Membership Function (MF) types. The exhaustive search analysis shows that drying time (DT) has the highest effect on the moisture content, followed by air drying temperature (ADT), air relative humidity (ARH), and air flow velocity (AFV). Moreover, combination of DT and ADT as two interactive variables; and combination DT, ADT and ARH as three interactive variables show highest effect on ginger moisture content removal during the process. Generalized bell (gbell) MF with two MF for each input variable and constant output MF 2 type were obtained as the best ginger drying ANFIS network with corresponding R and MSE of 0.9667 and 0.0971, respectively. Therefore, this study shows the reliability of the ANFIS model for the prediction of ginger rhizome drying in a tray dryer.

Computer-Aided Neuro-fuzzy Algorithm for Prediction of Ginger(Zingiber officinale) Rhizome Drying

Neuro-fuzzy modeling technique has been used for the development of computer-based adaptive process control systems for most postharvest operations instead of convectional mechanistic modeling technique owing to its good prediction without prior knowledge of process operation. Therefore, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) modeling and prediction of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome moisture content in a forced convective tray dryer was investigated in this study. Computer codes for an exhaustive search and grid partitioning were written in the Matlab software environment and used for the analysis of experimental data obtained from the ginger rhizome drying experiment. The data were trained and checked using the grid-partitioning ANFIS method for the development of neuro-fuzzy network for ginger drying prediction. The prediction accuracy of the network was evaluated by varying input and output Membership Function (MF) types. The exhaustive search analysis shows that drying time (DT) has the highest effect on the moisture content, followed by air drying temperature (ADT), air relative humidity (ARH), and air flow velocity (AFV). Moreover, combination of DT and ADT as two interactive variables; and combination DT, ADT and ARH as three interactive variables show highest effect on ginger moisture content removal during the process. Generalized bell (gbell) MF with two MF for each input variable and constant output MF 2 type were obtained as the best ginger drying ANFIS network with corresponding R and MSE of 0.9667 and 0.0971, respectively. Therefore, this study shows the reliability of the ANFIS model for the prediction of ginger rhizome drying in a tray dryer.

Embedded Cyber-Physical System for Physiological Control of Ventricular Assist Devices

Ventricular Assist Devices (VADs) play a crucial role in both bridging to transplantation and serving as destination therapy for congestive heart failure (CHF) management. This study aims to address the limitations of existing control strategies for VADs, specifically their inability to adapt automatically to hemodynamic changes. It proposes a novel embedded cyber-physical system (CPS) based on real-time data processing, reconfigurable architecture, and communication protocols aligned with Health 4.0 concepts to enhance physiological control over VADs (PC-VAD). The research employs a multi-objective PC-VAD approach within a hybrid cardiovascular simulator. An embedded CPS is introduced to overcome challenges related to differences in controller characteristics between computers and embedded systems. The study assesses the performance of the embedded CPS by comparing it with a computer-based control system. The embedded CPS demonstrates outcomes comparable to the computer-based control system, maintaining mean arterial pressure and cardiac output at physiological levels. Even in the face of variations in ejection fraction, the embedded CPS dynamically adjusts the pump's rotational speed based on simulated clinical conditions. Notably, there is no aortic reflux to the ventricle through the VAD during testing. These findings affirm the satisfactory control performance of the embedded CPS in regulating VADs. The study concludes that the embedded CPS effectively addresses the limitations of current VAD control strategies, exhibiting control performance comparable to computer-based systems. However, further experimentation and in vivo studies are necessary to validate and ensure its applicability in real-world scenarios.

