Computer-based Analysis System Research Articles

Vocal Fold Diadochokinetic Function of Individuals With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

This study relates over time the changes in voluntary opening and closing of the vocal folds (vocal fold diadochokinesis, or VFDDK) of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The rate, pattern, and periodicity of VFDDK were examined for 12 ALS subjects with bulbar and 14 subjects with nonbulbar signs of the disease. The acoustical data were analyzed with a commercially available computer-based speech analysis system. ALS patients with bulbar and nonbulbar symptoms demonstrate reduced rate and aperiodic VFDDK as the symptomatology of the neuromotor system progresses. Individuals with bulbar signs show a greater change in vocal fold activity than do the nonbulbar group. Discussion of the clinical implications for initial diagnosis and monitoring of changes over time in motor control of laryngeal function is presented.

A personal computer-based system for real-time analysis of surface EMG signals during static and dynamic contractions

This paper describes a prototype system that uses an advanced data acquisition processor in combination with a personal computer (PC) to analyse surface electromyogram (EMG) signals on-line and in real-time. The system is able to calculate the average power and estimate the mean frequency of the power spectrum of surface EMGs during static and repeated isokinetic contractions with a high degree of standardization. Selection of parameters as well as implementation of future parameters is easy to perform, since the system is software-based. The system has been tested both with known (sine waves, filtered white noise) and physiological (surface EMG) signals. The system gave the expected results in different test situations.

Development of a computer-based system for fast neutron cyclic activation analysis

We have developed a computer-controlled system for carrying out cyclic neutron activation analysis using fast neutrons. The system is basically a mechanical, pneumatic transfer system in which the sample is cycled between an irradiation position and a Ge detector. The sequence of movements between these two position is under computer control as is the timing of the various parts of the cycle. In addition, flux monitoring and correction are carried out using a computer-controlled scaler and the γ-ray counting is similarly controlled. The key to this control is the use of an interface containing a DCP BUS which receives signals from various valves for control of sample movement or to the scaler or ADC to initiate counting storage or calculations of the data. Finally, some preliminary data obtained with this technique are presented for the inelastic scattering reactions on barium.

A powerful personal computer-based plant transient recording and analysis system

A personal-computer-based plant transient recording and analysis (PTRA) system has been developed under a joint effort between the system planning department of Taiwan Power Company (TPC) and A-D Technology, Inc. The PTRA system is an integrated hardware and software computer system to collect the high resolution data of a power plant's transient conditions. The hardware of the PTRA system consists of Intel 80386-based personal computers, an intelligent data acquisition system, resistor boards, and data communication equipment. Special software modules were developed for the hardware to perform data monitoring, trigger detection, data collection, data transmission, and data analysis. The PTRA system has proved to be effective, accurate, flexible, and easy-to-use. It reveals high potential for various applications on electrical generation and transmission systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Information management and analysis system for groundwater data in Thailand

Abstract The Ground Water Division of the Thai Department of Mineral Resources maintains a large archive of groundwater data with information on some 50,000 water wells. Each well file contains information on well location, well completion, borehole geology, water levels, water quality, and pumping tests. In order to enable efficient use of this information a computer-based system for information management and analysis was created. The project was sponsored by the United Nations Development Program and the Thai Department of Mineral Resources. The system was designed to serve users who lack prior training in automated data processing. Access is through a friendly user/system dialogue. Tasks are segmented into a number of logical steps, each of which is managed by a separate screen. Selective retrieval is possible by four different methods of area definition and by compliance with user-specified constraints on any combination of database variables. The main types of outputs are: (1) files of retrieved data, screened according to users' specifications; (2) an assortment of pre-formatted reports; (3) computed geochemical parameters and various diagrams of water chemistry derived therefrom; (4) bivariate scatter diagrams and linear regression analysis; (5) posting of data and computed results on maps; and (6) hydraulic aquifer characteristics as computed from pumping tests. Data are entered directly from formatted screens. Most records can be copied directly from hand-written documents. The database-management program performs data integrity checks in real time, enabling corrections at the time of input. The system software can be grouped into: (1) database administration and maintenance—these functions are carried out by the SIR/DBMS software package; (2) user communication interface for task definition and execution control—the interface is written in the operating system command language (VMS/DCL) and in FORTRAN 77; and (3) scientific data-processing programs, written in FORTRAN 77. The system was implemented on a DEC MicroVAX II computer.

