Compulsory Program Research Articles

Association of Body Mass Index in Adolescence and Young Adulthood and Long-term Risk of Multiple Sclerosis: A Population-Based Study.

To prospectively investigate the long-term relationship between body mass index (BMI) in adolescents and young adults and risk for multiple sclerosis (MS) at the population level. We used data from the population-based compulsory Norwegian tuberculosis screening program during 1963 to 1975, including objectively measured height and weight from ≈85% of all eligible citizens. This was combined with data from the Norwegian MS registry and biobank up to November 2020. BMI was standardized according to age and sex, and risk for MS was calculated with Cox proportional hazard models. During 30,829,506 years of follow-up, we found 1,409 cases of MS among 648,734 participants in eligible age groups (14-34 years). Overall, obesity was associated with increased MS risk (hazard ratio [HR] 1.53 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-1.88]), and the risk was similar in men (HR 1.4 [95% CI 0.95-2.06] and women (HR 1.59 [95% CI 1.25-2.02]). Risk was highest for the youngest age groups (age 14-16: HR 1.73 [95% CI 1.19-2.53]; 17-19: HR 1.61 [95% CI 1.08-2.39]; 20-24: HR 1.56 [95% CI 1.04-2.36]) and was no longer present for those >30 years of age. High BMI in individuals 14 to 24 years of age was associated with increased MS risk later in life in both male and female individuals.

Use of basketball in extracurricular forms of classes with children of senior school age

Basketball, as an important means of physical education and health improvement of children, is included in the compulsory programs of general education schools. Basketball provides versatile development, an increase in almost all motor and coordination qualities, agility and accuracy. Purpose: to assess the effectiveness of using basketball equipment in extracurricular activities with children of senior school age. Materials and methods: theoretical analysis of scientific literature data, anthropometric methods, physiological methods, assessment of the level of somatic health, pedagogical methods, statistical methods of data processing. The experiment involved 20 children aged 15-17 years old, students of 9-11 grades of a comprehensive school. Results. The use of training lessons in basketball in senior school age should take into account the functional state of the body of children. In the experimental group, 80% of children had an average level of somatic health and 20% below average. Above average, low and high levels were not identified. In the control group, 40% of the pupils had a low level of somatic health, 30% of those studied had a lower than average level of somatic health and 30% had an average level. Above average and high levels were not revealed. According to the results, it can be noted that there were no deviations in the regulation of the cardiovascular system, both in the control and in the experimental groups. The analysis of the results of pedagogical testing made it possible to establish in the age aspect their gradual, but, as a rule, uneven growth. The analysis of testing the long jump found that: in the experimental group, all students showed better results at the initial stage than at the final stage. Conclusions. Comparing the results, we can conclude that the results in the two groups were quite high and corresponded to the indicators of physical fitness of senior schoolchildren.

Distributed volumes of health care provision as a criterion for the legality of its provision in the CHI system

The article is devoted to the assessment of changes in the legislation on compulsory health insurance in 2021. Among them are the improvement of methods of distribution and payment of medical care, contractual relations of participants in the insurance system. The author critically assesses the subject of the updated contract for the provision and payment of medical care under compulsory medical insurance, which limits the obligations of a medical organization to insured persons to the standards for the volume of medical care established by the decision of the commission for the development of the territorial compulsory medical insurance program. Exceeding the required volumes, as a rule, excludes for a medical organization payment from targeted funds for actually rendered medical services. Thus, a basis is being created for the transition of the CHI system from state guarantees of free provision of medical care to the execution of its distributed volumes. The danger is that this «proper performance of the contract» can be achieved due to the availability of medical care for the insured.

