Computer-aided Drawing Research Articles

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Design and Development: Methodology and Performance Evaluation

This study focused on the development of an autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) across four key domains: Mechanical Design, Software, Electronics, and Security. The Mechanical Design phase involved utilizing computer-aided drawing programs to create the AUV model. Important design considerations encompassed manufacturability, cost, power, weight, and durability. Comparisons with nominal values of existing market products validated the precision of the produced designs. Particular emphasis was placed on optimizing the weight of the models, ensuring the AUV's efficiency, lightness, and exceptional maneuverability in underwater environments. The Software stage entailed the development of AUV software to enable sensitive and effective vehicle operations. Seamless functioning, devoid of errors or complications, was imperative to ensure optimal autonomous driving, running, and operational capabilities. Image processing algorithms were incorporated into the software to maintain high accuracy and provide dimensional and geometric information of targeted areas. Furthermore, the software phase involved the development of an image processing algorithm based on color analysis, further augmenting accuracy. The selection of electronic components for the AUV was also a vital consideration, alongside ensuring safety measures at every stage of the UAV's development.

Green and Digital Technologies in Design

The goal of the study is to develop conceptual projects and products with an experimental nature within the module “Green Technologies in Design” of the innovative integrative module “Innovative Design”. This module is studied in the extended professional training program at PGD “Elisaveta Vazova,” Sofia, over a two-year period from 2021 to 2023. Project-based learning for students in theeleventh and twelfth grades, specializing in “Computer-Aided Design and Drawing of Textile Flat Products,” is implemented through the application of digital, green, ecological, sustainable, waste-free, and low-waste technologies, techniques, and materials in design. It has led to the creation of original designer projects and environmentally friendly ecological products. The project developssustainable practical skills and emotional-aesthetic competencies for creative ecological thinking, ecological education, culture and behaviour, solving ecological problems, practical application of the interdisciplinary and competence approach, and transforming “green” skills into a “green” way of life.Keywords: green and digital technologies in design, innovative design, product design.

To draw or not to draw? Evaluating the impact of computer-aided drawing tools on productivity in architectural design

This empirical study investigates the architectural design process, focusing on the influence of computer-aided drawing (CAD) tools during the initial design stages. Given the increasing reliance on CAD tools in contemporary architectural practice, the primary objective is to assess quantitatively how CAD tool adoption affects design productivity. The research was conducted in two phases, utilizing the protocol analysis method. In the first phase, we introduced a novel approach by having third-year architecture students complete two design assignments: the first using traditional freehand sketches and the second employing CAD tools. This unique method allowed us to capture their design actions and thoughts using the Concurrent verbalization technique. In the second phase, a meticulous comparison of the two sets of design protocols was undertaken. The analysis yielded surprising and counterintuitive results. Contrary to common beliefs, the use of CAD tools during early design phases can lead to unintended outcomes. Despite their digital precision and convenience, these tools may inadvertently impede cognitive productivity. Designers employing CAD tools showed signs of hesitation and indecision, resulting in prolonged design timelines and diminished ideational productivity. These findings have profound implications for architectural education and practice. They underscore the necessity for a balanced approach to integrating CAD tools into design processes. Educators and professionals must carefully consider the potential impact of these tools on the creative process, prompting a reassessment of their role in architectural design curricula and workflows. Future research holds great promise in exploring strategies to optimize CAD tool usage to mitigate their disruptive effects on early-stage architectural design. Additionally, investigating the role of training and interface design in enhancing the synergy between designers and digital tools offers exciting and fruitful research directions. In summary, this study highlights the complex relationship between CAD tools and cognitive productivity in architectural design, prompting a reexamination of their role in shaping the design landscape.

Biomechanics of Dental Implantation in the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca): A Comparative Study Using Finite Element Analysis.

