Compulsory Participation Research Articles

Effect of Application of Model for Inclusive and Compulsory Participation Strategy for Teaching and Learning Mathematics on Students’ Learning Outcomes

Effect of Application of Model for Inclusive and Compulsory Participation Strategy for Teaching and Learning Mathematics on Students’ Learning Outcomes

Assessing the influence and legitimacy of citizen deliberation on abortion: A rejoinder to Eoin Carolan and Seána Glennon

Abstract This article responds to the two key arguments presented by Eoin Carolan and Seána Glennon in their reply to our article: that the Citizens’ Assembly on abortion had a “consensus-clarifying” function rather than a “consensus-building” function in respect of the Irish constitutional amendment on abortion in 2018; and that participation in deliberative mini-publics should be compulsory, like jury service. We argue that the distinction drawn by Carolan and Glennon does not assist in understanding constitutional amendment processes, as the consensus required for a constitutional amendment must be fully formed, in respect of a specific amendment. We contend that the Irish Citizens’ Assembly assisted the formulation of that consensus in respect of abortion reform in Ireland. We argue that compulsory participation risks distorting the discursive environment that is essential to an effective and legitimate deliberative mini-public, and could fail to ensure the desired representativeness if exceptions to participation were allowed in certain circumstances.

A comparative analysis of the doctoral regulations at the medical faculties in Germany.

Objective: In order to be allowed to use the title "Dr. med." in Germany, an independent scientific achievement under the supervision of an established scientist is necessary. The research question, analysis and results are essentially carried out and developed independently by the doctoral student. The doctorate serves as proof that the doctoral candidate is capable of independent academic work. The acquisition of scientific skills and knowledge is of particular importance in medicine, as Germany´s international competitiveness is based on the education of today´s young academics. Fair conditions and uniform quality standards for doctoral studies are therefore indispensable to attract future young scientists at an early stage. Methods: The currently valid doctoral regulations of the medical faculties in Germany were analysed with regards to the following target criteria; update date, dissertation language, possibility of publication-based dissertation and its details (number of first and total authorships, publication organ), knowledge of methods and consideration of "Good Medical Practice" (GMP), plagiarism check, review process and disputation. Results: All faculties with the right to award doctorates, and, thus 40 valid regulations were included in the analysis. This revealed a great divergence in the requirements for doctoral candidates. Although a publication-based doctorate is now possible at 93% (n=37) of the faculties, in addition to the monographic dissertation, the required first and total authorships vary from one required first authorship (n=26, 70%) to two or three first authorships (n=5, 14%), as well as some faculties having no information regarding the number of publications (n=6, 16%). The quality of the publication organ was not described in detail in seven faculties (19%). To ensure quality, requirements have increasingly been anchored in the regulations, so that 22 regulations (56%) now stipulate participation in courses on GMP or qualification programmes. The regulations leave a lot of room for manoeuvre in terms of content and do not allow for comparability of the conditions for preparing doctoral researchers. The specifications range from mere mention, to instruction, to compulsory course participation. Another means of quality assurance is the prevention of plagiarism through the applications of software systems. However, this simple and effective means is not yet mentioned in 65% of the regulations (n=26). While the other regulations make use of this possibility, it is not an obligatory application. A total of 34 regulations provide for the regular drawing up of a supervision agreement to define the rights and obligations of the actors involved. Conclusion: The analysis showed a divergent picture. Although imprecise regulations or gaps in information allow scope for design, they also prevent transparency. Despite revisions of many regulations in the past, these revisions have not led to any significant harmonisation. The implementation of standardised and structured doctoral programmes is desirable and could be tackled within the framework of the planned amendment of medical studies. This opens up the possibility of dealing efficiently with the scarce resource of time in the face of competing curriculum content and of making a doctoral project more attractive to potential young scientists at an early stage.

