Computer-aided Detection Of Breast Cancer Research Articles

Review on Computer Aided Breast Cancer Detection and Diagnosis using Machine Learning Methods on Mammogram Image.

Machine Learning (ML) plays an essential part in the research area of medical image processing. The advantages of ML techniques lead to more intelligent, accurate, and automatic computeraided detection (CAD) systems with improved learning capability. In recent years, deep learning-based ML approaches developed to improve the diagnostic capabilities of CAD systems. This study reviews image enhancement, ML and DL methods for breast cancer detection and diagnosis using mammogram images and provides an overview of these methods. The analysis of different ways of ML and DL shows that the usages of traditional ML approaches are limited. However, DL techniques have an excellent future for implementing medical image analysis and improving the ability to exist CAD systems. Despite the significant advancements in deep learning methods for analyzing medical images to detect breast cancer, challenges still exist regarding data quality, computational cost, and prediction accuracy.

Examining the effectiveness of a deep learning-based computer-aided breast cancer detection system for breast ultrasound

PurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the clinical usefulness of a deep learning-based computer-aided detection (CADe) system for breast ultrasound.MethodsThe set of 88 training images was expanded to 14,000 positive images and 50,000 negative images. The CADe system was trained to detect lesions in real- time using deep learning with an improved model of YOLOv3-tiny. Eighteen readers evaluated 52 test image sets with and without CADe. Jackknife alternative free-response receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to estimate the effectiveness of this system in improving lesion detection.ResultThe area under the curve (AUC) for image sets was 0.7726 with CADe and 0.6304 without CADe, with a 0.1422 difference, indicating that with CADe was significantly higher than that without CADe (p < 0.0001). The sensitivity per case was higher with CADe (95.4%) than without CADe (83.7%). The specificity of suspected breast cancer cases with CADe (86.6%) was higher than that without CADe (65.7%). The number of false positives per case (FPC) was lower with CADe (0.22) than without CADe (0.43).ConclusionThe use of a deep learning-based CADe system for breast ultrasound by readers significantly improved their reading ability. This system is expected to contribute to highly accurate breast cancer screening and diagnosis.

Screening of breast cancer from thermogram images by edge detection aided deep transfer learning model.

Breast cancer, the most common invasive cancer, causes deaths of thousands of women in the world every year. Early detection of the same is a remedy to lessen the death rate. Hence, screening of breast cancer in its early stage is utmost required. However, in the developing nations not many can afford the screening and detection procedures owing to its cost. Hence, an effective and less expensive way of detecting breast cancer is performed using thermography which, unlike other methods, can be used on women of various ages. To this end, we propose a computer aided breast cancer detection system that accepts thermal breast images to detect the same. Here, we use the pre-trained DenseNet121 model as a feature extractor to build a classifier for the said purpose. Before extracting features, we work on the original thermal breast images to get outputs using two edge detectors - Prewitt and Roberts. These two edge-maps along with the original image make the input to the DenseNet121 model as a 3-channel image. The thermal breast image dataset namely, Database for Mastology Research (DMR-IR) is used to evaluate performance of our model. We achieve the highest classification accuracy of 98.80% on the said database, which outperforms many state-of-the-art methods, thereby confirming the superiority of the proposed model. Source code of this work is available here: https://github.com/subro608/thermogram_breast_cancer-

Computer-aided detection of breast cancer on the Wisconsin dataset: An artificial neural networks approach