Giant pandas have a high incidence of tooth wear, loss, and fracture since their diet is specifically bamboo. Dental implantation is a common treatment for tooth loss in humans while rarely reported in wild animals. To explore the applicability of dental implantation in giant pandas, this study measured mandible parameters of the giant panda, from an adult skeletal specimen. The mandible bone block model was developed using computer-aided design 3D mechanical drawing software. Implants of different radius and thread types of the third premolar tooth (PM3) were assembled and imported into an analysis software system for finite element analysis. As a result, the reverse buttress implant with a radius of 7.5 mm and 8.3 mm, and a length of 15 mm was found to be the most suitable implant for use in the giant panda PM3. This study provides a reference for appropriate clinical giant panda dental implantation, although, the feasibility of giant panda dental implantation needs to be studied further.

Cross-phase automated structural design of modular buildings using a unified matrix method and multi-objective optimization

Traditional structural design of modular buildings involves multi-phase work, which is a labor-intensive process with low efficiency. The tasks in each stage are independent and fragmented. To address such problem, a cross-phase automated structural design of modular buildings is proposed. From the computer-aided design plain drawing, the building elements are extracted to conduct the sematic segmentation of zones using the layer classification method and graph structure. Based on a unified matrix method, the categorized modules are arranged to meet the architectural functions and the structural analysis model is established. Then a multi-objective optimization method is applied to perform the structural design considering the safety demand and economic benefit of the structure. Lastly, the data file is generated to conduct the structure-to-digital model delivery. The proposed method is shown to be effective and fully automated through two practical cases. The proposed framework integrates module layout, parametric modeling, structural optimization and digital model generation as a continues procedure, which also realizes the efficient transfer of different data items including architectural plan, structural model and digital model. It provides a guideline to automated structural design of modular buildings.

Associating Colors with Mental States for Computer-Aided Drawing Therapy

Associating Colors with Mental States for Computer-Aided Drawing Therapy

OBGESS: Automating Original Bender Gestalt Test Based on One Stage Deep Learning

Hand sketch psychological data are mysterious and can be used to detect mental disorders early and prevent them from getting worse and with irreversible consequences. The Original Bender Gestalt Test is a psychology test based on hand-sketched patterns. Mental disorders require an automated scoring system. Unfortunately, there is no automatic scoring system for the Original Bender Gestalt test for adults and children with high accuracy. Automating the Original Bender Gestalt test requires 3 phases: Phase 1, collecting a comprehensive Original Bender Gestalt dataset called OBGET. Phase 2, classifying patterns by a proposed method called MYOLO V5; and Phase 3, scoring classified patterns according to associated rules of psychological standard criteria. This research reviews a comprehensive OBGET dataset that includes 817 samples, labeling samples for mental disorders by a psychologist, statistical analysis, the proposed semi-automatic labeling of patterns, patterns classification applied the proposed modified YOLO V5 called MYOLO V5, and automatic scoring of drawing patterns. MYOLO V5 accuracy is 95% and the accuracy of the proposed method called OBGESS as a mental disorder detection is 90%. In this research, a new automatic computer-aided psychological hand sketch drawing test has been proposed.

Trajectory Generator System for a UR5 Collaborative Robot in 2D and 3D Surfaces

In Industry 4.0., robots are regarded as one of the key components. In recent years, collaborative robots (cobots) have risen in relevance and have been included in the industry to perform tasks alongside humans. Robots have been used in many applications in manufacturing processes; for the scope of this paper, the emphasis on these applications is centered on welding and gluing. These applications need to be performed with specific speed, efficiency, and accuracy to attain optimal welding or bonding to the pieces. An operator cannot maintain such conditions consistently, with minimum variations, for an extended period; hence, robots are a more suitable option to perform those tasks. The robots used for these applications need to be instructed to follow a trajectory to either weld or apply the glue. This path must be programmed on the robot by an operator, and depending on the complexity of the trajectory, it can take up to extended periods of time to set all the required waypoints. There are specialized software environments that contribute to the automation of these tasks; however, the overall cost of the licenses is not affordable if the scale of the project only requires developing and programming trajectories a few times. This paper contains a proposal for an open-source Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) software to automatically generate the trajectories needed for the aforementioned welding and gluing applications. The procedure to develop the software starts by selecting the surface that will be welded or to which glue will be applied. The surface determines the model of the trajectory to be followed. Next, a processing system is fed with the individual points that make up the trajectory provided by their selection over the Computer Aided Drawing (CAD) model. This system then creates a program based on URScript® that can be directly uploaded to and executed on the robot. A set of tests is presented to validate the applications and to demonstrate the versatility of the developed trajectory generation system.

