Compressed Air Energy Storage Research Articles

Two-phase Fluid Solid Coupling Modeling: Theory, Numerical Model, and Application

Underground compressed air energy storage (CAES) is seen as an important and promising way for balancing electrical power system. Many large-scale CAES projects (≥300 MW) are being planned in China, some of which have already been permitted for construction. Despite the benefits from CAES, some challenges arise in area of construction technology, operation system, maintenance and monitoring methods. One of the challenges lies in the evaluation of air leakage effect on flow and stress field around the underground cavern. Therefore, considering the actual physical field characteristics, the mathematical formula of mass conservation equations for air and water in porous media, as well as equilibrium equations for solid mechanics are established first and then coupled together for numerical solutions. The constitutive models for solid and porous fluid adopt classical elastic and Darcy’s law respectively, while the air-water interaction adopts classical van-Genuchten model and contributes to solid mechanics by pore pressure. Numerical implementations are based on secondary development to COMSOL software. Then interpretations to simulation results and the comparison with results not taking damage effect into account are made.

Characteristics Analysis of Integrated CAES and CFPP Trigeneration System Considering Working Conditions and Application Scenarios

To meet the goal of worldwide decarbonization, the transformation process toward clean and green energy structures has accelerated. In this context, coal-fired power plant (CFPP) and large-scale energy storage represented by compressed air energy storage (CAES) technology, are tasked with increasing renewable resource accommodation and maintaining the power system security. To achieve this, this paper proposes the concept of a CFPP–CAES combined cycle and a trigenerative system based on that. Considering the working conditions of the CFPP, thermal characteristics of three typical operation modes were studied and some general regularities were identified. The results of various potential integration schemes discussion indicated that extracting water from low-temperature points in the feedwater system to cool pressurized air and simultaneously increase the backwater temperature is beneficial for improving performance. In addition, preheating the pressurized air before the air expanders via low-grade water in the feedwater system as much as possible and reducing extracted steam contribute to increasing the efficiency. With the optimal integration scheme, 2.85 tonnes of coal can be saved per cycle and the round-trip efficiency can be increased by 2.24%. Through the cogeneration of heat and power, the system efficiency can reach 77.5%. In addition, the contribution degree of the three compression heat utilization methods to the performance improvement ranked from high to low, is preheating the feedwater before the boiler, supplying heat, and flowing into the CFPP feedwater system. In the cooling energy generation mode, the system efficiency can be increased to over 69%. Regardless of the operation mode, the benefit produced by integration is further enhanced when the CFPP operates at higher operating conditions because the coupling points parameters are changed. In addition, the dynamic payback period can be shortened by 11.33 years and the internal rate of return increases by 5.20% under a typical application scenario. Regarding the effect of different application scenarios in terms of economics, investing in the proposed system is more appropriate in regions with multiple energy demands, especially heating demand. These results demonstrate the technical advantages of the proposed system and provide guiding principles for its design, operation, and project investment.

Solar photovoltaic coupled with compressed air energy storage: A novel method for energy saving and high quality sprinkler irrigation

Solar photovoltaic coupled with compressed air energy storage: A novel method for energy saving and high quality sprinkler irrigation

Synergetic performance of gas turbine combined cycle unit with inlet cooled by quasi-isobaric ACAES exhaust