Impact of sociodemographic factors on children’s immunization in Bulgaria

Abstract Introduction Vaccinations have been touted as one of the “greatest public health achievements”, but the rate of under-vaccination in child population is steadily declining, especially in low-income groups. Many studies show, that country-specific parental socio-demographic factors may influence on children's immunization coverage. Aim To assess which family socio-demographic factors influence parental vaccine hesitancy. Methods A survey was conducted among 1195 parents of children under the age of 7y., between 2015-2017, mean age of 30.9±6.4y., of Bulgarian or other ethnic groups, living in Eastern Bulgaria. Questions about family socio-demographic factors, attitude, beliefs and fears were included. Results The share of parents who state that they would not have vaccinated their children if the vaccination program was not compulsory is 20.9%. They are mainly in the age range 30-39(42,4%;Spearman's ρ = 0,13;р<0,0001), with higher education(57.6%; Pearson's r=- 0,13;р<0,001), of Bulgarian ethnicity (73,7%;Pearson's r=-0,12;р<0,0001%), living in a larger town, mainly gathering information about vaccines from the Internet(29.9%), mass media(30%) and/or relatives and friends(25.5%). Even of compulsory vaccination programs, these parents tend to have children with missed or postponed vaccinations. Insufficient knowledge and/or shortcomings of the health system are the leading factors for parents with lower education and Roma ethnic group living in relatively smaller settlements, who do not to have a full-scale vaccination program of their children. Conclusions Socio-demographic differences in parental attitudes towards compulsory vaccination require a differentiated approach. Preventive health care work is needed to overcome the growing anti-vaccine attitudes. Education and proper evidence-based proofs about vaccines and their benefits is needed for one types of a population group while increased knowledge and improved access to medical services for another population group. Key messages A large-scale study, characterized as a representative to the country, about the parents' attitudes towards immunization as a whole in the Republic of Bulgaria was carried out. Some socio-demographic factors that might have affected the readiness of parents to vaccinate their children have been analyzed.

Assessing HIV and overdose risks for people who use drugs exposed to compulsory drug abstinence programs (CDAP): A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Evidence supports integrating drug use treatment, harm reduction, and HIV prevention services to address dual epidemics of drug use disorders and HIV. These dual epidemics have spurred a rise in legally-enforced compulsory drug abstinence programs (CDAP), despite limited evidence on its effectiveness. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the association between CDAP exposure and HIV and overdose-related risk. We searched PubMed, EBSCOhost and Sociological Abstracts for studies that contained an individual-level association between CDAP exposure and related HIV or overdose risks, with no date restrictions. Meta-analyses were conducted on data abstracted from eligible studies, using pooled random-effects models and I-squared statistics. We assessed quality of the studies across 14 criteria for observational studies. Out of 2,226 abstracts screened, we included 8 studies (5253 individuals/776 events) across China, Mexico, Thailand, Norway, and the United States. All but two were cross-sectional analyses, limiting strength of observed associations. In the two studies that reported association between CDAP and HIV seropositivity or receptive syringe sharing, findings were inconsistent and did not indicate that those with exposure to CDAP had increased odds of HIV or syringe sharing. However, we found the odds of experiencing non-fatal overdose in lifetime and in the last 6-12 months were 2.02 (95% CI 0.22 - 18.86, p=0.16) to 3.67 times higher (95% CI 0.21 - 62.88, p=0.39), respectively, among those with CDAP exposure than those without. Research assessing HIV risk associated with CDAP is scant and inconclusive, while evidence of robust associations between CDAP and overdose risk continues to mount. More rigorous, longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the causal relationships between CDAP and these health outcomes. Aside from the growing evidence base on collateral harms, ethical considerations dictate that voluntary, evidence-based drug treatment should be prioritized to address the drivers of excess morbidity and mortality among people who use drugs.

Policy Implementation of 9 Years of Compulsory Learning Program and Eradication of Illute Illusion In Nabire District

Education has an important role in the process of improving the quality of human resources. Improving the quality of education is an integrated process in the process of improving the quality of human resources. The role of education is very much needed and demands attention and participation from all parties. In Article 31 of the 1945 Constitution, education is a right for every citizen, the Government is well aware of the need to improve the quality of education as a tool to improve the quality of human resources. Through Law No. 20 of 2003 concerning the national education system and Presidential Instruction No. 5 of 2006 2006 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Completion of Compulsory Education for Nine Years of Basic Education and Eradication of Illiteracy. Therefore, there are still many children who drop out of school, especially in Nabire Regency. Most children drop out of school because of a lack of awareness of the importance of education and the role of parents in encouraging their children. In addition, the school environment that affects student learning includes classroom infrastructure, inadequate and inadequate building conditions. In this study using qualitative research methods, namely a study aimed at describing and analyzing phenomena, events, social activities, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, thoughts of people individually and in groups. Qualitative research, data collection is carried out in natural conditions, primary data sources, and data collection techniques are mostly on instrumental observation, as well as in-depth interviews. This study concludes that the implementation of the 9-year compulsory education program policy in Nabire sub-district has not been implemented effectively due to inconsistency. Then policy implementers have not given a positive attitude which is marked by weak coordination in policy implementation.

