Compressed Earth Bricks Research Articles

Hydraulically manufactured cement and fly ash stabilized compressed soil block

This study aimed to assess the suitability of producing Compressed Earth Bricks (CEB) using a mixture of soil, cement, and fly ash as an alternative to traditional bricks that are currently available. The soil used for this study was red soil present in the Mangaluru region and the properties of the soil such as specific gravity, particle size distribution, Atterberg limits were tested. Further, compaction test was carried out on the soil to determine the water content needed for achieving the optimum density. The soil was stabilized using 8% OPC for manufacturing blocks of size 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm. The CEB were admixed with 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% Fly ash by dry weight of cement during casting, thus gradually replacing cement in the soil. Hydraulically operated Compression testing machine of capacity 2000kN was used to prepare the blocks and subsequent testing was also carried out by the same machine. The compressive strength and the water absorption on the 7 varieties of soil blocks were tested at 7 days, 14 days and 28 days curing time. Results revealed that replacement of cement by fly ash by 50% (4% cement and 4% fly ash combination) led to maximum compressive strength in the soil blocks and the average water absorption was 15%. It is concluded that the addition of fly ash in partial replacement to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was effective in reducing the usage of OPC and thus the huge amount of waste generated from power plants will be a small way in reducing the carbon imprint on the planet.

Assessment of Soils Developed on Various Formations in Maroua (Far North, Cameroon) for Production of Compressed Earth Bricks

Assessment of Soils Developed on Various Formations in Maroua (Far North, Cameroon) for Production of Compressed Earth Bricks

Investigation of Wood Biomass Ash on the Thermal Behaviour of Compressed Earth Bricks

Investigation of Wood Biomass Ash on the Thermal Behaviour of Compressed Earth Bricks

Evaluation of Thermal Admittance of Compressed Earth Bricks C.E.B Configurations for School Buildings in Hot-dry climate region of North-western Nigeria

Permeation of heat into the school building enclosure through external walls components of the building resulting into the numerous consequences which causes unhealthy indoor living conditions for teaching and learning activities, which has a negative impacts on the students general academic performance and their productivity, the study carried out a fieldwork experimentation where four experimental models (chambers) were built using four dissimilar compressed earth (C.E.B) configurations; compressed earth horizontal hollow brick (C.E.H.H.B), compressed earth vertical hollow brick (C.E.V.H.B), compressed earth cellular brick (C.E.C.B), and compressed earth solid brick (C.E.S.B) respectively, data were collected from fieldwork experimental chambers using two distinct wall surface temperature measuring devices; an onset UX120-M600 4-channel analogue data logger and Testo 835 Infrared thermometer which were utilized to measure the interior wall surface temperature facing the west direction of each experimental chamber to determine the rate of thermal admittance of the entire chambers built with distinct C.E.B configurations, the extracted data using surface temperature measuring instrument were analyzed using the spss software package for identification of the C.E.B configurations with the least thermal permeation from outdoor environment to indoor space of the school building via external walls of the building. After the statistical analysis, the study's outcome revealed that compressed earth horizontal hollow brick (C.E.H.H.B) has a minimum heat transfer rate of (34.933OC) and (35.7493OC), among other C.E.B configurations. This undoubtedly indicated the appropriate C.E.B configurations for school buildings in hot-dry climate regions of northwestern Nigeria.

Mechanical, thermal and durability investigation of compressed earth bricks stabilized with wood biomass ash

There is a growing interest in raw earth as an eco-material of building for its local character and the low energy consumption that characterizes its overall life cycle. This work evaluates the effect of the recovery of two biomass ashes (WBAa, WBAb), resulting from domestic wood heating on the mechanical, thermal and durability properties of compressed earth bricks (BWBAa, BWBAb). These specimens were obtained in a partial substitution of a silty-clay soil by WBA, in various proportions (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%). The specimens manufactured were compacted with a compaction stress of 10 MPa, exposed to the open air and kept in the laboratory at a 20 ± 2 °C temperature, then allowed to harden for 7 and 28 days. The mechanical level strength increases with wood ash content and with curing time. BWBAb has the best flexural and compressive levels strength caused by formation of compounds with binding properties, but BWBAa shows good thermal insulation. Capillary water absorption test was performed to prevent the durability of the elaborated specimens under water action. These bricks showed different behaviors in contact with water based on the different microstructure present in the two ashes. The experimental study conducted highlighted the benefits of the high periclase (MgO) content on the mechanical properties and durability of compressed earthen bricks.