Клинические исследования у беременных: проблемы и решения

The article deals with the need of compulsory participation of pregnant women in clinical research of drugs. By the beginning of the 90‑s of the last century, the majority of drugs prescribed to women was characterized by unsubstantial evidence of effectiveness and safety for women. Moreover, pregnant women almost did not participate in clinical research. Though pregnancy is a dynamic condition that can be compared with itself only. Then supervisory bodies created some documents regulating compulsory participation of the population in the research of drugs. However, until now, women are not sufficiently involved in the research of new original drugs, and pregnant women do the same very rarely. Possible scenarios of participation of pregnant women in clinical research have been reviewed. In particular, research of drugs used in therapy of abnormal conditions associated with pregnancy; drugs to treat chronic and acute pathological processes not related to pregnancy, and when a woman gets pregnant during the research have been distinguished. The importance of inclusion of pregnant women into the trials of effectiveness and safety of drugs in the presence of socially significant diseases, including the ones found during COVID‑19 pandemics, is postulated.

학습공동체에서 대학원생의 사회적 몰입경험에 관한 탐구

Recently, as autonomy and cooperative relationships are emphasized as major values of the future education, the value of learning community activities is drawing attention. The purpose of this study is to explore the social flow experiences and changes that graduate students who participate in learning community activities experience during the learning process. To this end, in-depth interviews were conducted based on qualitative case studies with five graduate students who participated in the learning community for a total of 24 months from 2021 to 2022. For data analysis, Giorgi's content analysis method was used, and what kind of social flow the learner experiences and changes in the course of learning community activities was interpreted based on the flow theory. The main research findings are as follows. First, it was found that graduate students who participated in the learning community recognized their own purpose in the learning process and experienced positive social flow through feedback, dialogue, and cooperation among members. Second, graduate students experienced repeated failures while conducting various learning activities and joint research, and experienced negative emotions due to fatigue from graduate school life. In addition, they were experiencing a lack of social flow due to compulsory participation in activities, the burden of authority such as professors and seniors, and a lack of understanding of other majors. Third, social flow competency grew through learning together, and in the process of mutual learning, research topics were expanded and research capabilities improved, experiencing positive changes in shared growth. Through these research results, in order to build an flow environment within the learning community, it was suggested that additional support for graduate student learning and education environments based on positive emotional experiences for self-prosperity and pleasure to learn and practice independently is needed.

초등교사의 학교폭력사안처리에 대한 자문화기술지

Objectives In this study, we derive the meaning of elementary school teachers' experience of dealing with school violence cases. By understanding how the principal's self-solving system is currently being implemented in school, this study was conducted to provide prevention and countermeasures against school violence, improvement in the process of dealing with school violence, and educational insights. Methods To this end, a researcher in charge of school violence affairs at A elementary school received 11 cases and investigated the relationship between students, parents, administrators, and people involved in the school principal's self-solving settlement while conducting an investigation. In addition, in order to express the in-depth experience of the case handling process from the perspective of the teacher in charge of school violence who handles the case in connection with the school principal's self-solving settlement and the school violence countermeasure committee, the research method of self-cultural description was applied. Results Through Auto-ethnography research, It was derived into five categories as ‘Teachers avoiding school violence, and the person in charge of school violence is left alone’, ‘Non-existent human rights of school violence case handling Teacher’, ‘Schools unable to view school violence educationally’, ‘It is neither a solution nor an education, but the school principal's own solution’, ‘Laws and policies that want teachers to be supermen’. Conclusions Based on the research results, the following conclusions were reached. First, it is necessary to change the school violence work process into a multi-dimensional joint work process. Second, it is required to guarantee teachers' teaching rights and basic human rights while dealing with school violence cases. Third, it is necessary to devise an educational plan for handling school violence issues and consider educational effects. Fourth, institutional reorganization is required so that the school principal's self-solving system can be a true solution. Lastly, accountability in the process of dealing with school violence cases carried out by schools and compulsory participation in case investigations should be given. The research proposal suggested the need for additional research in various forms on the principal's self-solving solution in connection with the first study on the principal's self-solving solution.

