Compressed Color Research Articles

Class-associative multiple target recognition for highly compressed color images in a joint transform correlator

We propose a practical near real-time compression-based class-associative multiple target detection technique for color images. The size of the color images is reduced to its utmost ratio to speed up the processing time and to increase the storage capacity of the recognition system. A fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation technique is employed to successfully detect the compression-based multiple targets in colored images. In addition, to eliminate the false alarms and zero-order terms due to multiple desired and undesired objects in an input scene, we have used the shifted phase-encoded and the reference phase-encoded techniques. The performance of detecting the class-associative multiple targets for large compression ratios (up to 94%) and under strong noisy conditions (Gaussian and salt and pepper noises) is assessed through many computer simulations experiments. Furthermore, detecting small targets or even a small part of a target is presented for images occluded up to 90%.

Enabling Intelligent IoTs for Histopathology Image Analysis Using Convolutional Neural Networks.

Medical imaging is an essential data source that has been leveraged worldwide in healthcare systems. In pathology, histopathology images are used for cancer diagnosis, whereas these images are very complex and their analyses by pathologists require large amounts of time and effort. On the other hand, although convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have produced near-human results in image processing tasks, their processing time is becoming longer and they need higher computational power. In this paper, we implement a quantized ResNet model on two histopathology image datasets to optimize the inference power consumption. We analyze classification accuracy, energy estimation, and hardware utilization metrics to evaluate our method. First, the original RGB-colored images are utilized for the training phase, and then compression methods such as channel reduction and sparsity are applied. Our results show an accuracy increase of 6% from RGB on 32-bit (baseline) to the optimized representation of sparsity on RGB with a lower bit-width, i.e., <8:8>. For energy estimation on the used CNN model, we found that the energy used in RGB color mode with 32-bit is considerably higher than the other lower bit-width and compressed color modes. Moreover, we show that lower bit-width implementations yield higher resource utilization and a lower memory bottleneck ratio. This work is suitable for inference on energy-limited devices, which are increasingly being used in the Internet of Things (IoT) systems that facilitate healthcare systems.

Detecting Aligned Double JPEG Compressed Color Image With Same Quantization Matrix Based on the Stability of Image

Joint photographic experts group (JPEG) compression is widely used in image processing and computer vision. Detecting double compressed JPEG images is a common problem in forensics and detecting compressed images with the same quantization matrix remains a challenging task. However, most existing methods were designed for detection in grayscale images and cannot fully use the unique characteristics of color images (such as the relationship between channels and color information). In addition, the performance of existing methods is unsatisfactory for low JPEG quality factors and in cross detection experiments. To solve these problems, we analyze the stability of a color image to obtain the convergence error and transposition error. According to the convergence characteristics of color JPEG images, the continuous compression by the same quantization matrix can make the JPEG image tend to be stable. The final stable state and the convergence process are determined by the number of compressions of the original image. Thus, continuously compressed JPEG images can be regarded as a continuous frame to obtain the convergence error. As the color image converges, its ability to resist interference decreases. To reflect the changes in anti-interference ability, the transposition operation is used to disturb the color JPEG image to obtain the transposition error. In addition, quaternion mapping is used to retain the relationship between continuously compressed JPEG images and enlarge the influence caused by transposition operation. In our experiments on several image databases, the proposed method outperforms existing methods in different settings.

A unified framework of deep unfolding for compressed color imaging

Traditional iterative-based reconstruction algorithms for compressed color imaging often suffer from long reconstruction time and low reconstruction accuracy at extreme low-rate subsampling. This paper proposes a model-driven deep learning framework for compressed color imaging. In the training step, extract the image blocks at the same position of the R, G, and B channel images as the ground truth, and then, singular value decomposition is performed on the measurement matrix to obtain the optimized measurement matrix and low-dimensional measurements; afterward, the ground-truth and optimized measurements are utilized to construct a large amount of training data pairs to train an ‘end-to-end’ deep unfolding model for compressed color imaging. In the test step, the single pretrained model is used to reconstruct high-quality images from optimized low-dimensional compressed measurements for each channel and synthesize a color image. Numerical experiments demonstrate that our proposed unified framework can achieve high accuracy and real-time reconstruction for the color image at extremely low subsampling rate.