Postdigital concerns relating to teaching and learning of machine drawing

The freshmen of the engineering curriculum are trained in the engineering drawing skill set which includes the generation of orthographic projections of any given component. When these freshmen are promoted to the next subsequent academic year, they are ready to learn the generation of three-dimensional computer-aided drawing (CAD) geometric models from the given orthographic projections. In today's postdigital era, the challenges and issues faced by these sophomores in generation of spatially visualized CAD geometric model is discussed in this work. A perceptive visual image of stop valve in a CAD-based environment is formulated, as the stop valves play a major role in product as well as process-oriented industries. The impediments faced by students in generating the spatially visualized CAD geometric model in the postdigital era have been discussed and deliberated at a stretch. Students’ performance assessment before imparting training versus after imparting training in CAD-based geometric modeling skills by employing perceptive visual imagery method is recorded in this work.

Artificial intelligence-enabled evaluating for computer-aided drawings (AMCAD)

AMCAD ( www.amcad.ai ) is a web-enabled artificial intelligence (AI) system created to auto-evaluate students’ computer-aided drawing (CAD) work assignments and help students in self-directed learning. It compares two engineering drawings and highlights the differences (errors) between the two. The errors are classified into two categories: “Missing Line” errors shown in red and “Erroneous Line” errors in blue. AMCAD works in tandem with all CAD software. It uses computer vision technology to convert PDF drawings to raster subimages, and XOR to evaluate quantitatively the best-matched with best-aligned views. AMCAD, whose AI algorithms and web application were developed in Python, shows the comparison results in two display modes: superimpose and side-by-side. To encourage students in self-directed leaning, instructional videos can be included in each CAD work assignment.

Design and Development of an Integrated Plantain Processing Machine

An integrated plantain processing machine has been designed and developed. The method of the design includes system design calculations, application of computer aided drawing (CAD), and fabrication using engineering tools and materials. Units like the frame is composed of mild steel material which provides support to the machine. The design was incorporated with temperature regulator or thermostat connected to the heating coil, which is set to regulate the temperature in the drying chamber. The performance evaluation was carried out by examining the out-turn of the moisture content of the plantain, rotor speed, and the drying temperature, on the machine drying chamber. The production efficiency of the machine was found to be 84.44%. In addition to drying and milling of plantain, the machine can also be adjusted to dry and pulverize other agricultural products such as; banana, yam, and other tubers among others as long as it can be sliced. Based on the results of the test obtained, the machine proved to be a better design, which the drying time of plantain can be varied from 28mins-1hr achieving several masses of plantain flour, unlike the conventional method of sun drying which takes far longer drying time. Moreover, it was observed that the time of drying is inversely proportional to the temperature, this means that the higher the temperature the faster the plantain dries. Also, the time of milling the dried plantain chips was about 5.8minutes for a total mass of 12 kg input. The integrated system has a throughput capacity of 37.75Kg/hr with total energy consumption of 0.00586KJ/Kg and was powered by a 3.7kw electric motor running at a speed of 1182 revolutions per minutes (rpm).

Training in Fundamentals of Standard Technical Drawing at SMK Muhammadiyah Tirtayasa

Abstract. A training program is conducted to address the need for fundamental skills in Engineering Drawing. The partner school for this program is SMK Muhammadiyah Tirtayasa, located in the Serang Regency. The training focuses on basic technical drawing techniques. A total of 14 participants, including students and teachers, take part in the training. The training began with an explanation of the theoretical foundations of technical drawing, followed by three practical exercises. The participants' progress was evaluated based on the quality of their technical drawings. The results indicated that the participants had a good overall understanding and ability to apply the fundamental principles of line drawing, object projections, and dimensioning. The average scores across the three exercises were relatively high. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that male participants achieved higher scores compared to their female counterparts. To enhance the professionalism of the participants, it is recommended to incorporate computer-aided drawing tools to enhance their knowledge and skills in applying technical drawing concepts. In conclusion, the training program successfully provides participants with essential skills in Engineering Drawing. The findings highlight the potential benefits of integrating computer-based applications to further enhance their proficiency in this field.