The early detection of breast cancer (BC) has a significant impact on reducing the disease’s mortality rate. As an effective cost- and time-saving tool, computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems have been developed in this research field, aiding clinicians and radiologists’ decision-making process by offering highly accurate information. In this study, a shallow artificial neural network (ANN) model with one hidden layer is used to diagnose and predict BC using the Wisconsin breast cancer dataset (WBCD) and the Wisconsin diagnostic breast cancer (WDBC) dataset without employing feature optimization or selection algorithms. The datasets are divided into 80% for training and 20% for testing using five-fold cross-validation. The model’s effectiveness and efficiency are evaluated based on sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, and F1 score, along with the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC). In the task of classifying benign and malignant tumours using the WBCD, the shallow ANN model showed promising performance with an average accuracy of 99.85%, specificity of 99.72%, sensitivity of 100%, precision of 99.69%, and F1 score of 99.84%. For BC detection using WDBC, it achieved an average accuracy of 99.47%, specificity of 99.53%, sensitivity of 99.59%, precision of 98.71%, and F1 score of 99.13%. The AUC of the proposed model was 99.86% and 99.56% for the WBCD and the WDBC dataset, respectively, illustrating the model’s discrimination capacity. Moreover, the ANN model outperformed state-of-the-art models that integrate feature optimization and selection algorithms to classify BC tumours using WBCD and WDBC. Hence, the shallow ANN model presented here demonstrates significant potential for diagnosing BC using WBCD and WDBC without the need for feature optimization or selection algorithms.

Computer Aided Breast Cancer Detection Using Ensembling of Texture and Statistical Image Features.

Breast cancer, like most forms of cancer, is a fatal disease that claims more than half a million lives every year. In 2020, breast cancer overtook lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed form of cancer. Though extremely deadly, the survival rate and longevity increase substantially with early detection and diagnosis. The treatment protocol also varies with the stage of breast cancer. Diagnosis is typically done using histopathological slides from which it is possible to determine whether the tissue is in the Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) stage, in which the cancerous cells have not spread into the encompassing breast tissue, or in the Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) stage, wherein the cells have penetrated into the neighboring tissues. IDC detection is extremely time-consuming and challenging for physicians. Hence, this can be modeled as an image classification task where pattern recognition and machine learning can be used to aid doctors and medical practitioners in making such crucial decisions. In the present paper, we use an IDC Breast Cancer dataset that contains 277,524 images (with 78,786 IDC positive images and 198,738 IDC negative images) to classify the images into IDC(+) and IDC(-). To that end, we use feature extractors, including textural features, such as SIFT, SURF and ORB, and statistical features, such as Haralick texture features. These features are then combined to yield a dataset of 782 features. These features are ensembled by stacking using various Machine Learning classifiers, such as Random Forest, Extra Trees, XGBoost, AdaBoost, CatBoost and Multi Layer Perceptron followed by feature selection using Pearson Correlation Coefficient to yield a dataset with four features that are then used for classification. From our experimental results, we found that CatBoost yielded the highest accuracy (92.55%), which is at par with other state-of-the-art results—most of which employ Deep Learning architectures. The source code is available in the GitHub repository.

Evaluating Deep and Statistical Machine Learning Models in the Classification of Breast Cancer from Digital Mammograms

The application of artificial intelligence techniques in computer aided detection and diagnosis problems has been among the most promising areas with interest from the scientific community and healthcare industry. Recently, deep learning has become the prime tool for such application with many studies focusing on developing variants that optimize diagnostic performance. Despite the widely accepted success of this class of techniques in this application by the scientific community, it is not prudent to consider it as the only tool available for such purpose. In particular, statistical machine learning offers a variety of techniques that can also be applied at a much lower computational cost. Unfortunately, the results from both strategies cannot be directly compared due to the differences in experimental setups and datasets used in available research studies. Therefore, we focus in this study on this direct comparison using the same dataset and similar data preprocessing as the input to both. We compare statistical machine learning to deep learning in the context of computer-aided detection of breast cancer from mammographic images. The results are compared using diagnostic performance metrics and suggest that simpler statistical machine learning techniques may provide better performance with simpler architectures that allow explanation of results.

Computer aided breast cancer detection using ultrasound images

Breast cancer is the second prevalent type of cancer among women. Breast Ultrasound (BUS) imaging is one of the most frequently used diagnostic tools to detect and classify abnormalities in the breast. To improve the diagnostic accuracy, Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) system is helpful for breast cancer detection and classification. Normally, a CAD system consists of four stages: pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification. In this chapter, the pre-processing step includes speckle noise removal using Speckle Reducing Anisotropic Diffusion (SRAD). The goal of segmentation is to locate the Region of Interest (ROI) and Active contour-based segmentation is used in this work. The texture features are extracted and fed to a classifier to categorize the images as Normal, Benign and Malignant. In this work three classifiers namely K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm, Decision tree algorithm and Random Forest classifier are used and the performance is compared based on the accuracy of classification.