Project starline

We present a real-time bidirectional communication system that lets two people, separated by distance, experience a face-to-face conversation as if they were copresent. It is the first telepresence system that is demonstrably better than 2D videoconferencing, as measured using participant ratings (e.g., presence, attentiveness, reaction-gauging, engagement), meeting recall, and observed nonverbal behaviors (e.g., head nods, eyebrow movements). This milestone is reached by maximizing audiovisual fidelity and the sense of copresence in all design elements, including physical layout, lighting, face tracking, multi-view capture, microphone array, multi-stream compression, loudspeaker output, and lenticular display. Our system achieves key 3D audiovisual cues (stereopsis, motion parallax, and spatialized audio) and enables the full range of communication cues (eye contact, hand gestures, and body language), yet does not require special glasses or body-worn microphones/headphones. The system consists of a head-tracked autostereoscopic display, high-resolution 3D capture and rendering subsystems, and network transmission using compressed color and depth video streams. Other contributions include a novel image-based geometry fusion algorithm, free-space dereverberation, and talker localization.

Data Hiding Method for Color AMBTC Compressed Images Using Color Difference

Image compression technology and copyright protection are certainly the important technologies for free exchange of multimedia. For compression of an image, we propose a color Absolute Moment Block Trucation Coding (AMBTC) method using a common bit-plane created by k-means. In addition, a data hiding method based on a color AMBTC using Optimal Pixel Adjustment Process (OPAP) was proposed for copyright protection and confidential secret communication. The number of quantization levels of the proposed color AMBTC is nine per block. Therefore, the edge of the compressed color image can be expressed more delicately. As a result of the simulation, it can be seen that the edge of the image of the color AMBTC is close to the original image. Moreover, the data hiding performance of the proposed method also obtained excellent results. For the experiment, we measured the quality of the image using the Color Difference (CD) we proposed, and the measurement result was very satisfactory.

ПРОМЫВКА СИСТЕМЫ СМАЗКИ ДВИГАТЕЛЕЙ ТРАКТОРОВ СОСТАВОМ НА ОСНОВЕ ОТРАБОТАННОГО МОТОРНОГО МАСЛА

In lubricating engine oil and on engine parts, depending on the engine operating time, a significant amount of contaminants, resins, oxidation products accumulate, which are deposited in the oil channels of the lubrication system, on the pistons, under the oil scraper rings. Based on the parametric data, a theoretical dependence was constructed to assess the relationship between the characteristics of the oil, an expression was obtained that determines the relationship between compression and oil color in the process of flushing the lubrication system. The differential function of the efficiency of restoring the operational properties of the engine is presented. To solve the existing problem, studies were carried out to simulate the process of removing deposits from the lubrication system with flushing oil. It has been established that used engine oil purified with clarification can be used as the basis for flushing oil. The dependence of the change in the contamination of the surface of the oil pipeline and the content of insoluble sediment in the oil on the time of flushing the lubrication system with purified waste oil has been obtained. A decrease in the contamination of the surface of the oil pipeline from 10 to 7 points and an increase in the content of insoluble impurities in the oil from 0.01% to 0.20% were determined. It was found that the addition of diesel fuel to the purified waste oil in the amount of 3% by volume does not lead to a significant increase in the washing properties of the oil. Additional enrichment of the cleaning mixture, consisting of purified used engine oil, 3% diesel fuel and potassium isopropoxide 3% wt, 3% wt dimethyl sulfoxide, reduces the point of contamination of the oil pipeline surface from 10 to 1 point. It has been established that the introduction of the entire complex of additives into the oil leads to an increase in the content of contamination in the developed oil composition after 40 minutes of washing from 0.01% to 0.45%.

Asymmetric color image encryption and compression based on discrete cosine transform in Fresnel domain

In this paper, a new asymmetric method is presented to encrypt and compress color images using discrete cosine transform in Fresnel domain. First, the input color image is decomposed into three channels: red, green and blue. Each channel image is converted into phase image and bonded with an amplitude mask followed by Fresnel transform to get the complex intermediate image. Phase reservation (PR) and phase truncation (PT) operation are performed on the intermediate image. Thereafter, a random phase mask is bonded with the amplitude part and the phase part serves as of the first private key for decryption. The complex image is Fresnel propagated followed by the second PR and PT operation. Phase part serve as another private key and the discrete cosine transform is applied on the amplitude part of each red, green and blue channel to get the corresponding compressed encrypted images. The final compressed color encrypted image is obtained by combining the encrypted images of all three channels. In the decryption process, encrypted image is decomposed in red, green and blue channel and lost data in each channel is replaced by zeros. Each channel is subject to inverse discrete cosine transform and cascaded PT/PR operations with Fresnel propagation in reverse directions and recombined to get the original image. Numerical simulation results are presented to validate the proposed method. Also, the robustness of the proposed method is checked against various existing attacks and a comparative analysis confirms the effectiveness of our method.