Research on the Application of Computer Aided Design Software SU in Landscape Design

SketchUp has simplified, three-dimensional and intuitive effects on landscape design optimization. The software changes from traditional manual drawing to computer-aided drawing, which promotes the improvement of landscape design and BIM modeling and analysis level. SketchUp enables real-time communication with customers. This paper is based on two-dimensional data accurately drawn by AutoCAD and uses the SketchUp ESRI plug-in between GIS and SketchUp to convert shape files into SketchUp recognizable. Then, Google SketchUp intelligent software was used to rapidly batch process GIS data. Finally, the 3D model is output into Multipitch (*.mdb) format data. The software can realize roaming, query, data management and spatial analysis, and achieve the purpose of rapid realization of forest landscape visualization. This method can batch process the 3D modeling data of large areas and has important reference value for landscape visualization and landscape planning.

Associating Colors with Mental States for Computer-Aided Drawing Therapy: Beyond Color Psychology

Associating Colors with Mental States for Computer-Aided Drawing Therapy: Beyond Color Psychology

Cylindrical cam mechanism design with visual basic

One of the technology products that have taken an important place in our lives from the past to the present is power and motion transfer elements. Power and motion transfer elements are very important for users in terms of facilitating work transfer, easing the workload based on people and ergonomics. One of the basic building blocks of these transmission systems is cam mechanisms. Cam mechanisms consisting mainly of followers and cams; It performs a complementary task by transmitting the follower's movement to the cam assembly by direct contact. While cam mechanisms lighten the work load, it is a frequently preferred system because it takes up little space and contains few parts and allows for a wide range of movements. However, sensitivity to vibration and sudden shock effects and cost problems have led to the development of manufacturing methods of cam mechanisms. In this master's thesis, design and mathematical information about cam mechanisms and cylindrical cam mechanisms are given, and the design of a cylindrical cam mechanism with a vertical multiple output limb was carried out using computer-aided drawing programs Solidworks and Autocad. The use of multiple output limb cam mechanisms is increasing day by day in terms of the width of the work area and the possibility to work with other machines. For this reason, this work is intended to be a guide resource for the reader in industry and science for both cam mechanisms and cylindrical cam mechanisms. Microsoft Excel and Visual Basic programs were used in the calculations and designs, and the design details of the mechanism were revealed with the data and formulas entered into the program.

Applications of artificial intelligence in predicting the risk of child abuse: A literature review

Child abuse is a major problem in most of the developing and developed countries. Medical practitioners and law enforcement authorities have often tried to tackle the problem using several conventional approaches. Nevertheless, there are other modern methods to screen, detect, and predict child abuse using artificial intelligence (AI). Therefore, this article aimed to critically review the currently available AI tools including data mining, computer-aided drawing systems, self-drawing tools, and neural networks used in child abuse screening.

Research on the Application of Digital Design in Landscape Architecture

The progress of digital planning and design of landscape gardens is investigated. Today design is inseparable from the assistance of a computer. However, the progress of digital planning and design of the landscape is behind the rapid development of technology. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find out how the common application software is used in landscape architecture design as the main design application method. In each stage of landscape architecture planning and design, designers can use today's information technology and various software to carry out a topographic survey, environmental analysis, planning, and design. Computer-aided drawing provides convenience for designers. The result shows a reference value to maximize the application role and value of digital design in landscape design.