Texture analysis of breast thermograms using neighbourhood grey tone difference matrix

Breast cancer is the leading cancer in women worldwide. Early detection can reduce the mortality rate of breast cancer. Breast thermography is a non-invasive and simple imaging technique used for early detection of breast cancer. Feature extraction and selection of appropriate features play a major role in computer-aided detection of breast cancer using breast thermograms. In this article, texture features are extracted from automatically segmented breast thermograms by computing neighbourhood grey tone difference matrix (NGTDM) and run length matrix (RLM). Significance of these features in differentiating the abnormal breast from the normal breast is found by statistical test. NGTDM extracted coarseness, busyness, complexity, strength and RLM extracted long run emphasis and run percentage are found to be significant by statistical test. Extracted features are computationally less expensive and attained an average accuracy of 80%, sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 71.4% using back propagation neural network classifier.

Breast cancer risk assessment and diagnosis model using fuzzy support vector machine based expert system

Classification of cancerous masses is a challenging task in many computerised detection systems. Cancerous masses are difficult to detect because these masses are obscured and subtle in mammograms. This paper investigates an intelligent classifier – fuzzy support vector machine (FSVM) applied to classify the tissues containing masses on mammograms for breast cancer diagnosis. The algorithm utilises texture features extracted using Laws texture energy measures and a FSVM to classify the suspicious masses. The new FSVM treats every feature as both normal and abnormal samples, but with different membership. By this way, the new FSVM have more generalisation ability to classify the masses in mammograms. The classifier analysed 219 clinical mammograms collected from breast cancer screening laboratory. The tests made on the real clinical mammograms shows that the proposed detection system has better discriminating power than the conventional support vector machine. With the best combination of FSVM and Laws texture features, the area under the Receiver operating characteristic curve reached .95, which corresponds to a sensitivity of 93.27% with a specificity of 87.17%. The results suggest that detecting masses using FSVM contribute to computer-aided detection of breast cancer and as a decision support system for radiologists.

Breast Cancer Diagnosis using Digital Image Segmentation Techniques

Background/Objectives: The objective of this research is to work out on the computer-aided detection of Breast cancer. This research work mainly target to build up a structure of methods by using image processing and classification approach for the recognition of abnormalities in Mammograms. Methods/Statistical Analysis: It is observed that the breast images are analyzed after decomposition. However, the image become smaller and crucial information may be lost by virtue of image decomposition and when region of interest is applied only on the specific segment of image as above said some information get lost. Findings: Further, the high pass decomposed image using wavelet transform over enhance the intensity variation that may be falsely detected and cancer characteristics leading to erroneous analysis. These limitations could be overcome by denoising the given input image using the wavelet transform and analysis made on inverse transformed image. The texture features should also be considered while analyzing an image for cancer detection. A back propagation neural network is trained using the mammogram images in different categories and tested using the sample as well as unknown images13 feature neurons are used for N/W training and testing as well. Application/Improvements: The N/W is trained for normal images as well as abnormal cases. The classification accuracy has been observed to the tune of 89%.

A Survey of Computer-aided Detection of Breast Cancer with Mammography

Computer-aided detection (CAD) systems can be served as a second view for radiologist. An overview of recent development in CAD methods are presented in this paper. Abnormalities detection, abnormalities classification and content-based image retrieval (CBIR) are briefly reviewed. For the abnormalities detection, micro-calcification detection, mass detection and multi-view based detection are introduced. For the abnormalities classification, micro-calcification classification and mass classification are given.