GAZE DIRECTION MONITORING MODEL IN COMPUTER SYSTEM FOR ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT

This paper focuses on the research and application of eye movement and gaze direction analysis in online testing systems. The practical novelty of the proposed model of monitoring the direction of gaze in a computer-based knowledge control system lies in the possibility of automated remote control over a large audience of students. The practical significance lies in creating the same conditions for computer testing for all students and increasing the correspondence of knowledge level to the received test results. The implemented and tested system is relevant and necessary in higher educational institutions, particularly in Ukraine, where remote education has emerged as the safest means of acquiring knowledge. This is especially true for fields of study where practical tasks and laboratory work do not necessitate a student's physical presence at the institution. That is why the application of the latest information technologies is extremely important. The dynamic authentication based on the sequence of eye movements proposed in the model allows error-free user's eye area detection for further analysis of the test subject's behavior. The proposed authentication method excludes the need to enter passwords or CAPTCHAs, ensures the speed of determining the user's presence. Further analysis of the user's direction of vision includes responding to the information received, such as skipping a question or the need for re-authorization. Question skipping occurs when the system decides that the user has not been looking at the screen for an extended period (looking sideways, down, up for more than 30 seconds). Re-authentication becomes necessary if the user exits the test or if there is a user replacement. Real-time gaze control capability is implemented by using massive parallel processing system (NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1650 graphics card) for calculations. The analysis of the results obtained shows that the proposed approach allows gaze detection at different illumination ranges (from 0.3 lux to 10,000 lux), as well as to detect states of the user's eyes that violating test rules for further system response (skipping a question or re-authentication request).

Analysis and Preliminary Results of a Feedback-Feedforward Controller for Depth of Anesthesia

In a computer-based anaesthesia control system, the depth of hypnosis must be correctly maintained. The regulated variable is the Bispectral Index scale (BIS) controlled via the Propofol drug rate. The anesthesiologist administers Propofol to prevent unwanted fluctuations in the controlled variable during surgical stimulation, which acts as an unmeasurable disturbance on the BIS signal. In this paper, a feedback controller is paired with a feedforward control action. Based on existing clinical protocols, a digitalized disturbance signal that mimics the actual surgical stimulus is employed in the feedforward controller design as a measurable disturbance. To account for the time delay in the BIS measurements, a time delay estimation algorithm is developed and used to estimate the patient time delay. The digitalized disturbance signal is then shifted based on the estimated time delay to ensure a pre-emptive action of the feedforward controller. Two different designs of the feedforward controller are developed. Closed loop simulations considering a nominal patient with and without the feedforward control action are presented and compared. The results show that the surgical stimulus is better tackled using a feedforward control action, even if the actual surgical stimulus is not entirely known.

HYDRO TURBINE SPEED CONTROL SYSTEM

The article presents a mathematical model of an hydro turbine speed control system. In the world and domestic practice of creating hydraulic turbine equipment, there is a clear tendency to create computer-based rotor speed control systems for hydraulic turbines. Computer systems provide an opportunity to implement the introduction of effective algorithms using software that improve the static and dynamic characteristics of the system. This in turn increases the importance of mathematical modeling both at the design stage and during commissioning. The analysis of the performed works devoted to the mathematical description of the elements of the hydraulic drive of the regulator showed that they are reduced to linearized equations without taking into account a number of important factors that will increase the accuracy of the mathematical model. Improvement of static and dynamic characteristics and the system as a whole can be achieved by solving the scientific problem of studying its dynamics based on the development of a more complete mathematical model. To reduce friction and hysteresis, to prevent obliteration, the electrohydraulic converter plunger in the lower part is equipped with a segner wheel. Improving the dynamic characteristics of hydraulic turbine speed controllers requires the development of nonlinear mathematical models with subsequent analysis of transients in the hydraulic drive of the speed controller. Evaluation of the quality of transient processes and subsequent adjustment of parameters allows to achieve a reduction in the duration of transients, increase the speed and accuracy of positioning at small movements of the servo motor. A number of unaccounted factors during the preparation of the mathematical model of the electro-hydraulic converter makes it possible to increase its adequacy to the real object of study and increase the speed of the control system of the rotor speed of the hydraulic turbine.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC CONVERTER OF THE HYDRAULIC TURBINE SPEED CONTROL SYSTEM