A robotic polishing trajectory planning method for TBCs of aero-engine turbine blade using measured point cloud

PurposeThe application of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) allows aero-engine blades to operate at higher temperatures with higher efficiency. The preparation of the TBCs increases the surface roughness of the blade, which impacts the thermal cycle life and thermal insulation performance of the coating. To reduce the surface roughness of blades, particularly the blades with small size and complex curvature, this paper aims to propose a method for industrial robot polishing trajectory planning based on on-site measuring point cloud.Design/methodology/approachThe authors propose an integrated robotic polishing trajectory planning method using point cloud processing technical. At first, the acquired point cloud is preprocessed, which includes filtering and plane segmentation algorithm, to extract the blade body point cloud. Then, the point cloud slicing algorithm and the intersection method are used to create a preliminary contact point set. Finally, the Douglas–Peucker algorithm and pose frame estimation are applied to extract the tool-tip positions and optimize the tool contact posture, respectively. The resultant trajectory is evaluated by simulation and experiment implementation.FindingsThe target points of trajectory are not evenly distributed on the blade surface but rather fluctuate with surface curvature. The simulated linear and orientation speeds of the robot end could be relatively steady over 98% of the total time within 20% reduction of the rest time. After polishing experiments, the coating roughness on the blade surface is reduced dramatically from Ra 7–8 µm to below Ra 1.0 µm. The removal of the TBCs is less than 100 mg, which is significantly less than the weight of the prepared coatings. The blade surface becomes smoothed to a mirror-like state.Originality/valueThe research on robotic polishing of aero-engine turbine blade TBCs is worthwhile. The real-time trajectory planning based on measuring point cloud can address the problem that there is no standard computer-aided drawing model and the geometry and size of the workpiece to be processed differ. The extraction and optimization of tool contact points based on point cloud features can enhance the smoothness of the robot movement, stability of the polishing speed and performance of the blade surface after polishing.

Measured, calculated, and egs_brachy I-125 dose distributions in a gold plaque for retinoblastoma treatment.

This study measured and calculated dose distributions around a unique gold plaque for whole-eye radiotherapy (to treat retinoblastoma). The applicator consists of a pericorneal ring attached to the four extraocular muscles and four legs, each loaded with I-125 seeds. They are inserted beneath the conjunctiva in-between each pair of muscles and attached anteriorly to the ring. The applicator was designed in such a way that the dose is directed toward the middle of the eye while sparing surrounding tissues. (I) To compare the measured and calculated data obtained by thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) in a solid-water phantom, a Gafchromic film in a solid-water phantom, the treatment planning systems, and Monte Carlo simulations; (II) to use Monte Carlo simulations for the determination of the dose to the organs at risk by taking the gold shielding and the anisotropy into account. The dose around the applicator was measured using TLDs and Gafchromic EBT2 film in eye-shaped solid-water phantoms. Dose calculations were performed with the TheraPlan Plus and BrachyVision planning system and Monte Carlo simulations with egs_brachy code. A computer-aided design drawing of the applicator was created and used to create the input file for the Monte Carlo simulations. Monte Carlo calculated dose to the optic nerve is 64.8% of the central dose in the eye, whereas the planned dose is 93.7%. The Monte Carlo lens dose varies from 72.0% to 86.1%, whereas the planned dose varies from 73.0% to 84.3%. Monte Carlo-calculated dose to the bony orbit is 11.3%, whereas the planned dose is as high as 54.7% compared to the dose in the center region of the eye. The measured and Monte Carlo-simulated dose distributions matched well, whereas planned dose distributions showed discrepancies in some areas of the eye and outside of the eye due to their ignorance of the shielding effects of the plaque.

Effectiveness of a three-dimensional-printing curriculum: Developing and evaluating an elementary school design-oriented model course

In this study, a three-dimensional-printing design-oriented model course was developed for elementary school students, and its learning efficacy was investigated. The study was primarily conducted using action research and supplemented with data obtained through participant observation and content analysis. The participants were fifth-grade students in an elementary school in Taiwan, and the study was conducted over two semesters. Experts assessed the effectiveness of the pilot program over two semesters and revised the curriculum for formal program implementation in the following two semesters. The efficacy of teaching and learning was evaluated using diverse data collected through student self-evaluation charts, checklists for basic modeling exercises (using software), evaluation charts, and daily teacher logs. The findings revealed that computer-aided drawing is a powerful tool that can help students understand concepts, offer them the opportunity to showcase their creativity, and spark their motivation to learn. The design-oriented model course improved learning performance in basic drawing and design through advanced product design by cultivating the students’ creative potential and enhancing their design and creation skills.