Parents...Next: The Ongoing Neoliberalising of Australian Social Security

Over the last three decades, social security reform in Australia has increasingly moved to a model of welfare conditionality. A neoliberal agenda has led to Australian social security changing from a model of universal entitlement to mutual obligations. This has led to criticisms that Australian social security increasingly blames and penalises recipients for their economic marginalisation while deemphasising structural barriers obstructing labour market participation. ParentsNext, a compulsory pre-employment program for select Parenting Payment recipients, continues this trajectory. This article argues that ParentsNext has had, and will continue to have, a detrimental impact on recipients. The program through outsourcing, use of the Targeted Compliance Framework to penalise non-compliance and the program’s one-size-fits-all approach continues the neoliberalist agenda in Australian social security. Women with young children are ‘next.’ This article concludes that ParentsNext true purpose is ideological. Its actual effect is to punish and harm vulnerable women and children by subjecting them to the whims of private providers and the data producing requirements of the social security machine without any substantive attempt to overcome structure barriers to achieving economic security.

How university students in South Africa perceive their fathers’ roles in their educational development

The larger study that has influenced this article was designed to explore what influenced rural men’s capabilities to actively participate in children’s early social development and its impact on transition to adulthood among their university-going children. Studies have established an increase in the level at which fathers in South Africa have been found wanting in terms of supporting their children’s development at early stages in their lives. It has been reported that this unacceptable behaviour can be transmitted or carried over from one generation to the next. There is the belief that the majority of the young male children who experienced non-supportive fathers will grow up repeating this behaviour with their children. This calls for a study on the perceptions of young people about what fatherhood is all about, hence this study. This study used a descriptive survey with a sample size of 300 students studying education in one university in the Eastern Cape Province. A 25-item questionnaire titled Perception of Fatherhood by University Students (α = 0.75) was used to collect data that were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The participants perceived that the experience and level of education influence men’s perception of fatherhood positively. Extra‑curricular programmes for proper fatherhood transition of young boys are recommended, commencing from Grade 1 through to Grade 12, to expose them to the kinds of dispositions that will enable them to be responsible fathers. There is also a need for compulsory empowerment programmes such as for designers, artists and sportsmen and other semi-skilled professions for male children who cannot acquire higher education to strengthen them socio-economically to provide education for their children.

Application of I-BOS System as Financial Reporting of BOS at SDN Sukanagara

The School operational Assistance (BOS) is a government program for the provision of cost financing for basic education units as compulsory learning program executor. The particular purpose is to relieve the levy to relieve the burden of students. All schools are already listed in primary and secondary education principal data system. School is the most important element in determining the use of BOS funds because it is directly related to management. Based on the provisions applicable in the the Office of the BOS year 2012 BOS fund managed by the principal with the teacher or administrative personnel appointed as Treasurer. The current financial information on the world of education in which the data input collection is very complicated in the system of the process is very effective and efficient, in order to see data on the purchase or expense after that the Treasurer must Check back the statement of purchase and expense papers on the bank and all the reports of the paper have been made by the current Treasurer can be easily accessed by the leadership, one of which is presenting information using tables and in The workmanship system requires very high accuracy to ensure that any nominal information of money included in the table has to be ensured the truth is very less efficient. In order to facilitate the Treasurer in the recording of financial statements and leaders who perform a reduction in the information presented at SDN Sukanagara.