Presents a mathematical model of an electro-hydraulic converter with proportional control. In the world and domestic practice of creating hydraulic turbine equipment, there is a clear tendency to create computer-based rotor speed control systems for hydraulic turbines. Computer systems provide an opportunity to implement the introduction of effective algorithms using software that improve the static and dynamic characteristics of the system. This in turn increases the importance of mathematical modeling both at the design stage and during commissioning. The analysis of the performed works devoted to the mathematical description of the elements of the hydraulic drive of the regulator showed that they are reduced to linearized equations without taking into account a number of important factors that will increase the accuracy of the mathematical model. Improvement of static and dynamic characteristics and the system as a whole can be achieved by solving the scientific problem of studying its dynamics based on the development of a more complete mathematical model. To reduce friction and hysteresis, to prevent obliteration, the electrohydraulic converter plunger in the lower part is equipped with a segner wheel. Improving the dynamic characteristics of hydraulic turbine speed controllers requires the development of nonlinear mathematical models with subsequent analysis of transients in the hydraulic drive of the speed controller. Evaluation of the quality of transient processes and subsequent adjustment of parameters allows to achieve a reduction in the duration of transients, increase the speed and accuracy of positioning at small movements of the servo motor. A number of unaccounted factors during the preparation of the mathematical model of the electro-hydraulic converter makes it possible to increase its adequacy to the real object of study and increase the speed of the control system of the rotor speed of the hydraulic turbine.

Data-Driven Knowledge Agriculture: A Paradigm Shift for Enhancing Farm Productivity & Global Food Security

Data-driven Knowledge agriculture using mechanized intelligent computer-based monitoring and control systems and complex Software for machine learning and visualization for predicting a variety of parameters such as future food requirements, resource planning for higher yield,and supply chain is the future of farming.This needs to be urgently adopted by the world farming community to provide food to the growing world population, remove hunger, and at the same time sustain planet resources by judicious uses of input such as water, fertilizer, pesticide etc., as envisioned by Sustainable Development Goals 2030. This paper discusses data-driven technology for identifying trends and other insights for making in formed decisions for enhanced productivity and profitability, through market research and evaluating customer needs and sentiments.

Differential absorption lidar data acquisition and control system for remote detection of trace chemicals including methane and thiodiglycol.

We report the design and development of a data acquisition and control system for high-speed acquisition of weak, backscattered differential signals and synchronized sequential operation of all subsystems of a tunable, mid-infrared Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) system. The presence of a low-level concentration of chemical species results in weak differential return signals. The differential signal also varies dynamically with respect to background atmospheric conditions. The challenge is to measure this low level of differential signal with high resolution and also control the sequence of operation of subsystems such as lasers and scanners for real time testing and evaluation in open field conditions. The concentration spread of the chemical species varies rapidly with distance. In order to capture this spatial variation, the lidar signal should be sampled and digitized at a high sampling rate. A customized Peripheral Component Interconnect based data acquisition of a 12-bit resolution, 30 Mega samples per second sampling rate, and an industrial personal computer-based control system has been realized. Detection algorithms and the firing sequence of the laser have been developed indigenously and implemented in the LabVIEW platform. The developed graphical user interface has various modes of operation as per user requirement and is capable of executing automatic operations for the developed DIAL system in order to detect and identify the chemicals. The performance has been evaluated by detecting the chemical species thiodiglycol at 800m using 3190 and 3300nm (online and offline wavelengths) with a differential cross-section of 2.5 × 10-23m2. Similarly, methane has been detected and quantified with concentration of 2.2 ppm up to 300m using 3316 and 3326nm (online and offline wavelengths, respectively).

Identifying Alterability States of a Single Track Railway Line Control System

In the context of automation and deployment of computer based control systems, a specific application on French railway line is proposed on low traffic single track railway lines. The issue of updates requires thorough consideration. In the case of low traffic single track railway lines, handling the removal of a shunting track, which role is to allow trains to circulate in both directions of a same line, the issue of timing the update to the control system is particularly critical. Indeed, a wrongly timed update could lead to a deadlock, while one or more trains are expected to travel while respecting safety constraints on the blocked infrastructure. This paper studies the application of works from the field of dynamic software updating, specifically the works of Panzica La Manna et al. [12]. Using their results on a graph based model of a single track rail line, it identifies alterability states that ensure safety constraints are respected at all times without causing deadlocks. These results are then used to discuss the pertinence of using concepts from dynamic software updating in the context of railway systems.