Meat quality attributes associated with woody breast and effect of location and freezing on breast fillet

Woody breast (WB) is a major myopathy in broilers characterized by hardness of the breast fillet and can be evaluated by human palpation with a severity scale of 0 (normal) to 3 (severe). The objective of this study was to determine fillet dimensions and meat quality factors that are associated with WB scores that may potentially be used for sorting purposes. A total of 206 broiler breast fillets (deboned at 3 h postmortem) were collected and scored for WB.Thickness and length (overall, cranial, caudal, and keel regions) of the Pectoralis major (whole butterfly) were measured with a caliper. Compression force (CF), pH, and color were measured. The right side of the butterfly fillet was frozen at −20°C for 48 h and thawed for 24 h, and then CF was measured along with cook loss, Meullenet-Owens Razor Shear, and blunt Meullenet-Owens Razor Shear. Pearson correlation coefficients and nominal logistic regression were determined.Measurement responses were compared for 4 categories of WB. The keel length measurement on the breast showed no difference (P > 0.05). However, the thickness was moderately correlated with WB score (r = 0.67) and could differentiate between the scores. In addition, CF of right side was higher than left side of fillets (P < 0.05). Freezing/storage significantly decreased (P < 0.05) CF of thawed fillets compared to chilled (nonfrozen) fillets. Cook loss increased (P < 0.05) as severity for WB increased. Peak counts for Meullenet-Owens Razor Shear and blunt Meullenet-Owens Razor Shear were higher (P < 0.05) for the severe compared to the lower levels of WB severity. In conclusion, meat quality differences were evident among the WB categories, differences in CF were observed between right and left fillets, and freezing/storage decreased hardness of fillets. Breast fillet dimensions along with L* value may potentially be used to identify WB, and this model of prediction of WB could be used in the industry to select the different WB categories in the development of sorting methods.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL TABLETS CONTAINING NYCTANTHES ARBOR-TRISTS LEAVES

Objective: To formulate arthritic pain relieving tablets and evaluation of tablets.&#x0D; Methods: The preparation of dry powder of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaves, 1% Acacia solution, 1%HPMC-10 solution, 1% Sodium alginate solution. The wet granulation method was used for the formulation of herbal tablets.&#x0D; Results: Based on the pre-formulation study, the flow property of granules was good. The physical parameters of compressed tablets color were Greenish white for F1 and F3 batch, Dark greenish-white color for F2batch. The weight variation test, hardness, thickness, friability and disintegration time for F1 batch was found to be [497±5%, 3.3±0.17, 4.00±0.005, 0.81%, 28] respectively, For F2 batch [506±5%, 3.13±0.01, 3.66±0.023, 1.43%, 25] respectively, For F3 batch [502.5±5%, 3.13±0.01, 3.96±0.001, 1.8%, 32] respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: The formulated herbal tablets were used to manage arthritic pain. Based on the results, it is concluded that the formulation and evaluation of herbal tablets were good.

Color image steganography scheme using gray invariant in AMBTC compression domain

In this paper, a novel color image steganography scheme using gray invariant in AMBTC compression domain is proposed. Unlike the conventional schemes, the proposed scheme embeds the secret data into a compressed color image while keeping gray pixel values intact. First, the proposed scheme partitions each color component (R, G, B) of a cover image into non-overlapping blocks with the same size and calculates the standard deviation and variance of the sub-block. Next, two least complex blocks having minimum variance out of the three-color blocks are compressed using dynamic AMBTC compression and the secret data is embedded into bit-planes of smooth compressed blocks. To keep the gray pixel values invariant, the pixel values of the most complex color block are adjusted according to the pixel intensity on the reconstructed compressed blocks. Therefore, the proposed scheme can reduce the size of the color image and embed a significant amount of data while keeping gray pixel values intact. The main advantages of the proposed scheme are: (1) reduces the required bandwidth for image transmission due to AMBTC compression, (2) preserves gray values of the original cover image, which helps in many applications such as black and white printing, fingerprint scanning and so on, (3) uses color plane blocks selectively for data hiding which makes the proposed scheme more robust, and (4) uses a dynamic AMBTC compression for least complex color planes, which helps in achieving good PSNR and high embedding capacity.