Elaboration of compressed earth blocks based on phosphogypsum and phosphate mining by-products

The present paper aims to propose new recycling solutions to maximize the use of phosphogypsum (PG) in construction applications. The performance of several formulations for the manufacture of cement-stabilized compressed earth bricks (CEBs) made of raw PG mixed with phosphate mining waste rocks (Calcareous material (CM) and red clay (RC)) was investigated. The main roles of CM and RC are respectively to neutralize the acidity generated by the PG and improve the consistency of CEBs. This research work started at a laboratory scale to optimize and find the best formulation that will satisfy national and international standards. The optimized mixtures were scaled up through pilot experiments using two brick shapes (solid and hollowed). The impact of the brick shape elaborated in the pilot scale was also examined. The mineralogical, environmental, and geotechnical characteristics of the raw materials were also studied. The toxicity characteristic leaching test (TCLP) was performed on the raw PG and also on the ground bricks to investigate the risk of contamination. The most optimized laboratory mixture involved 40% PG and only 8% of ordinary Portland cement. This mixture allowed to reach an unconfined compressive strength after 28 days around 8.1 and 7.7 MPa at laboratory and pilot scale respectively. The thermal conductivity of the developed CEBs was interesting; between 0.484 and 0.506 W m−1 K−1. The values of bulk density and water absorption coefficient by capillarity are in accordance with the requirements indicated by the standards. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses highlighted the formation of tobermorite (5CaO·6SiO2,2H2O) and ettringite (Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12,26H2O). The TCLP test of PG used and optimized bricks in this study showed no contaminant release. The obtained results are very promising; they showed that the elaborated CEBs can be adapted to compressed earth blocks applications.

Mechanical and Thermal Behavior of Compressed Earth Bricks Reinforced with Lime and Coal Aggregates

The present study aims to investigate the effect of coal aggregates (CA) in the compressed earth bricks (CEBs) in order to reduce the footprint of the coal industry. For this purpose, three soils of the Marrakesh region were studied in terms of their chemical composition, and their thermal and mechanical behavior. Then, the selected soil was mixed with different amounts of CA (10%, 15%, and 20% by weight) and compressed in a Brava machine to produce (CEBs). A significant drop in the specific weight of our CEBs was registered with the increase of CA percentage. Besides, the compressive strength showed a linear drop with the increase of (CA) percentages. In fact, for bricks with 20% of CA, the decrease in compressive strength reaches 32.95% in respect to the reference bricks. Moreover, CA showed interesting gain in thermal conductivity reaching 60% while the diminution in compressive strength was still acceptable according to norms in the state of the art. Thereby, we can say that using CA in earth bricks can, with the suitable architecture, contribute not only to reduce the building charges, but also to provide a good thermal comfort without increasing the thickness of the walls.

Statistical analysis of Nkoulou soils properties and suitability for earthen constructions

The present work consists of sampling, characterizing, classifying, and studying the soils of the locality of Nkoulou for the manufacture of cement-stabilized compressed earth bricks (CEBs) and possible use in road building. 08 samples were taken on 02 sites. Chemical and mineralogical characterization identified these soils as ferric-dominated laterites consisting of quartz, illite, hematite, kaolinite, goethite, gibbsite, muscovite, and magnesite associated with trace minerals. The studied soils have an average natural water content of 11.73% and average values of specific gravity of 2.51 and 2.48 (respectively for site N°1 and site N°2). These soils are mainly composed of gravel followed by sand and are classified as Group B fine-grained soils according to the French Road Grading Manual (GTR). The natural water content (W) shows a good correlation with clay content (R = 0.75), and silt content (R = 0.73). The CBR Index (ICBR) meanwhile has a good correlation with the silt content (R = −0.69), similar between ICBR and maximum dry density (R = 0.73). According to CRATERRE Nkoulou soils can be used as well in the manufacture of CEBs as in the realization of road works in layers of fill. The cement stabilization of the compressed soil specimens allows the mechanical strength to increase with the stabilization rate, just as the water absorption of the specimens which also varies with the fines content, and the curing time according to the correlation study. These results allow us to establish the predictive model of compressive strength and flexural strength as a function of cement content and time with R2 = 0.75 and R2 = 0.93, respectively.