Milestone Review: Excitatory amino acid transporters - Beyond their expected function.

Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, it is critically involved in the function and dysfunction of the central nervous system. The molecular cloning of its ionotropic receptors in the last decade of the past century increased exponentially the interest in this neurotransmitter system. Since then, a plethora of knowledge of the structure, function, and regulation of its receptors and transporters has advanced our understanding of glutamate-mediated neurochemical transactions. Moreover, the characterization of glial glutamate receptors together with the compulsory participation of surrounding astrocytes in glutamate turnover and in the known metabolic coupling with neurons has supported what is now known as the tripartite synapses. The molecular characterization of the various glutamate transporters has also been fundamental for the involvement of glial cells in glutamatergic synapses. Using radial glial cultures, over the years, we have demonstrated an alternative glutamate-mediated signaling system triggered by sodium-dependent glutamate transporters. A detailed account of these findings and the signaling through other glutamate transporters are presented here. The role of this signaling system in the context of glutamatergic transmission is discussed as well as the future directions in the field.

Activation by the ‘Magic Wand’ – Does it Work?

Can activation programs be considered a ‘magic wand’ that triggers a change of incentives, with little or no costs, and produces real gains in terms of improved job-finding rates? The paper reviews the literature on the experience of OECD countries with such programs in five areas: strengthening job-search requirements, compulsory participation in active labor market programs, stricter monitoring, and imposing sanctions. Programs are judged in terms of duration of unemployment, probability of finding a job, and post-unemployment outcomes such as the level of wages and quality of jobs. Our review finds strong evidence that activation programs can increase the job-finding rates of individuals receiving unemployment or social assistance benefits. At the same time, it cautions that programs may have adverse side effects, ranging from increased exits into inactivity to lower quality of post-unemployment jobs, as well as negative indirect effects on the job prospects of non-participants.

Dystopian Games: Diagnosing Modernity as the Scene of Tests, Trials and Transformations

Emergent genres can serve as diagnoses of society, particularly dystopias which exaggerate yet articulate problematic elements within modernity. Herein the focus is on ‘dystopian games’, particularly The Hunger Games and Squid Game, part of a wider genre emerging in contemporary culture wherein dystopia is not just totalitarian, oppressive or ideological, but also requires its protagonists to participate in contests and trials which transform them. Arguably, the global success of these texts reflects the cultural resonance of their diagnosis of the contemporary world as itself the ‘scene of a trial’ in Boltanski’s phrase. Following Stark on the sociology of tests, dystopian games can be related to the proliferation of intense competition in education and the labour market, relentless trials and evaluations at work and the contests for attention and popularity on social media. Building a dialogue between social theory and dystopian literature inspired by Foucault’s work on ‘truth-telling’ and ‘transformations’, what emerges is a vision of ubiquitous transformations created by compulsory participation in trials and tests, less emancipatory or self-actualizing than a nightmare.

Danish Flexicurity: Rights and Duties

Denmark is one of the richest countries in the world and achieves this in combination with low inequality, low unemployment, and high-income security. This performance is often attributed to the Danish labor market model characterized by what has become known as flexicurity. This essay describes and evaluates Danish flexicurity. The Danish experience shows that flexicurity in itself, that is, flexible hiring and firing rules for firms combined with high income security for workers, is insufficient for successful outcomes. The flexicurity policy also needs to include comprehensive active labor market programs (ALMPs) with compulsory participation for recipients of unemployment compensation. Denmark spends more on active labor market programs than any other OECD country. We review theory showing how ALMPs can mitigate adverse selection and moral hazard problems associated with high income security and review empirical evidence on the effectiveness of ALMPs from the ongoing Danish policy evaluation, which includes a systematic use of randomized experiments. We also discuss the aptness of flexicurity to meet challenges from globalization, automation, and immigration and the trade-offs that the United States (or other countries) would face in adopting a flexicurity policy.