Gas power generation units are challenged with peak regulation in the new power system characterized by high proportion of renewables. In aim to enhance the part-load performance and the peak-regulation capacity of gas turbine combined cycle (GTCC) power units, a synergetic power system of GTCC integrated by an isobaric and adiabatic compressed air energy storage (IACAES) was proposed, where the compressor inlet air in the gas turbine was directly mixed and cooled by the ACAES exhaust. Based on the demand load distribution of a GTCC unit and the off-design performance, the parameters of the IACAES were designed for the proposed synergetic system (SS), and comparatively for the benchmark integrated system (BS) without compressor inlet cooling. The peak-regulation performances of the proposed synergetic system were investigated and compared with those of the standalone GTCC as well as the benchmark system. The case study in a 67.3 MW GTCC indicates that, in the range of the ambient temperature from 283.15 to 308.15 K, the GTCC operative efficiency considerably enhances by averagely 0.943% resulting from the power shifting. The IACAES discharging power and roundtrip efficiency in SS are 10.5% lower than those in BS. An average negative gap of system efficiency in SS reaches 0.199% versus BS. However, GTCC inlet cooling by IACAES exhaust enhances the power capacity of the unit averagely by 1330.88 kW, and the peak-regulation capacity increases averagely by 10.59% compared to that in the standalone GTCC. The peak-regulation capacity enhances by 1.98% versus BS. The synergetic cooling effect weakens with the reduction in the ambient temperature and the charging air pressure.

Stress redistribution in a multilayer chamber for compressed air energy storage in abandoned coalmine: Elastic analytical insights and material choice

AbstractCompressed air energy storage (CAES) is attracting attention as one of large‐scale renewable energy storage systems. Its gas storage chamber is one of key components for its success. A successful utilization of an abandoned coalmine roadway depends on the stability of the gas storage chamber. The chamber is a multilayer structure and the redistribution of the stress and displacement in each layer is critical to the chamber stability. So far, this redistribution mechanism under any lateral pressure coefficient and internal air pressure has been unclear and thus a quick and easy evaluation on the CAES chamber stability becomes difficult. In this study, the redistributions of stress and displacement in each layer are analytically solved based on complex variable function theory. First, the stress and displacement in three CAES multilayer structures are obtained under any lateral pressure coefficient and internal air pressure. Then, a comprehensive parameter b1 is obtained to describe the redistribution of stress and displacement in rock mass, lining layer, and grout layer. Its linkage with lateral pressure coefficient, internal air pressure, and material properties is analytically expressed. Thirdly, an analytical expression is obtained for the influence range of internal air pressure on chamber stress. Finally, the role and selection of lining and grouting layers are explored at different lateral pressure coefficient and internal air pressure. It is found that the CAES chamber stability can be effectively and quickly evaluated by these analytical solutions and comprehensive parameters and enhanced by a material with low bulk modulus but high shear modulus.

From theory to practice: Evaluating the thermodynamic design landscape of compressed air energy storage systems

Compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems offer significant potential as large-scale physical energy storage technologies. Given the increasing global emphasis on carbon reduction strategies and the rapid growth of renewable energy sources, CAES has garnered considerable attention. However, the optimal design of CAES systems presents challenges due to the intricate coupling of multiple parameters, complex physical processes, and highly variable operating conditions. This paper comprehensively reviews three key aspects related to CAES optimal design. Firstly, it examines system analysis and optimization methodologies. Secondly, it investigates the off-design characteristics of CAES systems. Lastly, it explores system design methodologies specifically addressing off-design operations. Notably, the corresponding-point methodology (CPM) is proposed as a means to provide clearer guidance for system improvements. Future research should aim to combine CPM with traditional methods to establish more efficient and intuitive system optimization approaches. Furthermore, the exploration of active off-design regulation strategies, including the integration of various adjustment methods and multistage combined regulation for CAES systems experiencing wide load fluctuations, requires further investigation. Novel CAES configurations that enable efficient off-design conditions should also be explored, despite the inherent complexities associated with regulation and control. Finally, a coupled design methodology based on off-design operation data and probabilistic-load factor analysis is presented. This paper provides valuable insights and guidance for the optimal design and study of CAES systems.