Optimization of The Green Interlocking Earth Brick Mix Design Using Response Surface Method

The utilization of Response Surface Method (RSM) in investigating the engineering properties of green Interlocking Compressed Earth Brick (ICEB) is a promising method compared to the conventional methods because it reduces the time taken and cost to be implemented. RSM is a tool used to develop models based on the input of independent and response variables, to which it predicts the output of the response with high accuracy. Therefore, the objectives of this research are to optimize the mix designs of green ICEB by using RSM and to study the engineering properties of green ICEB. The softwares used in this research are Design Expert Version 11, and Minitab 19 which is used for validation. The independent variables are cement and Spent Bleaching Earth Ash (SBEA), while the compressive strength and water absorption are the response variables. Based on the results, Design Expert Version 11 has the capability of developing a significance mathematical model equation to predict the response variables. The 2-D contour plots and 3-D plots are able to present the engineering properties realistically based on the actual experimental data. According to the RSM, the best mix for green ICEB with SBEA to provide the highest compressive strength is 94.6% cement and 5.4% SBEA, while the lowest water absorption is 90% cement and 10% SBEA.

Suitability Analysis of Compressed Earth Bricks (CEB) for Sustainable Housing Delivery in Guinea Savannah Zone of Northern Nigeria

In meeting housing delivery challenges in Nigeria, there is an urgent need to develop materials and technologies that are cost effective, eco-friendly, having good user perception and showcasing cultural heritage. The study evaluated the compressed earth bricks (CEB) and sandcrete blocks sustainability as building materials. Structured questionnaires were administered to professionals (Architects, Structural Engineers and Builders) in Kaduna State to establish the awareness level, application and sustainability qualities of CEB as compared to sandcrete blocks. Laboratory tests were conducted on six soil samples and CEB from three States of Guinea Savannah Zone of Northern Nigeria (Kaduna, Plateau and Niger) to ascertain their suitability for housing development. Findings showed low awareness, acceptability and poor user perception levels of CEB at 12% but high advantage as regard cost, environmental friendliness (energy efficient) and cultural heritage. CEB were manually and dynamically compressed at medium pressure and cured for 7 and 28 days respectively with five different cement ratios. The maximum compressive strength in 28days for Kaduna State was Damashi with 2.67 N/mm2, at 6% stabilisation; Plateau State, both Bassa and Jos South had 2.82 N/mm2 at 6% cement content and Bosso in Niger State was 4.42 N/mm2 at 8% cement content. The bricks from each of the sites indicated appropriate for use at either 2% or 4% but averagely 6% and all at 8% cement stabilisation. CEB has sustainable advantage over sandcrete blocks by approximately 70%. The paper recommends that developers, Non-governmental organisations (NGOs), Governments housing development agencies commence the use of optimised CEB for sustainable large scale housing production in Nigeria.

Suitability of the soils of Monatélé (Centre Cameroon) in the production of fired compressed earth bricks, statistical analysis, and modeling of the mechanical behavior

The present work consists of a statistical study of the properties of the soils of the locality of Monatele used for the confection of compressed and stabilized earth bricks by calcination. This study is based on sixteen (16) samples taken from four (04) sites, namely, Nkolossananga, Nkol-Medock, Avoh, and Enieg. The results of the chemical and mineralogical tests show that the soils sampled are composed of quartz, Kaolinite, Hematite, Muscovite, Calcite, Rutile, Pyroxene, Montmorillonite, and Illite, with variable proportions. The water content of these soils varies from 10.32 to 26.35%. The granulometric analysis supported by Methylene Blue reveals dominant proportions of clay ranging from 32.8 to 53.7%. The plasticity test shows that the studied soils are almost essentially medium plasticity clays and high plasticity clays depending on the case. The HBR classification identifies them as clayey and silty soils belonging to classes A-7–6 and A-5. The physical–mechanical tests carried out on the fired brick specimens show that the density decreases with the increase of the temperature, while the water absorption, the flexural strength, and the compressive strength increase under the same conditions. The statistical study of the studied properties shows good correlations between the different granular classes present in the studied soils. In particular—0.79 between the proportions of gravels and silts and—0.68 between sands and clays. The values of methylene blue and plasticity also show interesting correlations with the percentage of silt, namely, 0.52 and 0.54, respectively. The Pearson correlation matrix also reveals that mechanical strength, water absorption, density, and firing temperature show good correlations with each other. These allow for the establishment of predictive models for compressive strength with a correlation coefficient R2 = 0.83.Graphical abstract