, , ,

Breast cancer is very common among the World’s women population. Early detection of breast cancer can save life. Mammography based diagnosis is considered as the most effective to detect breast cancer. But, mammogram images often lead to misdiagnosis due to their low contrast nature. Recent studies show that mammography based diagnosis fails to detect cancerous lumps in the breast in ten out of one hundred patients. In this paper we address this issue. We propose a computer aided breast cancer detection technique in this paper. In the proposed method mammogram images are enhanced and segmented to locate the malignant lumps in the women’s breast. The segmented image is then compared with a template image in order to determine the stage of breast cancer. Some statistical characteristics have also been presented in this paper to identify the malignant lumps from the benign ones.

A Metric for Reducing False Positives in the Computer-Aided Detection of Breast Cancer from Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Based Screening Examinations of High-Risk Women.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-enabled cancer screening has been shown to be a highly sensitive method for the early detection of breast cancer. Computer-aided detection systems have the potential to improve the screening process by standardizing radiologists to a high level of diagnostic accuracy. This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board of Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre. This study compares the performance of a proposed method for computer-aided detection (based on the second-order spatial derivative of the relative signal intensity) with the signal enhancement ratio (SER) on MRI-based breast screening examinations. Comparison is performed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis as well as free-response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) curve analysis. A modified computer-aided detection system combining the proposed approach with the SER method is also presented. The proposed method provides improvements in the rates of false positive markings over the SER method in the detection of breast cancer (as assessed by FROC analysis). The modified computer-aided detection system that incorporates both the proposed method and the SER method yields ROC results equal to that produced by SER while simultaneously providing improvements over the SER method in terms of false positives per noncancerous exam. The proposed method for identifying malignancies outperforms the SER method in terms of false positives on a challenging dataset containing many small lesions and may play a useful role in breast cancer screening by MRI as part of a computer-aided detection system.

Remote Computer-Aided Breast Cancer Detection and Diagnosis System Based on Cytological Images

The purpose of this study is to develop an intelligent remote detection and diagnosis system for breast cancer based on cytological images. First, this paper presents a fully automated method for cell nuclei detection and segmentation in breast cytological images. The locations of the cell nuclei in the image were detected with circular Hough transform. The elimination of false-positive (FP) findings (noisy circles and blood cells) was achieved using Otsu's thresholding method and fuzzy c-means clustering technique. The segmentation of the nuclei boundaries was accomplished with the application of the marker-controlled watershed transform. Next, an intelligent breast cancer classification system was developed. Twelve features were presented to several neural network architectures to investigate the most suitable network model for classifying the tumor effectively. Four classification models were used, namely, multilayer perceptron using back-propagation algorithm, probabilistic neural network (PNN), learning vector quantization, and support vector machine (SVM). The classification results were obtained using tenfold cross validation. The performance of the networks was compared based on resulted error rate, correct rate, sensitivity, and specificity. Finally, we have merged the proposed computer-aided detection and diagnosis system with the telemedicine platform. This is to provide an intelligent, remote detection, and diagnosis system for breast cancer patients based on the Web service. The proposed system was evaluated using 92 breast cytological images containing 11502 cell nuclei. Experimental evidence shows that the proposed method has very effective results even in the case of images with high degree of blood cells and noisy circles. In addition, two benchmark data sets were evaluated for comparison. The results showed that the predictive ability of PNN and SVM is stronger than the others in all evaluated data sets.

Computer-aided detection of breast cancer on mammograms: A swarm intelligence optimized wavelet neural network approach

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. Accurate early detection can effectively reduce the mortality rate caused by breast cancer. Masses and microcalcification clusters are an important early signs of breast cancer. However, it is often difficult to distinguish abnormalities from normal breast tissues because of their subtle appearance and ambiguous margins. Computer aided diagnosis (CAD) helps the radiologist in detecting the abnormalities in an efficient way. This paper investigates a new classification approach for detection of breast abnormalities in digital mammograms using Particle Swarm Optimized Wavelet Neural Network (PSOWNN). The proposed abnormality detection algorithm is based on extracting Laws Texture Energy Measures from the mammograms and classifying the suspicious regions by applying a pattern classifier. The method is applied to real clinical database of 216 mammograms collected from mammogram screening centers. The detection performance of the CAD system is analyzed using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. This curve indicates the trade-offs between sensitivity and specificity that is available from a diagnostic system, and thus describes the inherent discrimination capacity of the proposed system. The result shows that the area under the ROC curve of the proposed algorithm is 0.96853 with a sensitivity 94.167% of and specificity of 92.105%.

