Compression Testing Machine Research Articles

Determination of the Optimal Jar Mill Setting for Crushed Eggshells Used in LDPE Tile Creation

In this study eggshells and low density polyethylene plastic (LDPE) wastes were reused to produce tiles. The eggshells were ground in a laboratory scale jar mill into the particle size of fine sand. The optimum grinding parameters were determined to be the setting that produced the highest mass of eggshell powder that was within the desired particle diameter size range of 0.425 mm (No. 40) and 0.075 mm (No. 200). A two to the three factorial design of experiment was used with variables of Time, Speed, and Ball Filling Ratio. The high and low values used in this study were 20 minutes and 10 minutes for the time, 250 rpm and 100 rpm for the speed, and 35% and 20% for the ball filling ratio. There were eight settings made with 3 trials per setting and one validation for the optimal setting produced. The eggshell powder produced by the optimal setting of the jar mill was used to create the LDPE-eggshell tiles. Four tiles were made for the three trials and for the validation part. The tiles were tested for its relative strength using the Compression Testing Machine. The researchers determined that eggshells and LDPE plastics may be formed into tiles and that the strength of the tiles that were produced by these materials exceeded the standard value set for this type of product.

Behaviour of concrete-Filled steel tube having granulated blast furnace slag as fine aggregate in normal strength concrete after exposure to elevated temperature

The significant growth of steel production in India has led to a considerable increase in the production of granulated blast furnace slag (GBS). To resolve the environmental concerns associated with GBS production, it can be used as a substitute for natural fine aggregate in concrete within concrete-filled steel tube (CFST). However, literatures regarding the behaviour of GBS aggregate added concrete-filled steel tubular columns (GBSCFST) after exposure to fire is very limited. Hence the present research work aims to investigate fill the aforementioned research gap. A total 30 number of GBSCFST specimens having square, circular and rectangular shapes, including both intermediate and stub columns, are tested. GBS is used as fine aggregate for preparing infill concrete. All the specimens are heated to varying target temperatures of 200°C, 400°C, 600°C and 800°C with a temperature holding time of 2 h in a furnace. Afterwards, the specimens were left inside the furnace for cooling purposes. Axial compression load was applied to all the specimens by using a compression testing machine with a strain-controlled procedure. The reduction in the load carrying capacity ranged from 1.07% to 12.68% for stub specimens and 1.05% to 19.35% for intermediate specimens heated upto 600°C. However, the load carrying capacity experienced a significant reduction reaching a maximum percentage decrease of 24% and 34% when heated at 800°C. The primary failure shapes observed were local buckling and bulging in stub specimens and mid-height buckling in intermediate specimens.

Fabric-structural Parameters Affecting the Mechanical Properties of Fabric-cement Composites

This research work studies the effects of fabric structure on the mechanical properties of fabric cement composites. Seven fabric structures from the same fabric material were used. In this work different sets of specimens were made with different fabric layers after that these specimens were tested on tensile, bending and compression testing machines. It was found that the mechanical properties of the composite materials were influenced by the properties of the reinforced fabric. Fabric tensile strength, which is determined by the fabric's structure, construction, and the number of reinforced fabric layers, is the key factor influencing both tensile and flexural strength of the cement composites. Additionally, when the number of fabric layers increases, some attributes of composites, such as tensile and bending strength, increase while compressive strength decreases.

Study on the impermeability and microstructure of cement mortar blended with silicon carbide nanowhiskers

Silicon carbide (SiC) nanowhiskers have many application prospects owing to their excellent mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, and good chemical stability. Herein, we examined the effect of enhancing the mechanical properties and impermeability of cement mortar (CM) by improving the microstructural compactness and reducing the porosity after mixing CM using SiC nanowhiskers. Macroscopic and microscopic tests and analyses of CM blended with different amounts of SiC nanowhiskers were performed using an electro-hydraulic flexural and compressive testing machine, cement mortar penetration tester, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and three-dimensional X-ray microscopy. Results demonstrated that the incorporation of SiC nanowhiskers can lead to the following: (1) enhance the mechanical properties of CM, especially in the early stage; (2) fulfill the role of crystal nucleation and promote the hydration reaction; (3) fill the pores, play the role of micro-aggregate filling, improve the compactness, and reduce the porosity and relative permeability coefficient; and (4) play a bridging role and connect internal structures. Our results provide a valuable reference for developing nanowhisker-blended CM.