A comparison between the performance of teachers; who graduated from Al-Quds Open University and the teachers who graduated from regular studies in universities from the viewpoint of the supervisor and the school principal: مقارنة بين أداء المعلمين؛ خريجي جامعة القدس المفتوحة وخريجي الدراسة المنتظمة في الجامعات من وجهة نظر المشرف التربوي ومدير المدرسة وفقا لمعايير هيئة تطوير مهنة التعليم الفلسطينية

The research aims to identify the performance of teachers, graduates of Al-Quds Open University, and the performance of teachers who are graduates of formal education, according to the standards in Palestinian Commission for Developing the Teaching Profession in the fields of "knowledge and understanding", "professional skills" and "professional trends and values." The researcher used the descriptive and analytical method for its suitability for the objectives of the research. A questionnaire was distributed to the sample of (268) distributed among (182) school principals and (86) educational supervisors. The study found that there are statistically significant differences at (α≤0.05) between the point of view of the educational supervisor and the school principal in favor of the school principal in terms of the availability of professional standards for the teacher and for all these skills. The study also found that teachers who graduated from regular universities possess more knowledge, understanding and professional skills than al-Quds Open University graduates do, while the standards related to professional trends and values ​​were difficult to differentiate between them. The study recommended the need on creating a compulsory educational qualification program in regular and open universities for everyone who wants to work in the teaching profession and to coordinate between universities and the Palestinian Commission for Developing the Teaching Profession on the skills that should be trained and focus on them in university courses related to the teaching profession.

The Northern Ireland Control Programmes for Infectious Cattle Diseases Not Regulated by the EU.

The disease control programmes for Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD), Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Johne's Disease (JD), Leptospirosis and Neosporosis are described including the approved diagnostic tools, diagnostic quality systems, and the role of vaccination (where appropriate). This paper describes the control programmes within NI, the challenges relating them, as well as assessing their impact and effectiveness, taking into consideration the quality of data available and number of herds participating. With the NI agricultural industry experiencing increasing financial pressures and post Brexit changes, the necessity of working to maximise the performance of bovine disease control programmes at the individual farm level as well as at the regional level is increasingly important. The programmes described fall into two categories with two distinct aims. Two managed by Animal Health & Welfare NI (AHWNI), the BVD eradication and JD Dairy Control programmes seek to eradicate or control infection at the regional level. A further 5 programmes, covering BVD, JD, IBR, Leptospirosis and Neosporosis, are managed by the Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) and focus on facilitating eradication or control at the individual herd level. These latter programmes conform to the Cattle Health Certification Standards (UK) (CHeCS) which is a UK self-regulatory body set up to ensure consistency between different disease control schemes across herds. The largest of all the programmes described is the AHWNI BVD Eradication Programme which has led to significant reductions in infection incidence. Compliance with it has been high with more than 97% of all cattle alive at the end of 2020 having a BVD test status. The rolling annual incidence of BVD virus positive calves has fallen by 56% since the start of the compulsory programme in 2016. This decrease has occurred largely through industry initiatives to deal with BVD positives, including the voluntary culling of persistently infected (PI) animals by herd owners, a voluntary abattoir ban on the slaughter of BVD virus (BVDv) positive animals, and the inclusion of retention of a BVDv positive animal as a non-conformance in the industry-run Farm Quality Assurance Scheme.

A mixed methods study of stakeholders’ practices and attitudes on avian influenza H7N9 vaccination for the yellow broiler industry in Guangxi, China

In response to a sudden increase in H7N9 human infections, China introduced an H5/H7 bivalent inactivated vaccine for poultry in Guangxi and Guangdong provinces in July 2017, which subsequently became integrated into the existing compulsory national H5N1 vaccination programme from September 2017. Although the vaccination programme effectively reduced H7N9 infections in humans and poultry, there are ongoing arguments against continuing this long-term vaccination. These discussions have drawn policymakers to think about the possibility of stopping routine vaccination for H7N9 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in China; however, they have not considered the poultry industry stakeholders' practices on and attitudes towards this vaccination. This study investigated H7N9 vaccination practices in the yellow broiler industry in Guangxi and stakeholders' attitudes on H7N9 vaccination, using a mixed methods design. The study found H7N9 vaccination was well adopted in the yellow broiler industry in Guangxi regardless of the source of the vaccines. Most stakeholders believed vaccination was the best measure to control H7N9 and H5N1 AIVs, and they showed a strong willingness to continue with vaccination even without government subsidies or freely provided vaccines. The motivations by stakeholders for using vaccines to control H7N9 and H5N1 were different due to the epidemiological differences between the two strains. Understanding poultry industry stakeholders' practices and attitudes on H7N9 vaccination has important practical implications in planning vaccination policies, particularly when considering the possibility of vaccination withdrawal.