Pectoral muscle identification in mammograms

In most of the approaches of computer‐aided detection of breast cancer, one of the preprocessing steps applied to the mammogram is the removal/suppression of pectoral muscle, as its presence within the mammogram may adversely affect the outcome of cancer detection processes. Through this study, we propose an efficient automatic method using the watershed transformation for identifying the pectoral muscle in mediolateral oblique view mammograms. The watershed transformation of the mammogram shows interesting properties that include the appearance of a unique watershed line corresponding to the pectoral muscle edge. In addition to this, it is observed that the pectoral muscle region is oversegmented due to the existence of several catchment basins within the pectoral muscle. Hence, a suitable merging algorithm is proposed to combine the appropriate catchment basins to obtain the correct pectoral muscle region. A total of 84 mammograms from the mammographic image analysis database were used to validate this approach. The mean false positive and mean false negative rates, obtained by comparing the results of the proposed approach with manually‐identified (ground truth) pectoral muscle boundaries, respectively, were 0.85% and 4.88%. A comparison of the results of the proposed method with related state‐of‐the‐art methods shows that the performance of the proposed approach is better than the existing methods in terms of the mean false negative rate. Using Hausdorff distance metric, the comparison of the results of the proposed method with ground truth shows low Hausdorff distances, the mean and standard deviation being 3.85±1.07 mm.PACS numbers: 87.57.R, 87.57.nm, 87.59.ej, 87.85.Ng, 87.85.Pq

Intelligent Mammography Database Management System for a Computer Aided Breast Cancer Detection and Diagnosis

Intelligent Mammography Database Management System for a Computer Aided Breast Cancer Detection and Diagnosis

Effect of the Enhancement Threshold on the Computer-Aided Detection of Breast Cancer using MRI

To evaluate the effect that variations in the enhancement threshold have on the diagnostic accuracy of two computer-aided detection (CAD) systems for magnetic resonance based breast cancer screening. Informed consent was obtained from all patients participating in cancer screening and this study was approved by the participating institution's review board. This retrospective study was nested in a prospective, single-institution, high-risk, breast screening study involving dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Only those screening examinations (n = 223) for which a histopathological diagnosis was available were included. Two CAD methods were performed: the signal enhancement ratio (SER) and support vector machines (SVMs). Statistical analysis was performed by tracking changes in each CAD test's diagnostic accuracy (eg, receiver-operating characteristic [ROC] curve area, maximum possible sensitivity) with changes in the enhancement threshold. The enhancement threshold plays a significant role in affecting a CAD test's potential sensitivity, ROC curve area, and number of assumed true and false-positive predictions per cancerous examination. A high threshold can also limit the CAD-based detection of the full size of a lesion. Enhancement thresholds can limit a CAD test's ability to diagnose a lesion's full size and as such should not be raised above 60%. The clinically used SER method exhibits a high rate of false positives at low enhancement thresholds and as such the threshold should not be set lower than 50%. The SVM method yielded better results in our study than the SER method at clinically realistic enhancement thresholds.

Article Commentary: Computer-Aided Detection of Breast Cancer — Have All Bases Been Covered?

The use of computer-aided detection (CAD) systems in mammography has been the subject of intense research for many years. These systems have been developed with the aim of helping radiologists to detect signs of breast cancer. However, the effectiveness of CAD systems in practice has sparked recent debate. In this commentary, we argue that computer-aided detection will become an increasingly important tool for radiologists in the early detection of breast cancer, but there are some important issues that need to be given greater focus in designing CAD systems if they are to reach their full potential.

1–13 Computer-aided Detection of Breast Cancer: A Cost-effectiveness Study

1–13 Computer-aided Detection of Breast Cancer: A Cost-effectiveness Study