Economic Analysis and Compressive Strength of Concrete, Cost and Utilization Time of Carbon-Sulfur and Dirty Sulfur Solid Waste

This study aims to analyze whether carbon-sulfur and dirty sulfur solid waste added materials can be used for concrete manufacturing, obtain and analyze the formulation of a 2% carbon sulfur mixture with concrete compressive strength, and the cost value. This research is experimental where this study aims to determine the relationship between concrete compressive strength and compression testing machine tools. The test specimen made in this experiment is a concrete cylinder. The data form of this study is numeric. The conclusions that can be drawn from the discussion for carbon-sulfur and dirty sulfur solid waste research are as follows: Carbon sulfur &; dirty sulfur from the results of the laboratory test determination shows that the toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) value and total concentration (TK) have not exceeded the Category B threshold according to PP22 of 2021.

EFFECT OF CANDLENUT SHELL ASH AS A SAND SUBSTITUTION ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGH OF PAVING BLOCK

Candlenut is a superior commodity with great opportunities. Processing of candlenut seeds produces candlenut shells which are hard with a calorific value of 4164 cal/g so can be used as fuel. Processing candlenut shells as fuel produces waste of ash and not been utilized optimally. In this research, candlenut shell ash was used as a new alternative in making paving blocks, namely to substitute sand by 13%, 18% and 25% by weight of sand. The method used to analyze the chemical content of candlenut shell ash through XRF testing and compressive strength testing with a Compression Testing Machine after 28 days of curing time. Based on the results of the XRF test, hazelnut shell ash has a CaO content of 93.3%, where CaO is the main ingredient for making cement. In addition, the results of the average compressive strength of paving blocks at 13% substitution of candlenut shell ash produced a compressive strength of 5.89 Mpa, 18% substitution of candlenut shell ash of 8.72 Mpa, and 25% substitution of candlenut shell ash of 11.07 Mpa. The results of the compressive strength of paving blocks with the substitution of hazelnut shell ash produced standard standard paving block strength of D quality.

Design and Evaluation of Virtual Compression Testing Machine Based on Multilayer Perceptron for Vocational-Education Virtual Laboratory

The weaknesses of Conventional Compression Testing Machines (CCTM) for student practicum are the high costs of procurement, maintenance, electricity, concrete materials, and human/equipment error factors. This research proposed of Virtual Compression Testing Machine (VCTM) based on Multilayer Perceptron that uses 2 hidden layers, 60 neurons with bagging, and other parameters of a Deep Neural Network with RMSE value of 4.738. The application of VCTM has been successfully carried out and there was no significant difference with CCTM. VCTM can be used for various types of concrete with high testing intensity. Lecturers and researchers can use VCTM to conduct research.

Maximizing the Recycling of Iron Ore Pellets Fines Using Innovative Organic Binders.

This research work focuses on the practicality of using organic binders for the briquetting of pellet fines. The developed briquettes were evaluated in terms of mechanical strength and reduction behavior with hydrogen. A hydraulic compression testing machine and thermogravimetric analysis were incorporated into this work to investigate the mechanical strength and reduction behavior of the produced briquettes. Six organic binders, namely Kempel, lignin, starch, lignosulfonate, Alcotac CB6, and Alcotac FE14, in addition to sodium silicate, were tested for the briquetting of pellet fines. The highest mechanical strength was achieved using sodium silicate, Kempel, CB6, and lignosulfonate. The best combination of binder to attain the required mechanical strength even after 100% reduction was found to be a combination of 1.5 wt.% of organic binder (either CB6 or Kempel) with 0.5 wt.% of inorganic binder (sodium silicate). Upscaling using an extruder gave propitious results in the reduction behavior, as the produced briquettes were highly porous and attained pre-requisite mechanical strength.