Design and Implementation of Intelligent Railway System

Digital model railway control systems provide a new way to regulate a layout while reducing wiring and increasing operational flexibility. A variety of control systems are available for operating locomotives on model railroads. Analog systems, in which a train's speed and direction are controlled by changing the voltage on the track, are still in use, though computer-based control systems have recently taken their place. Our technology is a cutting-edge computer-assisted railway line inspection technique. It will take the tedium out of manually inspecting train tracks. The proposed system will modernize the inspection process with four modules. Two trains on the same track will be detected by the system, preventing a collision. If this is included, it will automatically activate the level crossing system. Apart from that, it will detect major obstructions on the rail track, as well as track damage and missing rails.

HVAC Control Systems for a Negative Air Pressure Isolation Room and Its Performance

The controlled environment room, called an isolation room, has become a must have for medical facilities, due to the spreading of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), to isolate the high risk infected patients. To avoid the transmission of the virus through airborne routes, guidelines were published by the government and the association. A medical facility must comply with this document for high-risk patient treatment. A full-scale N class isolation room was built at Syiah Kuala University to investigate the performance in terms of the controller, temperature, pressure, humidity, and energy consumption. The isolation room was equipped with a proper capacity heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system, which consisted of an air conditioning compressor and a negative pressure generator (NPG), and its installation was ensured to fulfil the guidelines. Since the current NPG was controlled manually, a computer-based control system was designed, implemented, and compared with the manual control. The results showed that the computer-based control outputs better stability of pressure and electric power. For that reason, a computer-based control was chosen in the real case. To investigate the performance of the isolation room, a 24 h experiment was carried out under different parameter setups. The results showed that improvement of the control strategy for temperature and humidity is still necessary. The energy consumption during the activation of the NPG for the recommended negative pressure was slightly different. An additional piece of equipment to absorb the heat from the exhaust air would be promising to improve the energy efficiency.

Analysis and Design of Control System for Desktop Size Concrete 3D Printer

Concrete, in construction, structural material consisting of a hard, chemically inert particulate substance, known as aggregate (usually sand and gravel), that is bonded together by cement and water. Concrete is the world's second-most-used substance after water, and it is also the most extensively used building material. 3D printer has become a prominent method of additive manufacturing with its rapid prototyping capabilities and is able to reduce the time and cost of any complex manufacturing process. This paper describes work the process of 3D design, analysis, manufacturing and testing of a concrete 3D printer to explore the plausibility and sustainability of concrete 3D printing to replace the conventional construction method. A desktop size concrete 3D printer concrete 3D printer with 0.5×0.5×0.5 m print volume is developed for lab testing, which utilizes computer-based control system to layer-by- layer construct physical objects is developed to study the usability of the printer as well as the feasibility of replacing the conventional construction method. The development of the 3D printer is divided into two parts, Part A: Mechanical and Part B: Control System. Concrete 3D printing technology is not widely known and is expensive to be deployed. Thus, greater research and development of the technology is required to evolve into a more mature study that is accessible to consumers. The project output envisions as to lay a foundation for extended studies and applications of 3D printed concrete in Malaysia

“Smart field” of in situ leach uranium mining

The digital solution “Smart ISL field” is designed to improve efficiency of uranium mining by in-situ leaching (ISL). The digital solution implements the control technology based on the automatic data collection and remote control of operation of technological objects, complex analysis of geological and technological data, geological and geotechnological modeling of the mining field, the use of expert systems to support decision-making. “Smart ISL field” was put into commercial operation at the pilot extraction block of the Vershinnoe uranium deposit. The digital solution has a hierarchical fourlevel structure. The first field control level contains sensors and actuators. The second level includes programmable controllers and regulators located in the control station of the technological unit. At the third dispatching control level, there is a computer-based control and data collection system. The fourth level of management consists of modeling and expert information systems. The digital solution “Smart ISL field” includes automatic, operational and tactical control loops. The digital technologies used in the “Smart ISL field” contribute to the improvement of operating conditions and increase labor productivity, ensure the prompt receipt and processing of information about the operation of the mining field, allow faster and more efficient optimization of the geotechnology. The optimized patterns of flow of process solutions enable intensification of the extraction of uranium, as well as a decrease in dilution of the process solutions with reservoir waters and the discharge of process solutions beyond the extraction block boundary. As a result, high rates of uranium mining and a decrease in specific consumption of reagents are achieved. The digital solution “Smart ISL field” is a part of the import substitution program of ARMZ Uranium Holding Co., and the relevant software is registered with Rospatent.The authors appreciate participation of National Research Nuclear University MEPHI’s members A. D. Istomin, A, A, Cheglakov and Khiagda’s member V. V. Stebakov in this article preparation.