A Delphi technology forecasting approach using a semi-Markov concept

This paper suggests a technology forecasting approach based on a semi-Markov model, which appropriately describes the probabilistic nature of a sequential technology development process. This approach focuses primarily on the utilization of the information that has been skipped in conventional Delphi survey data. That is, through a simple statistic, the interrelationships among sequential technology developments can be extracted in a formal structure of a semi-Markov model from the original Delphi panel's estimates. A simulation technique is developed to forecast the development process by utilizing the information on such interrelationships. This technique provides a flexible and useful tool for R&D planners or project managers, especially in postanalysis of Delphi forecasting. To make good use of the approach, a computer-based interactive Delphi data analysis system (IDEAS) is implemented in IBM PC.

Development of an offline x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic personal computer-based data analysis system

Although the majority of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) instruments are interfaced to a computer upon which spectral analyses can be carried out, it is often convenient to be able to perform data analysis offline. This capability is especially desirable when one is faced with an outdated and/or slow analysis package associated with the XPS/AES instrument. Rather than upgrade the data system at an often considerable expense, one may choose to adopt an analysis package which is essentially instrument independent. Such a data analysis system has been developed. Its features include: spectral comparison (including addition and subtraction); several types of background signal generation; position and intensity data from cursor input; x- or y-axis expansion; calculation of FWHMs, areas, and precise peak maxima; spectral smoothing and differentiation; labelling facilities; XPS line library searches by element or cursor position; display of data collection statistics and run title; x-ray satellite line subtraction; channel intensity editing; x-axis shifting to account for charging; and a least-squares curve-fitting routine. Its ability to analyze XPS and AES spectra on a routinely available personal computer makes it an ideal package to serve as a front end for examining data files stored in a standardized format.

Computer-Based System for Quantitative Analysis of Physiological Structures from MRI Data

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ST analysis of Holter tapes.

In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that for an important subset of patients with coronary artery disease, many or all of their ischemic episodes are not accompanied by anginal pain. For these patients, it is desirable to detect these ischemic episodes as periods of ST-segment depression on Holter tapes. In the past, such detection has been difficult because the analysis methods were artifact-sensitive and failed to differentiate ischemic from nonischemic ST-segment changes. This work describes a new ST-segment analysis algorithm that has been added to the existing computer-based Holter analysis system. This system is highly artifact-resistant and has been designed to minimize the loss of processing speed while maintaining extremely high accuracy.

Acoustical model studies

A dedicated, computer-based analysis system was developed to perform a variety of acoustical measurements in full-size rooms and in scale models. Measurements made in 1:10, 1:24, and 1:40 scale models of a band rehearsal room and a 1500-seat, multi-use theater were compared to measurements made at equivalent locations in the full-size rooms. The models were filled with nitrogen to examine the effect of air absorption on the measurements. The room was also simulated with a popular computer program with a ray-tracing program. An expanded program was written to calculate several objective parameters from the computer model. These results were compared to the measurements made in the physical models and the full-size room.

Japan: Perspectives in School Health

In Japan, the original Law of School Health was established some 65 years ago to improve the environment and to prevent infectious diseases in school. Most recently, new environmental problems and behavioral issues have emerged. In addition to environmental health and health education, a major aspect of school health has been the development of a mass screening system both to detect present problems and to prevent adult diseases. In this article, the school health system in Japan is described and the application of mass screening by reference to heart disease as detected in Shimane Prefecture is illustrated. In the future, mass screening may be combined with a computer-based analysis system for managing data on new kinds of problems. New disciplines may become involved and improved programs developed, based on the lessons already learned from mass screening.