Evaluation of lateritic soils of Mbé for use as compressed earth bricks (CEB)

This work was carried out on the lateritic soils of Mbé in the Adamawa region of Cameroon. For this study, twenty (20) soil samples were taken from four (04) sites (Kabaa, Ndom, Mbé Norwegian camp, and Nyéssé). To assess their suitability for the production of compressed earth bricks, physical parameters were obtained by geotechnical tests to determine particle size distribution, water content, atterbergs limits, specific gravity, methylene blue value, maximum dry density (MDD), and optimum moisture content (OMC). Chemical and mineralogical properties were obtained by X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction, respectively, followed by the determination of technological parameters (water absorption and mechanical properties) on compressed earth brick specimens. The results show that the studied lateritic soils contain mainly sand (52.8–90.3 wt%) and clay particles (8.4–42.1 wt%), gravel particles are slightly represented (1.1–16.3 wt%). The plasticity index of the studied materials is average (5–38%), about their methylene blue values (1–5), these soils correspond to clayey-silty soils. The materials studied are classified by the USCS as clayey sands/silty clays; according to the Highway Research Board (HRB), they are classified as A-7-5 or A-7-6 clayey soils with group index of 1 for Kabaa, 7 for Ndom, 9 for Mbé Norwegian Camp, and 12 for Nyéssé. These soils are rich in silica (SiO2, 62.6–78.1 wt%), followed by aluminum (Al2O3, 11.8–18.2 wt%) and iron oxides (Fe2O3, 3.2–8.1 wt%); other oxides are in lower proportions (<1 wt%). The mineralogical content consists mainly of clay minerals such as kaolinite, illite, smectite (montmorillonite), and non-clay minerals such as quartz, muscovite, biotite, gibbsite, and hematite. The bulk density and mechanical properties of the specimens are within the standard NC 102-115 (2007) of compressed earth bricks (CEB), which recommends minimum compressive strengths of 2 Mpa for unstabilized CEB and 4 Mpa for stabilized CEB. Water absorption of CEB and physical parameters of soils have a significant impact on the mechanical behavior of CEB. According to the test results, Mbe lateritic soils are suitable for engineering applications in the production of stabilized compressed earth bricks.

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of indoor thermal comfort for sleeping environments: A case study of residential buildings in the city of Bandjoun, Cameroon

Thermal comfort is a feeling of well-being in an indoor environment. It is a guarantee of a good development of people in a building. For more than three months, many complaints were recorded in the West region of Cameroon and particularly in the city of Bandjoun. Indeed, people complain of high temperatures during sleep (between 10p.m and 4 a.m). These temperature increases led to a situation of indoor thermal discomfort in residential buildings in sleeping environments. This paper investigates numerically the three-dimensional indoor thermal comfort for sleeping environments in residential buildings constructed with local materials (concrete blocks and compressed earth bricks) in the city of Bandjoun. The novelty of the present work resides first in the computation of the direction of the incident solar radiation over the simulation time from longitude, latitude, time zone, time of the year, and time of the day. Secondly, it takes into account the various materials used for the roof (aluminum), ceiling (Bubinga wood), walls (concrete blocks/compressed earth bricks), window (glass), door (Bubinga wood) and its handle (aluminum). Finally, the solar and ambient wavelength dependence of emissivity model is used to account for differing emissivities in different wavelength bands. The multidimensional calculations were performed using Comsol Multiphysics 5.6. In addition, a questionnaire was developed to obtain the perception of residents. The numerical results obtained were in good agreement with the overall perception of residents because it was observed average increases of temperatures of 0.38 °C (between 24.57 °C and 24.95 °C) and 0.53 °C (between 24.77 °C and 25.3 °C) between 10p.m and 4 a.m respectively for buildings made with compressed earth bricks material and concrete blocks material.