Modernization of industrial compressors based on modern automation tools

Modern compressors are built mainly by their computer-based automatic control systems that meet modern energy-saving requirements. Computer controls ensuring the safety of the equipment operation creates the conditions for saving energy.

Towards safer rail control, command and signalling in the context of digitization

Aim . The state of the art of railway computer-based control, command and signalling (CCS) systems is characterized by high requirements in terms of dependability, functional safety and cybersecurity under the conditions when digital transformation and challenges associated with the demand for increased competitiveness of railway transportation force the transition to new paradigms in engineering, testing, verification, validation and standardisation to facilitate and speed up the process of development and implementation. It is expected that while preserving the level of dependability and safety, at least, as it is, the industry has to enable the maximum possible introduction of innovative solutions and digital tools aimed at further automation of CCS systems to enhance the capacity and throughput of railways and the performance of systems, to minimize the impact of the human factor and reduce the number of failures and downtimes. In this context, the key factors are the interoperability (technical and operational compatibility) of systems and the technological independence of railway operators and infrastructure managers from the designer/supplier of railway automation systems, eliminating the vendor lock-in effect. Methods . The paper gives an overview of the state of the art of railway computer-based control, command and signalling using the example of the EU and provides an analysis of these systems in terms of dependability and safety in the context of migration to new grades of automation. Results . The author has considered the evolution of control, command and signalling systems in the EU using the example of the European Railway Traffic Management System (ERTMS). The analysis covered the general trends and approaches to engineering, testing, verification, validation and standardisation of railway CCS systems. The paper has overviewed the major EU research and design programmes of CCS development with the dependability and safety methodology taken into account. A special attention has been given to the methods of open engineering, remote lab testing and standardisation of ERTMS interfaces. Conclusions . In the context of digital transformation, the development of state-of-the-art railway computer-based CCS systems implies an accelerated introduction of a whole range of innovative solutions and a wide application of commercial off-the-shelf components (COTS), thus making systems more complex and being capable of affecting the dependability parameters. In order to maintain these parameters at a specified level and to minimize the impact of human factors, the railway community is increasingly using formal methods and automated means of engineering, diagnostics and monitoring at all stages of the system’s lifecycle. A major factor of dependability is the standardisation of the system’s architecture, interfaces, open source design and testing software, including the standardisation of approaches to remote lab testing of products by different manufacturers to prove the reliability of operation at the boundaries of systems of various manufacturers.

Investigations on Nonlinear Tito System using Passivity Based Control in Real Time

The concept of passivity for nonlinear systems attracted new interest in nonlinear system control. This work aims to develop a control algorithm using Passivity Based Control (PBC) for a Two Input Two Output (TITO) system namely spherical-conical interacting coupled tank system in real time. Conical tank spherical tank combination together with the interaction makes the system highly nonlinear system. Real time model of the SISO and TITO systems are obtained experimentally by black box modeling. A computer based control system is developed and the process data is obtained using USB based VUDAS-100 data acquisition module. The algorithm for control is developed in the PC with conventional PI controller and also with PBC and the controller performance is compared. The robustness of the controllers is validated by imposing both servo and regulatory operations. Both the SISO and TITO system results obtained in real time shows that PBC works efficiently with improved performance compared to ZN based PI controller

Thinking- Skins

Thinking- Skins