Crankshaft Stress Analysis—Combination of Finite Element and Classical Analysis Techniques

The conflicting legislative and customer pressures on engine design, for example, combining low friction and a high level of refinement, require sophisticated tools if competitive designs are to be realized. This is particularly true of crankshafts, probably the most analyzed of all engine components. This paper describes the hierarchy of methods used for crankshaft stress analysis with case studies. A computer-based analysis system is described that combines FE and classical methods to allow optimized designs to be produced efficiently. At the lowest level simplified classical techniques are integrated into the CAD-based design process. These methods give the rapid feedback necessary to perform concept design iterations. Various levels of FE analysis are available to carry out more detailed analyses of the crankshaft. The FE studies may feed information to or take information from the classical methods. At the highest level a method for including the load sharing effects of the flexible crankshaft within a flexible block interconnected by nonlinear oil films is described. This method includes the FE modeling of the complete crankshaft and the consideration of its stress field throughout an engine cycle. Fatigue assessment is performed to calculate the distribution of fatigue safety factor on the surface of the crankshaft. This level of analysis can be used for failure investigation, or detailed design optimization and verification. The method is compatible with those used for vibration and oil film analysis.

Induction VArhour and solid-state VArhour meters performances on nonlinear loads

Experimental measurements of solid-state and induction VArhour meters operating in the presence of steady-state nonsinusoidal currents are presented. A computer-based data-acquisition and analysis system is used to determine the various electrical quantities of some common nonlinear three-phase loads. The basic operating principles of the VArhour meters are reviewed along with the nature of reactive power and energy for nonsinusoidal waveforms. Test results confirm that for nonlinear loads driven by sinusoidal voltages, both types of VArhour meters register the fundamental displacement voltampere hours only and do not respond to distortion voltampere hours.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

A sequential approach to sampling design for time studies of cable yarding operations

Comprehensive sampling design including determination of the distribution, number of observations and specification of desired levels of precision is typically ignored in time studies of yarding operations. A computer-based data collection, processing, and analysis system was developed for time studies that permits improved sampling design. Data collection programs were written for continuous timing of yarding operations and downloaded on to hand-held computers equipped with real-time clocks. After each shift of observation, the time study data are uploaded to a portable microcomputer. The data are then processed through a series of programs that provide error checking, cataloging, and formatting in preparation for analysis. Data from three cable yarding operations were used in a study to assess the potential for sequential design and to determine precision levels obtainable from short-duration time studies. Confidence intervals were computed cumulatively and used to assess whether additional observation of a specific machine on a particular site was justified. The data collection, processing, and real-time analysis system shows promise as a technique for improving sampling design of time studies for timber harvesting operations through sequential analysis of the data.

Automatisation of the single-breath nitrogen washout test.

The paper presents a computer-based system for performance and analysis of the single-breath nitrogen washout test (Sb-N2 test). A pneumotachometer and a rapid gas analyser are used for volume flow rate and nitrogen fraction measurements. The data are acquired and analysed by a PDP-11/34 computer. Several sources of measurement errors are considered. An algorithm is proposed to reduce errors in flow measurements due to viscosity variation in respired air. The algorithm for closing volume (CV) detection and calculation of other Sb-N2 parameters is developed from 50 tracings of 18 subjects. The CV is obtained by an iterative linear fitting of the later half of the Sb-N2 curve. Comparisons between computer and hand measurements of three trained readers show good correlations (r = 0.87, 0.93, 0.91). The variability of computer CV measurements was comparable with that of the hand reader with the lowest variance. The coefficient of variation of residual volume and slope of alveolar plateau measurements are apparently reduced. The results demonstrate the adequacy and convenience of using the computer to analyse the Sb-N2 test and indicate that the automation allows for reduction of experimental errors and of test parameter variabilities.

The measurement and analysis of circadian locomotor activity and body temperature rhythms by a computer-based system

A new computer-based system for collection and analysis of circadian body temperature and locomotor activity rhythms is described. This system makes possible the simultaneous measurements of body temperature and locomotor activity rhythms from 16 animals kept in separate cages. Several programs were developed for measurement and analysis of the data. This system is available not only in the study of circadian rhythms but also in other biological studies where long-term recordings of rest-activity cycles and body temperature are required.