Experimental Study on the Effect of Coarse Grain Content on the Dilatancy and Particle Breakage Characteristics of Coarse-Grained Soils

The dilatancy deformation and particle breakage effects of coarse-grained soil have a significant influence on the safety and stability of high earth and rock-fill dams. To study the shear deformation and particle breakage characteristics of coarse-grained soil, four groups of soil sample with different coarse grain contents were to conduct consolidated drained triaxial compression tests by DJSZ-150 large-scale triaxial compression test machine. The results showed that the volume of coarse-grained soil changes significantly under deviation stress. The soil samples underwent positive dilatancy under the confining pressures of 200 kPa and 400 kPa but negative dilatancy under the confining pressures of 600 kPa and 800 kPa. When increasing the coarse grain contents in the soil sample under the same confining pressure, the positive dilatancy was more significant. A three-parameter dilatancy equation of coarse-grained soil considering confining pressure was established, in which the parameter L = 4 could serve as a criterion for whether the coarse-grained soil underwent positive dilatancy. Under the load, the coarse-grained soil showed three particle breakage modes: abrasion, attrition, and fracture. The coarse-grained soil particle size distribution before and after breakage conformed to the fractal characteristics, and the particle breakage rate increased significantly with larger soil particle size fractal dimension differences before and after the test. The coarse grain content and the confining pressure are two important factors affecting the mechanical properties of coarse-grained soil, and they control the shear deformation of soil.

Effect on mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete by addition of polypropylene fibers

Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) is an innovative solution in construction industry which is manufactured to replace ordinary concrete. Ordinary concrete is considered as a major construction material around the globe, but cement involved in its production contributes about 5% of world’s total carbon dioxide emissions. GPC uses alternative materials such as Fly Ash (FLA), GGBS as a replacement for cement. These materials are waste by-products of thermal and coal industries and using those materials results in reduction of overall carbon footprint. However, research shows that overall embodied energy generated by GPC is greater than traditional concrete due to extensive use of elevated curing methodology. Alkaline Binder Solutions are used as a major binder material in the process. The research incorporated addition of Polypropylene Fibers (PF) into GPC because of its high tensile capacity and crack resistance ability. Further, the research investigated mechanical properties of GPC such as Compressive Strength (CS) and Flexural Strength (FS) through varying proportions of PF from 0 to 5%, by weight respectively. Simultaneously, the research also focused on physical properties of GPC like density. CS and FS were tested conforming to the requirements of IS: 516. Moreover, a Compression Testing Machine and an Automatic Flexural Testing Machine having respective capacities of 3000kN and 300kN were used for testing CS and FS. The research findings show the addition of fibers increases FS by 49% in M6 mix which contained 5% of polypropylene fibers. However, the CS of GPC was affected negatively by the addition of PF for M6 mix, it reduced to 46% in comparison to Mix M1 with 0% fibers. Physical properties of concrete such as density also got negatively affected by the inclusion of PF. At the end of the research, Mix M3 which contained 2% PF was found more reliable than other mix proportions.

Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Different Porcine Bones Under Loading

In order to obtain the acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of fresh porcine bones of different parts under loadings, the fresh porcine femur, scapula and vertebra were investigated by using a compression testing machine and the AE instrument, respectively. The results show that the compression curve of the porcine bones has an obvious dependence on the shape of the porcine bones, and cracks can be observed with an increase of loading. Some obvious inflection points can also be found on the compression curve. The AE parameters of porcine bones under loading agrees well with the variation of the inflection points. The porcine femur exhibits the most obvious variation of AE parameters with an increase of loading and has the largest frequency band of 20--140~kHz and a dominant frequency value of 65 kHz. However, the AE energy of the scapula vertebra is weak under loading effects, and the vertebra has the smallest dominant frequency value of 25 kHz.