Cogeneration systems of solar energy integrated with compressed air energy storage systems: A comparative study of various energy recovery strategies

Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is considered to be one of the most promising large-scale energy storage technologies to address the challenges of source-grid-load-storage integration. However, the integration strategies of CAES with renewable energy sources (RES), driven by the goal of enhancing system efficiency, have not been fully explored. In this paper, a unique energy allocation strategy is introduced for a CAES system when coupled with solar energy. Intermittent solar energy is transformed into a consistent heat source, jointly preheating the air entering the turbines with compression heat. Besides, three cogeneration systems with different waste heat recovery strategies are designed and compared. Based on the basic integration of CAES and solar collection system (SCS), heat pump (HP) and organic rankine cycle (ORC) are progressively introduced to recover waste heat from compressors and SCS, respectively. Finally, parametric studies and energy, exergy, economic (3E) analysis for the three cogeneration systems are conducted. The results show that the system integrated with HP presents the best system power efficiency (SPE) of 38.9% and system energy efficiency (SENE) of 99.6%. The basic integration system presents the best power-to-power (P2P) efficiency of 57.4%. Additionally, it offers the best economic performance with a levelized cost of storage (LCOS) of 0.520 $/kWh. Besides, the introduction of HP can improve the economic and electricity conversion performance when the air release pressure is in the low-pressure region, but also increases exergy destruction caused by the large temperature difference of heat exchangers. The introduction of ORC raises the overall costs caused by its complex components, but has little effect on system exergy destruction. Finally, by comparing with existing studies, the superiority of the proposed CAES and SCS integration strategy is validated.

Analysis of compression/expansion stage on compressed air energy storage cogeneration system

Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) technology has risen as a promising approach to effectively store renewable energy. Optimizing the efficient cascading utilization of multi-grade heat can greatly improve the efficiency and overall system performance. Particularly, the number of compressor and expander stages is a critical factor in determining the system’s performance. In this study, we focused on the Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage system with Combined Heat and Power (AA-CAES -CHP). Both economic and thermodynamic models were established for the AA-CAES-CHP system. To systematically study the effects of compression and expansion stages, the influence of 3 different compressor stages and expander stages was comprehensively analyzed under 4 operating conditions. Key findings reveal that the count of compressor and expander stages have a notable impact on the exergy losses of the AA-CAES-CHP system. As for the investment cost, the proportion of investment cost for expanders decreases when the stage numbers of compressors and expanders are the same. Furthermore, both thermodynamic and economic characteristics allow us to optimize the AA-CAES-CHP system’s performance. One of our cases demonstrates that doubling the air mass flow rate results in a doubled total energy output with a relatively modest increase (41.1%–65.1%) in the total investment cost.

Compressed Air Energy Storage as a Battery Energy Storage System for Various Application Domains: A Review

The recent increase in the use of carbonless energy systems have resulted in the need for reliable energy storage due to the intermittent nature of renewables. Among the existing energy storage technologies, compressed-air energy storage (CAES) has significant potential to meet techno-economic requirements in different storage domains due to its long lifespan, reasonable cost, and near-zero self-decay. When viewed as a battery system, the key performance metrics of CAES, like energy density (ED), round trip efficiency (RTE), and the depth of discharge (DoD), have poor values when compared with other battery technologies in similar domains. This prevents CAES from transitioning to a state-of-the-art form of energy storage. This paper reviews the transition of CAES concepts from carbonized to carbonless types of CAES, along with different single-objective optimization strategies and their effects on the overall system’s performance. It was discovered that competing performance metrics attributes cause single-objective optimization to have trade-offs that worsen at least one other preferred metric. The topology limitations of the generic CAES design were noted to prevent its use in different domains. To ensure that the optimal convergence of subsystem parameters is retained during charging and discharging periods, a suitable topology and subunit combinations for different domains are necessary. Possible options for solving these problems are identified so that the effects of the trade-offs imposed by optimization are either suppressed or eliminated.