Is a mounted award ceremony in equestrian sport relevant to animal welfare?

AbstractSevere accidents befalling both horses and riders have been observed during award ceremonies in equestrian sports. We hypothesised that such ceremonies and subsequent laps of honour pose a significant risk to the well-being of horses, riders and third parties. Tournament riders’ opinions were sought and analysis of accidents undertaken via an online questionnaire completed by 700 tournament riders participating in dressage and showjumping in Germany. While 31.3% of the riders reported feeling tense themselves during award ceremonies, greater tension was reported in the warm-up area and throughout the competition itself. In contrast, 48% of horses were at their most tense at award ceremonies and displayed the greatest amount of stress during the lap of honour. Sixty percent of survey participants felt award ceremonies created an increased risk of injury with riders citing stressed horses as being the principal cause. Only risks associated with the warm-up area were noted by a greater proportion of riders (66.6%). The most frequent cause of accidents at award ceremonies was deemed to be kicks. Horse participation at award ceremonies was deemed to be important for spectators and sponsors and, although over half the riders were in favour of compulsory participation with a horse, they expressed the desire for exceptions to be permissible by judge(s). This study supported the hypothesis that mounted award ceremonies have a negative impact on horse welfare.

Don't Count on Us Dying: Carceral Accuracy and Trans-of-Color Life Beyond Hate Crimes

Abstract This article explores the phenomenon of “carceral accuracy” in order to index how minoritarian participation into state antiviolence measures continues to reproduce and prioritize social scientific, criminological, and quantitative data-driven efforts to rationalize crime and punishment as a necessity for disrupting bias-motivated violence. In Los Angeles from 2014 to 2015, in the span of just five months the premature and violent deaths of three transgender women of color would exacerbate longstanding political rifts in the trans and queer community. These rifts formed along the lines of either divestment or reinvestment in criminal policy and legislation via a call for prosecution of “anti-trans hate crimes.” Considering that over the last four decades Los Angeles has been lauded for its progressive LGBT policies and inclusive policing reforms, this article traces how trans and queer community safety agendas have become so easily conflated with policing and imprisonment technologies that presume to speculate, track, manage, and inoculate social risk. Focusing on examples such as former LAPD (Los Angeles Police Department) Chief Charlie Beck's 2012 LGBT Police Forum proclamation of a “transgender progressive paramilitarism” to the LAPD's 2015 “Transgender Walk of Remembrance,” these instances of “trans inclusive” pro-policing efforts demonstrate how antiviolence coalitions remain tied to carceral outcomes by way of routinized and compulsory participation in criminological discourse and technologies cloaked in the rhetoric of public safety. In conclusion, this article asks how carceral coalitions are maintained through law enforcement agencies’ control of select community partnerships that prioritize how we count crime and who is represented in crime data. Carceral accuracy thus wrestles with the shared cultural preoccupation with upholding a mythos that “cold calculations,” such as the counting of trans deaths, can provide any relief or disruption to anti-trans violence. In the end, what remains unshakeable in the wake of such violence is a heteropatriarchal and white supremacist possessive investment in improving criminal data.

Управление пожарной безопасностью как частью национальной безопасности: история вопроса

The problem of studying the national historical experience of fire safety management is actualized. The current state of public administration in the fire sector and its impact on the level of national security is taken into account. The categories «fire safety» and «fire safety management» are used in the connotation of the Federal Law «On Fire Safety» of 1994 as amended in 2022.
 Insufficient degree of research of this direction of state activity is revealed. The existence of a thousand-year tradition of ensuring fire safety by the forces and means of the population on the principles of voluntary and compulsory participation is substantiated. The content of the centuries–old practice of fire safety management is revealed, the essence of which is the publication of regulatory documents containing requirements for compliance with fire-fighting measures by the population, sanctions against violators and the use of voluntary fire brigades in fighting fires. The features of governance at different stages of the formation and development of our state are revealed: during the existence of the Slavic principalities, in the Moscow state and in the Russian Empire. Inconsistency of management decisions of the state in professionalization of fire protection in the XIX century is revealed.