A Herd Investigation Tool in Support of the Irish Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Eradication Programme.

Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is an important endemic disease of cattle. In Ireland, an industry-led compulsory eradication programme began in January 2013. The main elements of this programme are the identification and elimination of persistently infected (PI) calves by testing all new-borns, the implementation of biosecurity to prevent re-introduction of disease and continuous surveillance. In 2016, a standardised framework was developed to investigate herds with positive results. This is delivered by trained private veterinary practitioners (PVP). The investigation's aims are 3-fold: firstly, to identify plausible sources of infection; secondly, to ensure that no virus-positive animals remain on farm by resolving the BVD status of all animals in the herd; and thirdly, agreeing up to three biosecurity measures with the herd owner to prevent the re-introduction of the virus. Each investigation follows a common approach comprising four steps based on information from the programme database and collected on-farm: firstly, identifying the time period when each virus-positive calf was exposed in utero (window of susceptibility, taken as 30–120 days of gestation); secondly, determining the location of the dam of each positive calf during this period; thirdly, to investigate potential sources of exposure, either within the herd or external to it; and finally, based on the findings, the PVP and herdowner agree to implement up to three biosecurity measures to minimise the risk of reintroduction. Between 2016 and 2020, 4,105 investigations were completed. The biosecurity recommendations issued more frequently related to the risks of introduction of virus associated with contact with neighbouring cattle at pasture, personnel (including the farmer), the purchase of cattle and vaccination. Although each investigation generates farm-specific outcomes and advice, the aggregated results also provide an insight into the most commonly identified transmission pathways for these herds which inform overall programme communications on biosecurity. The most widely identified plausible sources of infection over these years included retained BVD-positive animals, Trojan births, contact at boundaries and indirect contact through herd owner and other personnel in the absence of appropriate hygiene measures. While generated in the context of BVD herd investigations, the findings also provide an insight into biosecurity practises more generally on Irish farms.

Comparative case study research: an international analysis of nine home warranty schemes

PurposeConstruction defects in residential buildings are causing significant impacts both on consumers and the industry. As a consequence, several countries have established new home warranty schemes. However, designing a public policy for domestic building warranties can become a difficult task. In fact, many of these programs in the past have failed, collapsed or gone bankrupt. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to provide a systematic comparative representation of various active programs internationally.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology relied on a multiple-case study research design. The case selection covered a total of nine jurisdictions with compulsory home warranty programs. Those included Japan, France, United Kingdom, three provinces in Canada (Ontario, British Columbia and Alberta), and three states in Australia (New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland). The study applied a data collection protocol to gather all the evidence in a replicable manner for each individual case. Subsequently, a cross-case analysis was conducted to identify similarities and variations between programs.FindingsThe findings unveiled institutional practices that aimed to resolve, compensate, or rectify defects in residential constructions within these countries. The review mostly suggested that every home warranty program presents certain unique characteristics. At the end, this paper proposed an analytical illustration representing the diversification of components adopted by each jurisdiction.Originality/valueNowadays, there is still not a consensus within the academic community on what is an optimal solution when conceiving a new home warranty program. Hence, the current study aims to fill this knowledge gap by presenting the plurality of methods employed by several countries. This paper seeks to help policy makers and industry leaders to improve their home warranty scheme based on awareness derived from observations and analyses of what has been accomplished elsewhere in the world.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ МЕДИКО-СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ПРОГРАММЫ ЛЬГОТНОГО ЗУБОПРОТЕЗИРОВАНИЯ ДЛЯ ОТДЕЛЬНЫХ КАТЕГОРИЙ ГРАЖДАН В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ТАТАРСТАН