A novel multi-generation energy harvesting system integrating photovoltaic and solid oxide fuel cell technologies

This paper designs a new multi-generation system based on solar tower power supply, integrating a solid oxide fuel cell-gas turbine system, a supercritical recompressed carbon dioxide cycle, a Rankine cycle, an organic Rankine cycle, a compressed air energy storage system and a liquefied natural gas system. The aim is to overcome the intermittent and unstable nature of the solar power supply and ensure continuous power generation throughout the day, as well as improving the energy efficiency of the solar power system and minimising exhaust emissions from the integrated system. The system is modelled and evaluated in terms of energy, exergy, environment and economy. The results show the solar system energy efficiency of 10.09%, the total system energy efficiency of 19.28%, a round-trip efficiency of 58.66% and an exergetic round-trip efficiency of 52.06%, preventing the emission of 2090 tons of CO2 (a total of $50175 in environmental fines) per year. Finally, the proposed system was applied to a case study in the Xixiangtang district of Nanning, China, where the system, combined with real data, produced 24.8 MWh of electricity on the day with the highest direct of normal irradiance. In addition, the results of the economic analysis show the dynamic payback period is 6.9 years.

Integrated simulation-based calibration and sensitivity analysis of a compressed air energy storage system

Wind energy systems show tremendous potential toward the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; however, the rate of generation of this mode of clean energy remains predominantly intermittent, since it is produced by constantly changing natural drivers, such as wind availability and wind velocity. In this work, a novel framework is proposed which combines a modular process simulator, and a Python environment, to calibrate the operation, and perform a sensitivity analysis of a compressed air energy storage system (CAES) system. Six operational variables are identified via various Monte-Carlo simulations, and a SOBOL analysis of the results highlight three key variables that significantly influence the two primary outputs of a CAES system: the LCOE and the exergy destroyed. Our results successfully identify two novel design metrics that can inform D-CAES design and optimization, for future simulation and experimental works targeted toward wind energy capture and storage.

Numerical simulation on cavern support of compressed air energy storage(CAES)considering thermo-mechanical coupling effect

A reasonable support could ensure the stability and tightness of underground caverns for compressed air energy storage (CAES). In this study, ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) and high-temperature resistant polyethylene were used for structural support and tightness of caverns excavated in hard rock. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the fatigue tensile and compressive behavior of UHPC, and a fatigue damage constitutive model for UHPC was established. A two-dimensional precise thermal-mechanical coupled dynamic model of long-term CAES was developed by the finite element method. Stress and damage evolution of the UHPC lining for both short and long term have been stated, and the extent of crack propagation was evaluated. The numerical result proves that the qualities of rock have significant effect on stabilities of CAES. Finally, transient heat transfer equations and energy balance were used to analyze the heat transfer for CAES, which showed that the thermal stress caused by temperature variation would cause an increment of tensile stress in UHPC lining, and the energy loss rate would decrease to a certain level during CAES cycles. This creative cavern support provides a new method for the design of CAES in the future.

Performance study of the supplemental combustion type compressed air energy storage system

Compressed air energy storage technology is considered to be the most promising energy storage technology, but it has not been applied commercially on a large scale, partly because of the low system efficiency, with the existing efficiency being about 70%. To improve the round trip efficiency of the system, this paper proposes a supplementary combustion compressed air energy storage system based on adiabatic compressed air energy storage. The system adds supplementary combustion equipment to increase expansion machines’ inlet air temperature by burning fuels such as syngas, hydrogen, and natural gas to increase the power generation of the system. The thermodynamic performance analysis has been conducted through the thermodynamic model of the system, and the effects of parameters such as compressor discharge temperature, supplementary combustion, and air-fuel ratio on the system performance have been further investigated. The research results show that the efficiency of the system is improved by nearly 6% compared with the conventional adiabatic compressed air energy storage system. Meanwhile, the system’s round-trip efficiency can be further increased by appropriately raising the compressor discharge temperature and supplemental combustion quantity.