Strengthening the control of enterprises with industrial pollution of atmospheric air

Purpose. To analyze and assess the legal basis of the activities of enterprises that have an impact on the atmospheric air due to the result of their activities, to elaborate recommendations on improving the mechanism for monitoring and influencing the activities of such enterprises, and types of legal liability for violations of legislation in the sphere of atmospheric air protection. Methodology. The study on problematic issues of strengthening the control of the activities of enterprises with industrial air pollution was carried out by studying and analyzing the regulatory and legal framework of Ukraine, theoretical research in the relevant sectors, analysis of official statistics on air pollution Findings. The current legislation on the control of enterprises with industrial air pollution has been studied in the paper. Some problems and lack of proper control over the activity of enterprises with industrial atmospheric pollution were revealed. Originality. The main ways have been formulated of influence and improvement of control over the activity of industrial enterprises, the functioning of which is connected with atmospheric air pollution: reforming the state control bodies in the field of environmental protection; strengthening public control in the sphere of environmental protection; adjustment of legislation and strengthening of the liability of the enterprises. Practical value. The paper recommends the introduction of compulsory public participation at the stage of monitoring compliance with the law in the activities of enterprises with industrial pollution of atmospheric air, which will help to conduct a political dialogue on such an important issue. In order to give the necessary powers to public inspectors, it is proposed to amend the legislation in the sphere of atmospheric air protection and supplement it with the relevant norms, which will introduce mandatory training of public eco-inspectors. Also, the necessity to strengthen administrative responsibility at the stage of control over the activity of enterprises with industrial air pollution is argued. It will be relevant to strengthen administrative responsibility and to determine a fine in the amount of 50% of losses due to being fully compensated. Thus, amendments to Article 78 and 79 of the Code of Ukraine on administrative offenses will deter relevant actors from violations of environmental legislation.

Activation programs for unemployment benefit recipients in Slovenia

Abstract Activation of the unemployed has been an important topic among policymakers during the last decades. This paper reviews the current measures in Slovenia in the area of activation of unemployment benefit recipients and it compares its formal requirements related to activation against the international background. The paper focuses on five activation areas: adjustment of unemployment benefit eligibility, improving employment services, participation in active labour market policies, monitoring and sanctions. The review lists several recommendations Slovenia should apply to activate unemployment benefit recipients, including introducing more demanding job search requirements and increased monitoring of the compliance with these requirements, introducing compulsory participation in active labour market programs, checking the consistency and effectiveness of the current profiling system, and strengthening the ex-ante effect of sanctions.

Learning Health Care and the Obligation to Participate in Research.

This commentary responds to the article "Compulsory Research in Learning Health Care: Against a Minimal Risk Limit," by Robert Steel. Steel acknowledges that our ethics framework for a learning health care system, published in the 2013 special report Ethical Oversight of Learning Health Care Systems , includes an obligation on the part of patients to participate in learning activities, but he argues that this obligation does not go far enough. Steel, who provides an interesting justification for compulsory research participation in learning health care, claims that our obligation is limited to only minimal risk research. We take exception to that characterization insofar as it detracts from what we believe is most relevant for assessing learning activities, which is how much additional risk and burden a learning activity poses compared to clinical care alone. We also clarify that the level of additional risk is not the only morally relevant consideration in determining if a learning activity should be compulsory. Also important is whether the learning activity includes interventions or choices that engage values of importance to patients.