An experimental investigation on strength properties and flexural behaviour of ternary blended concrete

Depletion of natural resource materials has resulted from an increase in the consumption of component materials in the manufacturing of concrete. Recycling is the most effective method for dealing with the effective management of waste for preservation of the environment. Recently researchers are being conducted to utilize industrial waste by product as an admixture in the concrete production. In this study silica flour which is a waste from silica industry and waste glass powder from glass industry used for the replacement of cement. The concrete mixes were cast with replacement level such as 20%, 30% for OPC in this study. The target compressive strength of 40 MPa for the grade of M40 Concrete and specimens were casted such as cubes and beams and tested after the completion of curing to find the characteristic compressive strength and flexural behavior of beams. The compressive strength at the age of 7,14 and 28 days of curing were determined in the Compressive Testing Machine of 2000kN capacity and the results were compared and also discussions are presented on the trend of strength gain for such Ternary Blend Concrete (TBC) mixes. The RC Beams were tested in the loading frame of 500 kN Capacity and the results obtained from the testing of beam, the load versus deflection pattern were drawn and compared for various beams cast with different TBC mixes. The ductility index of the beam was calculated from load versus deflection curve. The results obtained from the investigation compared with the test specimens cast with normal concrete tested in the laboratory. From the result it is found that the TBC shall be an alternative to the conventional cement concrete and found well suitable for structural applications.

Research on Wave Dissipation and Energy Absorption Characteristics of Different Boundary Materials Under Static–Dynamic Coupling Loading

According to the scientific research needs of deep multi-field coupling true triaxial compression testing machines, it is necessary to find a suitable boundary material to be placed between the rock and the transmission bar to achieve the effects of wave elimination and energy absorption. This enables the conditions of the test requirements to be met under the interaction of true triaxial and strong disturbance. Therefore, the improved split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) device was used to carry out a series of experiments on the wave elimination and energy absorption characteristics of different boundary materials, and to study the energy evolution characteristics and stress wave propagation laws of different materials under static–dynamic coupling loading. The results show that under single impact loading, owing to the difference in wave impedance between the material and the rock rod, the porous material will not only reflect the tensile wave that has a greater impact on the rock rod, but also its weakening effect on the reflection stress is weaker than that of the wave-absorbing metal plate. In terms of overall energy conversion, the energy absorption rate of the porous material PM-1 is superior, and the conversion rate of the reflection and transmission energies is also greatly reduced. Under the impact of cyclic loading, the reflection stress of the wave-absorbing metal plate increased slightly with an increase in the number of impacts. However, with the increase of impact times, the reflection peak stress of porous material PM-1 decreases at first and then increases, and the reflected wave changes from tensile wave to compression wave, which is not as good as that of wave dissipation metal plate in terms of repeatability and fatigue resistance.

Influence of Infill Pattern, Infill Ratio on Compressive Strength and Hardness of 3D Printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) Based Polymer

In this article, the influence of infill ratio and infill pattern on the compressive strength and hardness of 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA) based polymer are studied. The fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique was used to produce the 3D-printed samples. In the current work, three specimens of each type have been tested with selected infill ratios (30, 50, and 70%) and infill patterns (line, gyroid, and trihexagon). A compression test was done using the general-purpose (EN772-1) manual compression testing machine for blocks, cubes, and cylinders by the standard specification (ASTM D695), and hardness shore-D was tested by using a hand-held durometer (Shore Instruments, Type D), by ASTM D2240-05 (2010) type D. The data were collected and processed. The results showed that the 70 percent infill ratio with a linear pattern had the highest compressive strength. On the other hand, the hardness test shows that the maximum hardness value was found at the base side of the specimens.