Impact of rice husk ash on compressed cement-lateritic brick durability and microstructural characteristics

One of the potential ways to lower building costs and improve the quality of the environment in both urban and rural regions is to use local resources as a substitute for cement in building construction. The purpose of this study was to determine how Rice Husk Ash (RHA) affected the morphology and durability of cement-lateritic bricks. Analytical techniques were utilized in the lab to ascertain the RHA's chemical make-up. Compressed Earth Bricks (CEB) were created by employing water content of 20 to 25 percent and replacing 0 to 5 percent of the cement with 0 to 5 percent of RHA. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) of Design Expert software was used to create seventeen (17) variables for the CEB manufacture.The created CEBs underwent compressive strength and microstructural studies in the lab after being cured for 28, 56, and 108 days. According to the results, RHA is a powerful pozzolan with a high SiO2 concentration that might potentially replace non-renewable silica as one of the primary cement sources of oxide that pozzolans react with. Most samples exhibit an increase in compressive strength with longer curing times and have a minimum strength of 1.65 N/mm2 or higher.The microstructural study of the pozzolan revealed that it contains tiny particles. Consequently, as the curing age increased, the porosities decreased and the compressive strength of the stabilized bricks improved. In conclusion, the finest CEBs for building construction are those produced with 1.25 percent RHA and 23.75 percent water content.

Effects of Palm Leaf Ash and Palm Kernel Fibre on Properties of Compressed Laterite Earth Brick

This study was designed to compare the effects of the properties of compressed laterite earth brick (CLEB) stabilized with palm leaf ash (PKA) and palm kernel fiber (KPF). The study was carried out in Building Technology Department, Federal Polytechnic Bida, Niger State. Bricks of 222×110×70 were produced using manual pressed machine where nine bricks each were stabilized with palm kernel fiber for 1%, 2%, and 3%. Also 9 bricks each were stabilized with palm leaf ash for each percent 5%, 10% and 15%. The materials used were Palm Kernel Fiber, Palm Leaf Ash laterite soil, and water. The abrasion resistance test and water penetration test were carried out. The findings revealed that the water penetration rate for the CLEB bricks stabilized with PKF recorded average penetration rate of 10.18 at 1%, 11.52 at 2% and 12.19 at 3%. Only 3% produced higher penetration rate while CLEB stabilized with PLA recorded average water penetration rate of 11.58 at 5%, 10.63 at 10%, and 11.27 at 15%. All were in conformity with NBRRI specification of 12.5%. The abrasion resistance of the 28 day CLEB stabilized with PKF recorded average abrasion of 1.40 at 1%, 1.28 at 2% and 3.68 at 3%. All result were conformity with the NBBRI specification of 6.9. While the abrasion resistance of the 28 day CLEB stabilized with PLA recorded average abrasion of 2.39 at 5%, 2.22 at 10% and 2.32 at 15% which were in conformity with the NBBRI specification of 6.9. Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that the CLEB stabilized with palm kernel fiber at 1% and 2% are in conformity with NBRRI specification of compressive strength, water absorption rate and abrasion resistance. While compressed laterite bricks stabilized with palm leaf ash should be improve to conform to NBRRI specification.

Structural and thermal performance of sustainable interlocking compressed earth blocks masonry units made with produced water from oilfields

There is a growing interest in plausible reuse of wastewater and solid waste materials for compressed earth bricks (CEBs) production due to their sustainability benefits, affordability, and they are considered relatively ubiquitous raw materials. However, a study of the behavior of CEBs produced from soil and injected wastewater from oilfields has not been well documented in the literature. This study aimed at employing an experimental testing program to assess structural and thermal properties of masonry units, mainly prism’s compressive strength, masonry wall’s behavior, and thermal properties of CEBs rooms made with produced water and soil obtained from two oilfields in Oman: namely Marmoul and Nimr oilfields. It was found that prism strength decreases with increasing prism height, with Marmoul CEBs (2.4–3.9 MPa) showing slightly better performance compared to that Nimr (1.8–3.8 MPa). The masonry prism efficiency factor, which was estimated based on the ratio between the prism and block strength, was in the range of 52.3–59% for Marmoul CEBs, whereas for Nimr blocks, it ranged from 39.2% to 57.9%. The results of the masonry wall test showed that the wall reached an ultimate load of 386 kN at a deformation of 8.0 mm and the mode of failure was deformation of the wall due to overall buckling. The CEBs rooms have shown enhanced thermal performance compared to the reference room built with hollow concrete blocks. The CEBs rooms provided 1–7 h of time lags and achieved between 0.15 and 0.23 lower decrement factors than the reference room due to their high thermal mass and thermal resistance, respectively. While the CEBs under this study have shown good structural and thermal insulation potential as a sustainable building material, other factors, including indoor air quality emissions, acoustic properties, seismic resistance, and cost-benefit analysis, need to be considered in future studies.