Survey of computer-assisted electrocardiography in the United States

The purpose of this study was to update a 1976 study by Arthur D. Little, Inc., on the use of automatic ECG analysis systems. Thirteen vendors of computerized ECG systems received survey forms in 1987 and a follow-up telephone survey was completed in early 1988. The vendors surveyed included service bureaus and providers of computer-based data management and analysis systems and analysis carts. Analysis carts were subdivided into standard-sized and portable analysis carts. The technical specifications used by the respondents varied from 3 simultaneous leads to 14 simultaneous leads. The standards used were AHA, AAMI, and ANSI. Various compression techniques were used. The method of testing adult, pediatric, and serial comparison programs varied from the use of expert electrocardiographers to non-ECG data bases. Service bureau customers consisted mainly of general practitioners and primary care physicians' offices, with an estimated 1.2 million ECGs processed in 1987. Analysis and data management systems mainly serviced large hospitals, with an estimated 15 million ECGs processed in 1987. Standard-sized analysis carts used in hospitals and physicians' offices were estimated to process over 31 million ECGs in 1987. Portable analysis carts installed in hospitals, primary care, and general practitioners' offices and clinics processed almost 7 million ECGs in 1987. Computerized ECG analysis has been one of the most rapidly and widely adopted computer applications in medicine; its potential benefits in improving quality and consistency of interpretations has long been recognized. This study indicates that additional information on accuracy of current ECG software is needed to ensure that the technology is optimally applied in patient care.

Progression and regression of human coronary atherosclerosis The role of lipoproteins, lipases and thyroid hormones in coronary lesion growth

Relations between lipoprotein fractions, lipoprotein lipase activities, thyroid hormones and coronary lesion growth were studied among 35 male patients with severe coronary atherosclerosis, who had participated in the lipid lowering, dietary Leiden Intervention Trial. Coronary arteriographies were performed at the beginning of the study and 2 years later at termination. The coronary anatomy was quantitated with a computer-based analysis system to assess the progression rate of coronary atherosclerosis on the basis of the absolute arterial dimensions in a patient's coronary tree; for these purposes an absolute coronary score was computed. On the basis of the absolute coronary scores, the entire group of patients could be divided into a no lesion growth group (14 patients) and a progression group (21 patients). Lipoprotein fractions, lipoprotein lipases and thyroid hormones were determined at the end of the trial. No significant difference was found between the no lesion growth and progression groups of patients for total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C). The VLDL-cholesterol (VLDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) were significantly higher ( P < 0.05) and HDL-C was almost significantly lower ( P < 0.10) in the progression group. Hepatic lipase (HL) values were significantly higher in the no lesion growth group, as compared to the progression group, whereas lipoprotein lipase (LPL) values were not significantly different. Triiodothyronine (T3) was significantly lower ( P < 0.01) in the progression group. Multivariate regression analysis showed HL to be the most important determinant of changes in coronary atherosclerotic lesions. T3 and HDL were also independently inversely related to coronary atherosclerotic lesion growth. The possible enhanced conversion of thyroxine (T4) to the more metabolic active T3 could imply that the reversed cholesterol transport mechanism may take place at a higher rate in the no lesion growth group than in the progression group.

Real-Time Analysis of Local Wind Patterns for Application to Nuclear-Emergency Response

Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PGandE) has sponsored development of a computer-based system for real-time analysis of local wind measurements in a complex-terrain setting. Mass-consistent modeling of tower- and Doppler-sounder data produces spatial wind-vector patterns on a color-graphic display. The system is currently deployed at the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant to assist meteorologists in supporting response to radiological emergencies.

A Personal Computer-based Speech Analysis And Synthesis System

An IBM PC XT enhanced with speech boards and added memory permits researchers to experiment in language synthesis before final commitment to a target speech synthesizer.