Estimation of uniaxial compressive and indirect tensile strengths of intact rock from Schmidt hammer rebound number

Abstract A number of destructive and non-destructive tests were conducted on rock samples collected from various zones in northern Iraq. So far, for Iraqi rocks, few studies have correlated Schmidt hammer rebound (R) with both unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and Brazilian tensile strength (BTS). In this study, the objective is to develop a relationship between the rebound number of Schmidt hammer surface hardness (rebound number) and both the BTS and the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of different types of northern Iraqi rocks. The required relationship should be based on measured values of the UCS, BT, and Schmidt hammer hardness. To determine the relationship between R and both the UCS and BTS, 120 intact rock samples were prepared and tested using a uniaxial compressive test machine, a Brazilian test apparatus, and an L-type Schmidt hammer test (BTS). Three different types of rock samples (sandstone, claystone, and limestone) were collected from several locations in northern Iraq (Domeez, Baadra, and Zawita). For the three types of rocks, a new linear correlation with a high value of the regression coefficient R 2 is presented, linking the UCS and BTS separately versus R. For the three types of rocks studied, the correlation between UCS and R is better than the correlation between Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) and R.

High-strain rate compressive behavior of concrete with two different substituted recycled plastic aggregates: Experimental characterization and probabilistic modeling

This paper presents a pilot study on the characterization of the high-strain rate compressive behavior of a novel concrete with two different substituted recycled plastic aggregates. A reference mix with an average compressive strength of about 55MPa is considered. Recycled PolyEthylene Terephthalate (PET) powder and recycled mixed plastic (composed of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyEthylene (PE)) granules were adopted to substitute fine and coarse aggregates. Two different substitution strategies are employed. In the first one, the PET powder is used to substitute the fine sand by volume. In the second one, the PET powder is used to substitute the fine sand while the recycled mixed plastic granules are used to substitute the coarse sand and fine coarse aggregates by volume (50% for PET powder and 50% for recycled mixed plastic granules). Four total replacement levels (5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) by volume were considered. The fresh concrete properties (slump and density) and quasi-static compressive behavior, are investigated. The micro-scale characterization of the material using SEM scans provided a complete understanding of the observed macro-scale behavior. Tests were performed using conventional quasi-static loading with a compressive testing machine and high-strain rate tests with a Φ80-mm Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) for strain rates up to 200s−1. The dynamic tests revealed the marked strain rate dependency, although specimens with large plastic volume substitution were more sensitive to the strain rate effect. A probabilistic data-driven model for the Dynamic Increase Factor (DIF) is also proposed based on the test data. Ultimately, this study indicates that the proposed material has a good high-strain rate compressive behavior and can be a promising material to be employed for protective techniques against impact and blast loads.

Recycling Unrecycled Plastic and Composite Wastes as Concrete Reinforcement

The land disposal of waste material is a major environmental threat, and recycling efforts must be exponentially improved to mitigate it. In this paper, a feasibility study was conducted to reinforce concrete with waste materials that are not typically recycled. Compression testing was performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the concrete specimens. The results were compared with a conventional wire mesh reinforcement used in concrete. Alternative reinforcements that are typically disposed of in landfill were used, namely, plastic regrind, carbon fiber scraps, tempered glass, coarse aggregates, and wire mesh. For each reinforcement type, four specimens were manufactured to evaluate the consistency of the results. Cylindrical specimens with ASME standard dimensions of 10.16 cm × 20.32 cm were tested using a Tinius-Olsen compression testing machine after seven days of curing. A constant strain rate of 0.25 MPa/s was applied until a load drop of 30% was detected. The results show that, while the recycled reinforcements had lower compressive strengths than the wire mesh, they maintained a load-carrying capacity of more than 80%. A major improvement was observed in terms of the ductility and toughness of the reinforced concretes. The recycled-carbon-fiber-reinforced specimens showed 12% strain at failure, a major improvement in concrete ductility. The findings of this research indicate that such recycled particles and fibers without any post-processing can be used in the reinforcement of concrete, with a significant improvement in ductility.