Physical, Mechanical and Hygroscopic Behaviour of Compressed Earth Blocks Stabilized with Cement and Reinforced with Bamboo Fibres

This paper describes the physical, mechanical, and hygroscopic behaviour of compressed earth bricks (CEB) reinforced with fibres of Bambusa vulgaris. Three fibre contents (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 wt.%) and lengths of fibre (4, 5 and 6 cm) were considered as reinforcement for the compressed earth blocks based on cement stabilisation with 8.0% of the weight of the mixture. CEB composites were compacted with a static loading by applying a compacting stress of 15 MPa. Results show that the appropriate addition of Bamboo fibres can improve mechanical properties of CEBs. In particular, the compressive strength increases by 43.6%, at an optimum fibre content of 0.5 wt.% and at a length of 4 cm. The compressive strength also increases of 24.6% and 25.6% for a fibre content of 0.75 wt.% at 4 cm long and for 0.5 wt.% at 5 cm long respectively. The flexural strength also increases with increase in fibre content and length of fibre. The highest value ​​of flexural strength is obtained with CEB containing 1.0 wt.% of fibre content while the lowest value is obtained with blocks without reinforcement. For the water absorption, there is an increase by 18.4, 25.1 and 27.6% when the fibre content increases by 0 to 1.0 wt.% for fibres length of 4, 5 and 6 cm long, respectively. However, as the fibre content and length increase, the density decreases, and the porosity and water absorption increase due to their porous character and hydrophilic.

Stabilization of compressed earth blocks (CEB) by pozzolana based phosphate geopolymer binder: Physico-mechanical and microstructural investigations

This work proposes the poly(phospho-ferro-siloxo) binder resulting from the phosphoric acid activation of pozzolana (PZ) as a friendly stabilizing agent for compressed earth bricks (CEBs). Different proportions of pozzolana were incorporated into the clay soil (5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%). The CEBs were cured at 25 °C and at 70 °C. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water absorption as well as mechanical strength tests were used to characterize the 28 days aged CEBs. The compressive strength of CEBs varies from 9.2 to 20.6 MPa and 10.2 to 42.8 MPa at 25 °C and 70 °C, respectively. Water absorption ranges from 6 to 11% at 25 °C and 8 to 12% at 70 °C. These results indicated the possibility to use pozzolana based phosphate geopolymer binder as efficient stabilizer for the development of structural and functional CEBs. Pozzolana based phosphate geopolymer binder appears as energy-efficient and sustainable solution for the stabilization of CEB.

Characterization of Two Clay Raw Materials from C&amp;#244;te d’Ivoire with a View to Enhancing Them in Eco-Construction

This study was carried out with a view to appreciate the value of clay, raw materials in eco-construction. To achieve this, we sampled two clay raw materials denoted Aga and Bak and then characterized. The results obtained from geotechnical and mineralogical tests have shown that the clay samples Aga and Bak are fine soils moderately plastic class A soils consisting essentially of quartz with 73.13% and 74.56% respectively for Aga and Bak and clay minerals (kaolinite and illite) with 12.73% kaolinite and 8.55% illite for Aga against 8.31% kaolinite and 13.72% for Bak. Moreover, these samples do not contain swelling clays and contain a sufficient quantity of iron oxides which allows them to be valued in ceramics, in particular in compressed earth bricks (CEB).

Characterization of Lateritic Soils of Mbé (Adamawa-Cameroon), Statistical Analysis, and Determination of a Prediction Model for the Mechanical Behavior of Compressed Earth Bricks (CEB)

Characterization of Lateritic Soils of Mbé (Adamawa-Cameroon), Statistical Analysis, and Determination of a Prediction Model for the Mechanical Behavior of Compressed Earth Bricks (CEB)