The Use of the Role-playing Technique STARS in Formal Didactic Contexts

Live action role-playing games (larps) are an effective, yet uncommon learning tool in schools. For broader implementation, the design of the game has to serve curricular and pedagogical needs alike. This paper presents core principles of design and implementation of educational live action role-playing games in curricular primary and secondary education. Over the course of 5 years, 16 live action role-playing games with a total of 53 cycles of Design-based Research (DBR) including design, testing, and evaluation were conducted in German schools. This paper synthesizes 17 essential principles from the DBR cycles as best practice in the context of subject-bound curricular focus. The results of our study show that four parameters differ in schools from extracurricular live action role-playing activities: curricular guidelines, compulsory participation, grading practices, and time/space confinements. These four parameters need to be taken into consideration at all times when designing and conducting a live action role-playing game in a school environment. Moreover, design for simplicity and inclusion is paramount for successful implementation within subject-teaching in schools as a rewarding tool to foster content-knowledge and to promote social and personal skills.

Impact of compulsory participation of medical students in a multiuser online game to learn radiological anatomy and radiological signs within the virtual world Second Life.

Competitive game-based learning within Second Life enables effective teaching of basic radiological anatomy and radiological signs to medical students, with good acceptance and results when students participate voluntarily, but unknown in a compulsory context. The objectives of this study were to reproduce a competitive online game based on self-guided presentations and multiple-choice tests in a mandatory format, to evaluate its development and student perceptions compared to a voluntary edition in 2015 (N = 90). In 2016 and 2017, respectively, 191 and 182 third-year medical students participated in the game as a mandatory course activity. The mean (±SD) score of the game was 74.7% (±19.5%) in 2015, 71.2% (±21.5%) in 2016, and 67.5% (±21.5%) in 2017 (P < 0.01). Participants valued positively the organization and educational contents but found the virtual world less attractive and the game less interesting than in the voluntary edition. The experience globally was rated with 8.2 (±1.5), 7.8 (±1.5), and 7.1 (±1.7) mean points (±SD) in a ten-point scale, in the 2015, 2016, and 2017 editions, respectively (P < 0.05). Competitive learning games within virtual worlds like Second Life have great learning potential in radiology, but the mean score in the game decreased, acceptance of virtual world technology was lower, and opinion about the game was worse with a compulsory participation, and even worse when dropouts were not allowed. Under the conditions in which this study was conducted, learning games in three-dimensional virtual environments should be voluntary to maintain adequate motivation and engagement of medical students.

Low attendance on a peer tutoring scheme for English language learners

Abstract This study identifies reasons for the low attendance of a peer-tutoring scheme for English language learners at a Colombian university. In what may be the first study of its kind, the article draws on concepts from realist evaluation to analyse the data from semi-structured interviews with six EFL teachers and two peer tutoring scheme staff. The findings suggest the importance of regular communication between tutees and their English teachers for the success of such schemes. The study also identified other factors that impact low attendance such as the value of English, student anxiety, motivation, and institutional constraints. These findings have implications not only for the implementation of English language peer-tutoring programmes in other EFL contexts, but also for EFL teaching more generally. To boost participation rates in such programmes, the study recommends compulsory participation for struggling learners, teacher training in motivational strategies, and activities aimed at increasing stakeholder involvement.

From national activation legislation to local practices in Norway—Why the same law gives diverse practices

AbstractSocial policies are legislated nationally and implemented locally, and despite national attempts at vertical policy coordination, implementation varies. The aim of this article is to better understand variations in local implementation of national policies, emphasising, in particular, structural conditions. Our case is a legislative change in Norway that obliged municipalities to implement compulsory participation and conditionality for young recipients of social assistance. We conducted a comparative case study analysis in which, through 28 qualitative interviews, we compared six municipalities. We found that municipalities that have conceptualised compulsory participation as physical work and long hours in catch‐all programmes are also the municipalities that sanction through benefit cuts. The municipalities that were more reluctant to cut benefits were those with the least straining requirements in terms of content and scope. We discuss local variation in terms of local‐level path dependence, the size of the municipality and state supervision of municipalities.