Prediksi Kuat Tekan Beton Agregat Recycled Campuran Air Laut dengan Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test

Nowadays, using recyled aggregate and seawater as replacing natural aggregate and freshwater in mixing have been main priority to be a new concrete construction material. However, in order to asses their strength performance in fast and accurate, an appropriate method needs to be determined. Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate and predict the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) mixed seawater using Schmidt rebound hammer test (SRH) and the result value was corresponded to concrete compressive testing machine (CTM) as control test of concrete specimens. Total 72 samples divided into three concrete mixtures were designed and prepared in cylindrical samples with w/c ratio of 0.45 and target compressive strength of 25 MPa. The first mixture was named natural aggregate concrete (NAC) or BAN as control concrete with 100% natural aggregate and fresh water. The second and third mixtures were named BAR-50 and BAR-100 with the BAN replacement of 50% and 100% RAC respectively. Seawater as mixing was performed in mixture concrete of BAR-50 and BAR-100. All sample mixtures were then wet cured at different age of 7, 28, 56 and 90 days in fresh water. The results show a good correlation between SRH and CTM tests with having high correlation of R2=0.9908. Also, a proposed mathematical model, equation 1, is created for quick calculation in predicting compressive strength of RCA. Therefore, the usage of SRH test is a realistic alternative to predict the compressive strength of recycled concrete with different percentage of replacement of NAC and mixing seawater.

Experimental Investigation on Waste Paper-pulp Infused Cement Mortar

A huge amount of newspaper waste is generated in an average Indian household on a daily basis. The ideology behind this study is to amalgamate this paper waste into construction materials. This manuscript is a preliminary initiative for the same motive and explores the feasibility of mixing waste paper pulp into cement mortar for further adopting the practice on construction sites. Different ratios of cement, standard sand and crushed paper pulp (soaked for 72 hours) were administered to cast cement mortar cubes and the same were tested for compressive strength in a compression testing machine. The several trial mixes, partially replacing sand in mortar making were attempted to study the behavior of cement mortar while infused with waste paper pulp. The strength of these cubes were compared to standard cement mortar cubes cast using one part cement and 3 parts of standard sand. The trial ratios of cement, sand and paper pulp were 1:0.5:0.5; 1:0.75:0.25 and 1:0.25:0.75 respectively. Both 7 days as well as 28 days strength was determined. It was found that one part cement, half part standard sand and half a part of waste paper pulp was the most optimum combination yielding satisfactory strength of cement mortar cubes. The compressive strength of standard cube was 7.2 MPa and the same for 1:0.5:0.5 was 6.6 MPa. Thus waste paper pulp infused cement mortar may be used for brickwork and other trivial lean cement members in construction. The purpose of the study is to address two major underlying challenges in modern day construction projects, first being the dearth of river sand availability and secondly the disposal of waste paper which ultimately ends up in landfills subsequently polluting the environment.

Hydraulically manufactured cement and fly ash stabilized compressed soil block

This study aimed to assess the suitability of producing Compressed Earth Bricks (CEB) using a mixture of soil, cement, and fly ash as an alternative to traditional bricks that are currently available. The soil used for this study was red soil present in the Mangaluru region and the properties of the soil such as specific gravity, particle size distribution, Atterberg limits were tested. Further, compaction test was carried out on the soil to determine the water content needed for achieving the optimum density. The soil was stabilized using 8% OPC for manufacturing blocks of size 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm. The CEB were admixed with 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% Fly ash by dry weight of cement during casting, thus gradually replacing cement in the soil. Hydraulically operated Compression testing machine of capacity 2000kN was used to prepare the blocks and subsequent testing was also carried out by the same machine. The compressive strength and the water absorption on the 7 varieties of soil blocks were tested at 7 days, 14 days and 28 days curing time. Results revealed that replacement of cement by fly ash by 50% (4% cement and 4% fly ash combination) led to maximum compressive strength in the soil blocks and the average water absorption was 15%. It is concluded that the addition of fly ash in partial replacement to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was effective in reducing the usage of OPC and thus the huge amount of waste generated from power plants will be a small way in reducing the carbon imprint on the planet.