Visual object tracking with discriminative correlation filtering and hybrid color feature

The technology of visual object tracking based on correlation filter has good accuracy and efficiency. However, it is still necessary to be study further on the appearance model of the target, the scale variation of the target and so on. This paper proposes a tracking algorithm based on discriminative correlation filtering and a hybrid color feature. The hybrid color feature is composed of two parts, which are compressed color name features and Histogram of Oriented Gradient features based on opponent color space. These two parts features above are extracted from the target patch, respectively. For the first part, color-name features are extracted from a target patch firstly, and then block-based compressed color-name features are extracted according to these color-name features. For the second part, opponent color features are extracted from the target patch firstly, and then HOG features are extracted from these opponent color features. At the basis of the hybrid color feature, two different discriminative correlation filters are used to estimate the translation and the scale of the target, respectively. Finally, extensive experiments show that the tracking algorithm with the hybrid color features of this paper outperforming several state-of-the-art tracking algorithms.

Detecting salient objects in non-stationary video image sequence for analyzing user perceptions of digital video contents

The ubiquitous utilization of video applications in recent years has made research on video quality of experience paramount. Lack of sufficient bandwidth deters the effective transmission of raw video contents to users. This bandwidth challenge has given rise to encoders for compressing digital video contents for transmission over an internet protocol infrastructure. However, transmitting compressed video color images still has an intrinsic limitation of high bandwidth consumption. Simple linear iterative clustering algorithm was applied for binary segmentation of video color images to circumvent the challenge of efficiently transmitting video contents. Compressed binary segmented images are generally fast to transmit and require lower bandwidth consumption as opposed to compressed video color images. However, since color images contain more useful information than binary image counterparts, evaluation of binary segmentation results was performed using the mean opinion score metric to determine user quality of experience of the transmitted video contents. The practical application of our method will lead to the development of a novel encoder that can deliver binary video contents faster, hence solving the bandwidth hiccup.

Secured steganographic scheme for highly compressed color image using weighted matrix through DCT

Due to the rapid growth of internet technology and the advent of various image processing tools, people started using digital media for hidden communication to protect valuable information which is important for multimedia commercials, health-care, medical and defense applications. On the other hand, image authentication and tamper detection are essential, especially when it is utilized for evidence of legal action. In this paper, a weighted matrix based steganographic scheme has been designed for highly compressed (Quality Factor (QF) 40) color image through discrete cosine transform (DCT) to maintain a good balance between payload and imperceptibility. Here, the AC components are collected from quantized DCT coefficient matrices of YCbCr channel. Then, a series of original matrices are formed to hide secret data. The collection of AC components is controlled by 128 bits shared secret key. A predetermined weighted matrix is employed to select the embedding position within a coefficient matrix of a cover image through the sum of the entry-wise multiplication operation. The proposed scheme provides good embedding capacity with the high visual quality compared to existing state-of-the-art methods. Finally, different steganographic analysis and attacks are carried out to observe its imperceptibility and robustness.

Cross-Space Distortion Directed Color Image Compression

Traditional color image compression is usually conducted in the YCbCr space but many color displayers only accept RGB signals as inputs. Due to the use of a non-unitary matrix in the YCbCr-RGB conversion, low distortion achieved in the YCbCr space cannot guarantee low distortion for the RGB signals. To solve this problem, we propose a novel compression scheme for color images through defining a cross-space distortion so as to reduce as much as possible the distortion in the RGB space. To this end, we first derive the relationship between the distortions in the YCbCr space and RGB space. Then, we develop two solutions to implement color image compression for the most popular 4:2:0 chroma format. The first solution focuses on the design of a new spatial downsampling method to generate the 4:2:0 YCbCr image for a high-efficiency compression. The second one provides a novel way to reduce the distortion of the compressed color image by controlling the quantization error of the 4:2:0 YCbCr image, especially the one generated by using the traditional spatial downsampling. Experimental results show that both proposed solutions offer a remarkable quality gain over some state-of-the-art approaches when tested on various textured color images.

Towards a unified multiresolution vision model for autonomous ground robots

While remotely operated unmanned vehicles are increasingly a part of everyday life, truly autonomous robots capable of independent operation in dynamic environments have yet to be realized — particularly in the case of ground robots required to interact with humans and their environment. We present a unified multiresolution vision model for this application designed to provide the wide field of view required to maintain situational awareness and sufficient visual acuity to recognize elements of the environment while permitting feasible implementations in real-time vision applications. The model features a kind of color-constant processing through single-opponent color channels and contrast invariant oriented edge detection using a novel implementation of the Combination of Receptive Fields model. The model provides color and edge-based salience assessment, as well as a compressed color image representation suitable for subsequent object identification. We show that bottom-up visual saliency computed using this model is competitive with the current state-of-the-art while allowing computation in a compressed domain and mimicking the human visual system with nearly half (45%) of computational effort focused within the fovea. This method reduces storage requirement of the image pyramid to less than 5% of the full image, and computation in this domain reduces model complexity in terms of both computational costs and memory requirements accordingly. We also quantitatively evaluate the model for its application domain by using it with a camera/lens system with a 185°field of view capturing 3.5M pixel color images by using a tuned salience model to predict human fixations.