Background. The study is devoted to improving the medical and social effectiveness of the Privileged Dental Prosthetics Program for certain categories of citizens in the Republic of Tatarstan. Aim. The aim of the study was to develop new tactical approaches to implement a targeted program of dental prosthetics for certain groups of the population in the Republic of Tatarstan in the complete absence of teeth aimed at the introduction of modern treatment technologies.Material and methods. We applied a complex method using: method of expert evaluation of the Program of free dental prosthetics in the Republic of Tatarstan, method of organizational modeling for the development of new tactical approaches in the implementation of the Program, method of statistical cost prediction in comparing three approaches to dentures for edentulous mandibles at the expense of the Program. Analysis of aggregate data obtained in the calculation of the comparative economic efficiency of the traditional method, the use of dental implant quota and the introduction of the number of applications for the fabrication of a complete removable denture in persons over 60 years in the medium­term forecast of 10 years was conducted. Statistical processing was performed in MS Windows software. Results and discussion. At the level of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan, when implementing the additional MHI program of free denture prosthetics for certain categories of citizens, tactical approaches have been introduced, implying a frequency of visits with complete removable prosthetics – once every three years, according to the service life of the prosthesis. Every year since 2015, an order has been issued by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan. Saving funds of the Program for this section of dental prosthetics reaches more than 8,8 million rubles (67%) per year. Rational use of the funds of the compulsory medical insurance program makes it possible to manufacture modern constructions with the use of dental implantation in 200 people a year. Conclusion. The developed tactical approaches of using the funds of the Territorial Program of Compulsory Medical Insurance for free dental prosthetics in the Republic of Tatarstan serve as a reserve for the introduction of modern technologies of treatment with the use of dental implants on edentulous jaws.

LIVING QUR’AN TERHADAP HALAQAH TAHFIZ AL-QUR’AN DI PONDOK PESANTREN AL-MIZAN MUHAMMADIYAH LAMONGAN

Memorizing the Qur’an is a form of reception for the Qur’an. This phenomenon demonstrates the performative function of the Qur’an outside the text. The purpose of this study was to determine the practice of Halaqah Tahfiz al-Qur’an activities and the form of treatment or reception of students of Al-Mizan Muhammadiyah Lamongan in the Halaqah activity. This research resulted in the knowledge that the activities of Halaqah Tahfiz al-Qur’an in Islamic boarding schools are compulsory and superior activities that become a vehicle and means of regeneration for students. The forms of treatment of students in the Halaqah Tahfiz al-Qur’an activities include: ablution before activities, praying, praying Hifz al-Qur’an, praying hajat, writing memorized verses, and muroja'ah. The meaning produced from the Halaqah T ahfiz al- Q ur’an activity follows the sociological theory of knowledge by Karl Mannheim including the objective meaning, the Halaqah Tahidz Qur’an activity is a compulsory and superior program initiated directly by KH. Drs. Sutaman and must be followed by all students who live there. As for the expressive meaning, the activities of the Halaqah tahfiz al-Qur’an bring benefits according to the way they treat the Qur’an. As for the meaning of documentary, the Halaqah T ahfiz al- Q ur’an activity is an activity without coercion and purely from the wishes of the students themselves, supported also by the motivation they get from themselves, their parents, and the Islamic boarding school caretakers. This research resulted in a new understanding and contribution reception package for the Living Qur’an research.

Can COVID-19 pandemic influence experience response in mobile learning?

The mass spreading of COVID-19 has changed the paradigm of the education industry. In China and many other nations, universities have introduced compulsory remote education programs such as mobile learning (m-learning) to prevent public health hazards caused by the pandemic. However, so far, there is still a lack of understanding of student’s learning experience responses in compulsory m-learning programs. As such, there is a necessity to explore the factors and mechanisms which drives students’ experience. This paper evaluates the influence of both pedagogy and technology on learner’s compulsory m-learning experience response (ER) by extending the mobile technology acceptance model (MTAM) during the COVID-19 pandemic. An online self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data, which was then analysed through SmartPLS 3.2.9. Importance-performance matrix analysis was applied as a post-hoc procedure to gauge the importance and performance of the exogenous constructs. The results revealed that perceptions of m-learning’s learning content quality, user interface, and system’s connectivity affect the perceived mobile usefulness and easiness which in turn affects ER. This paper validates MTAM in the field of education by integrating MTAM with pedagogy and technology attributes under a social emergency setting such as the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the current research explains users' ER rather than behaviour intention which is commonly adopted in past studies.