Experimental Investigation on the Performance of Compressors for Small-Scale Compressed Air Energy Storage in Parallel Mode

The Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) system is a promising energy storage technology that has the advantages of low investment cost, high safety, long life, and is clean and non-polluting. The compressor/expander is the core equipment of the CAES system, and its performance has a decisive impact on the overall system efficiency and economic performance. Based on the pneumatic motor, this study proposes and designs a test bench of the CAES system that integrates compression and expansion functions. The off-design operation condition represented by the pressure change in the air tank has an important influence on the efficiency and economy of the CAES system. The effect of key parameters such as air tank pressure, torque, and mass flow rate on the output and efficiency of the compressor is investigated. When the CAES system is operating in energy storage mode, the compressor must continuously deliver gas to the gas storage. The working pressure of the compressor increases with the pressure in the air tank, so the compressor used for energy storage must operate continuously over a wide range of working conditions. The parallel operation mode of the compressor is proposed to improve the working condition range of the compressor torque and current, and improve the isotropic efficiency. When the air receiver pressure is 2.6 bar and the rotational speed is 2850 r/min, the power consumption of the compressor reaches the maximum value of approximately 1233.1 W. This new parallel mode could provide a CAES unit a systematic solution.

Enhanced compression heat recovery of coupling thermochemical conversion to trigenerative compressed air energy storage system: Systematic sensitivity analysis and multi-objective optimization

Compressed air energy storage system has been considered as a promising alternative solution for stabilizing the electricity production driven by intermittent renewable energy sources. However, the inefficient utilization of thermal energy within the compressed air energy storage system hinders the efficient operation of system. Therefore, a novel trigenerative system integrated compressed air and chemical energy storage system is introduced in this study. The proposed system transforms the compression heat to the syngas in the form of chemical energy to achieve energy level upgradation during the charging process, and recuperates the thermal energy at the exit of the gas turbine to increase the inlet temperature of the compressed air for electricity enhancement during the discharging process. The residual heat during the operation process is then conducted for producing cooling and heating outputs simultaneously based on the law of energy cascade utilization. A systematic parametric analysis is carried out to investigate the effects of critical parameters on system comprehensive performance. Furthermore, the multi-objective optimization is employed to find the optimal trade-off among the thermodynamic performance, economic attractiveness and environmental friendliness of the proposed system. The parametric analysis indicates that the operating parameters of air compressor and gas turbine affect the performance indicators of thermodynamic and economic significantly. Moreover, at the best trade-off solution selected by the TOPSIS method, the system reaches 42.96 % of exergetic round trip efficiency, 105.28 $/MWh of levelized cost of energy and 206.94 kg/MWh of CO2 emission per unit energy output.

Liquid piston based on molecular springs for energy storage applications

Liquid piston is a method for pressure transmission used in a wide range of technologies. Currently, liquid piston is a passive element solely used to apply pressure to a working body. In this work, the concept of liquid piston based on molecular springs – an active element, which can store a considerable amount of mechanical energy, apart from its main function, which is pressure transmission is proposed. To demonstrate the concept, the {Cu2(tebpz) MOF + H2O} molecular spring was characterized by employing high-pressure intrusion-extrusion cycling, atomistic simulations, in situ neutrons scattering, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Using compressed air energy storage (CAES) as a case study, it is demonstrated that energy density for this technology can be enhanced ∼5 times by replacing water with a water-based molecular spring. Apart from increased energy density, liquid piston based on molecular spring improves thermal management of CAES systems, enables narrow operational pressure ranges and provides an anti-vibration feature to mitigate undesired vibrations or impacts. The liquid piston based on molecular spring concept can be useful for a broad range of technologies, where pressure transmission is implemented through fluids.

AHP algorithm used to select suitable abandoned underground mines for energy storage infrastructure – iCAES technology. A specific case study for León (Spain)

In the energy transition, the promotion of renewable sources entails the development of storage technologies to manage the mismatch between energy production and demand. In this scenario, the use of CAES (Compressed Air Energy Storage) technology enables the efficient and cost-effective storage of large amounts of energy. However, this technology is developed in salt domes who have an inherent risk associated of underground exploration phase. To address this, we propose to develop an infrastructure (iCAES) in abandoned underground mines, where the exploration phase is completed and well known. For its implementation, this paper defines a structure hierarchization method gathers the technical and socio-economic criteria. It involves a multi-criteria problem, and the correct selection of the location must be based on specific mathematical algorithms. For this case the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) from multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods allows quantified by means of a scientific and mathematical scale and the assignment of weights, so that it is possible to evaluate different alternatives. This is possible thanks to the application of the AHP model in absolute terms. The information gathering has been based on the specific case study of coal basins in the north of Spain, in the region of León. Considering the proposed methodology, the most suitable alternative locations to implement iCAES in the region of León were identified.