Application of 16-State TCM-UGM and TCM for Improving the Quality of Compressed Color Image Transmission

Abstract —The aim of this paper is to investigate the quality of transmitted color images using 16-state TCM-UGM or TCM channel code over Rayleigh fading channel. Considering SPIHT-based compression algorithm and image quality metrics (IQMs), the simulation results for throughput of 2 bit/s/Hz, showed that the communication system using TCM-UGM allows better performance compared to TCM and better protects the compressed color image during transmission. For transmission tests compressed colors images, the TCM-UGM system outperforms the performance of the TCM by 3 dB at BER = -10 5 and 4.59 dB at FER = 3.10 -3 . For example, for Lena color image, the 16-state TCM-UGM system gives best performance that the 16-state TCM system. The gain is the 5.02 dB and 17.90 % for the PSNR and MMSIM respectively. Index Terms —TCM-UGM, TCM, compressed color image, SPIHT. I. I NTRODUCTION The trellis-coded modulation (TCM) was introduced by Ungerboeck in 1982 [1]. This coding technique improves error performance of synchronous data links without sacrificing data rate or requiring more bandwidth. This is achieved by channel coding with expanded sets of multilevel/phase signals in a manner which increases free Euclidean distance. The TCM codes can be interpreted as binary convolutional codes with a mapping of coded bits into channel signals using mapping by set partitioning. A new variant of the TCM modulation based on Ungerboeck mapping combined with Gray coding, called ‗Trellis-Coded Modulation with Ungerboeck-Gray Mapping‘ (TCM-UGM) has been proposed by Bassou [2]. Bassou and Djebbari have proposed this new schema for a spectral efficiency greater than or equal to 3 bits/s/Hz. The difference between these two structures resides in the positioning of the uncoded bits out in the encoder. Indeed, for TCM-UGM the uncoded bits are placed before the parity bit. The latter cannot in any way represent the MSB or the LSB of the transmitted symbol. In the absence of uncoded bits, the TCM-UGM is equivalent to the proposed Ungerboeck TCM. A variant of the TCM-UGM for spectral efficiency of 2 bits/s/Hz, 8PSK modulation and rate equal to 2/3 is proposed by Benaissa

New Contribution on Compression Color Images: Analysis and Synthesis for Telemedicine Applications

The wavelets are a recent tool for signal processing analysis, for multiple time scale. It gives rise to many applications in various fields such as geophysics, astrophysics, telecommunications, imaging, and video coding. They are the basis of new analytical techniques and signal synthesis and some nice applications for general problems such as compression. This paper introduces an application for color medical image compression based on the wavelet transform coupled with SPI HT coding algorithm. In order to enhance the compression by this algorithm, we have compared the results obtained with wavelet transform application in natural, medical and satellite color image field. For this reason, we evaluated two parameters known for their calculation speed. The first parameter is the PSNR; the second is MSSIM (structural similarity) j m n j l k f A m l h n k h f A 1 , , 2 2

Variable-Rate Quadtree-segmented Block Truncation Coding for Color Image Compression

A novel color image compression scheme based on block truncation coding is proposed in this paper. In this scheme, the quadtree segmentation technique is employed to partition the color image into variable-sized image blocks according to its block activities. Then, the block truncation coding scheme with the bit map omission technique is employed to encode the image blocks. According to the experimental results, the proposed scheme significantly cuts down the bit rates while keeping good reconstructed image qualities of the compressed color images.

Thermal effects on the physical properties of limestone from the Yucatan Peninsula

ABSTRACTRocks are composed of minerals, bounding matrix, cracks and pores. The study of changes in the physical properties of rocks as a function of heat treatment is relevant to various engineering and industrial applications. The effect of thermal damage on the compression, strength, ultimate compression strain, color and loss of mass of two different limestones extracted from the Yucatan Peninsula is studied. Different thermal treatments are applied by heating the sample from room temperature up to 600°C, with steps of 100°C. The results show a high correlation between the heat transport characteristics, mechanical properties, content of organic matter and the presence of carbonates and iron oxides in each type of limestone rock.