INTERCONNECTION MODEL OF MORALS-REASONING-RESEARCH IN PESANTREN CURRICULUM

This paper described the interconnection model of morals-reasoning-research in the curriculum of Tarbiyatul Muallimien al-Islamiyah (known as TMI) Al-Amien Prenduan. It also examined the supporting and inhibiting factors for the implementation of the interconnected-curriculum. It is a case study employing observation, interviews and documentation, and the data were analyzed using qualitative analysis. Two conclusions were drawn. First, TMI uses multidisciplinary approaches in its curriculum by interconnecting morals, reason and research. Morals are instilled through reading and learning the morals books such as Ta‘lîm al-Muta‘allim and Iḥyâ’ ‘Ulûm al-Dîn. The reasoning skills are taught through school subjects such as logic, Islamic jurisprudence and the science of hadith. In contrast, the research skills are taught through research subjects and a compulsory program called writing a research paper. Second, the class classification model, which takes students’ talent and interest into account, and other research-related programs such as book review and fatḥ al-kutub (classical book research) are the supporting factors for the writing program. They are accommodating for students in completing their writing. Meanwhile, there are also numbers of inhibiting factors such as student’s lacking motivation, the prohibition of internet use, unsuitable supervisor expertise, and the minimum role of Islamic Study Center (Pusdilam).

The budgetary and Insurance Model of Healthcare Funding in Russia

This paper aims to investigate the essence and method of building a financial model of healthcare in Russia. The author applies methods such as analysis and synthesis, statistical data processing, systemic and structural approaches. This article is an analysis of the basics of building a budgetary and insurance model: cost allocation (various types of medical care, individual costs) by funding sources; system of inter-budgetary relations; the structure of expenditures of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation on healthcare in 2019. The study presents the financial model of the compulsory medical insurance (СMI) system and defines the role of insurance and private medical organizations in the CMI system. The mechanism of financing state (public) healthcare institutions is shown. The procedure for financing medical organizations according to the territorial program is considered (as illustrated by the example of the Irkutsk region). The article analyzes the methodology for calculating the cost of the territorial program and identifies the problems associated with it. The author pays special attention to organizations that do not carry out activities in the field of compulsory medical insurance, outlining the specifics of financing and legal regulation, and arguing the reasons for excluding a number of diseases from the compulsory medical insurance program. The paper examines the content of the new law on the CHI reform, which provides for direct financing from the budget of the Federal CHI Fund of federal institutions providing specialized medical care. The author highlights the main problems of the building of the budgetary and insurance healthcare funding model such as congestion, inconsistency, cost intensity. The author concluded that it is necessary to revise the organization of the healthcare system and mechanisms for its financial support. The outstripping growth in healthcare costs, on the one hand, and inadequate funding of medical institutions, on the other, lead to a constant search for a compromise between equity and cost-effectiveness. Based on this, the author substantiated the goals and determined the directions for further research, such as reducing transaction costs, changing the motivation of participants, identifying cost growth factors and the possibility of eliminating them.

TREN ANGKA PARTISIPASI PENDIDIKAN SD DAN SMP DI KABUPATEN GUNUNGKIDUL

This research aims to: 1. Describe the trend in the enrollment rate of SD and SMP in Gunungkidul; 2. Describe the policies and programs that have been provided by the Gunungkidul Government to increase enrollment rates for elementary and junior high schools; 3. Describe the follow-up action of the Gunungkidul Government after seeing the trend of elementary and junior high school enrollment rates in Gunungkidul Regency. This research uses descriptive quantitative research with secondary data analysis which is equipped with interview method. Analysis of the data using trend analysis of the number of least squares with the type of linear model and the equation Y = a + bx. The results of this study are: 1. The trend of GER for SD and SMP in 2019-2028 in Gunungkidul tends to decrease; 2. Policies and programs of the Gunungkidul Government through PIP, scholarships and social assistance, compulsory education movement programs, retrieval programs, google for education, and education and training for educators; 3. The Gunungkidul government is following up on the results of the SD and SMP GER trends by validating data, continuing effective programs, and maximizing retrieval programs. Keywords: trends, gross participation rate, primary school, junior high school, gunungkidul regency.