Study on the thermodynamic performance of a coupled compressed air energy storage system in a coal-fired power plant

Coupled energy storage can improve flexibility levels, increase renewable energy consumption, and alleviate the energy crisis of thermal power systems. In this article, 11 coupling schemes for the CAES and CFPP systems are proposed, and a mathematical model for the coupled system is established. An optimal coupling scheme is determined through simulation analysis and comparison by using the heat rate and energy utilization coefficient as evaluation indicators. In the energy release stage, the energy utilization coefficient of the coupled system increases by 2.842 %, and the heat rate in the energy storage stage decreases by 50.546 kJ · (kWh) −1, with a return water temperature of 120 °C. The effects of key parameters, such as compressor inlet air temperature, storage chamber pressure, and expander inlet temperature, on the thermodynamic performance of the coupled system are explored, and the NSGA-II multiobjective optimization algorithm and TOPSIS optimization algorithm are used to optimize the key parameters and obtain the optimal performance-related parameters of the system: a compressor inlet air temperature of 35 °C, expander inlet air temperature of 105.4 °C, and storage pressure of 9.105 MPa. At this time, the RTE of the system is 55.573 %, and the ηhe value is 1.59. The results indicate that the coupled CAES energy storage stage can assist the CFPP in absorbing renewable energy, and the energy release stage can alleviate the pressure of its high electricity load demand, effectively improving its flexibility.

Comparative evaluation of advanced adiabatic compressed gas energy storage systems

Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is a mature electrical energy storage option among different types of energy storage technologies. The positive environmental attributes of the advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage (AA-CAES) arise from a lack of the need for a combustion chamber. Taking into account the thermodynamic properties and economic considerations, a new approach has been adopted to investigate the effect of various working fluid specifications on the overall performance of the AA-CAES system. This approach involves utilizing hydrogen and nitrogen as working fluid. The technical evaluation includes energy and exergy analysis supported by economic and parametric analysis for advanced adiabatic compressed hydrogen storage (AA-CHES) systems and in addition, an advanced adiabatic compressed nitrogen storage (AA-CNES) is also considered. The results of the thermodynamic analysis illustrate the performance measurements parameters for round-trip efficiency and exergy round-trip efficiency for AA-CHES, AA-CNES, and AA-CAES are equal to 55.05 % - 63.47 %, 54.74 % - 63.16 %, and 54.5 % - 62.91 %, respectively. It is clear that changing the working fluid improves the performance of the studied system. The payback period for AA-CNES, AA-CAES, and AA-CHES are 1.2, 1.3, and 5.4 years, respectively. Additionally, the parametric investigations reveal the influential behaviors of the design parameters on the main output of the system.

Power control of PV and grid-assisted CAES system integrated into SONATRACH LPG SP1 ELR1 pumping station with thermal energy recovery from flared LPG

The Algerian National Company for the Transport and Marketing of Hydrocarbons (SONATRACH) provides crude oil, natural gas, condensate, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which recorded an average invoiced electricity consumption of 1.3 M$/yr from 2017 to 2022 for Region of Transport Haoud El-Hamra (RTH) alone. LPG SP1 ELR1 (Pumping Station 1 of Expansion Line 1 at Alrar-Hassi R’mel), as one of the RTH pumping stations, indicated a considerable electricity supply through three 220 KV overhead electrical lines, reduced to 5.5 KV using the transformers to ensure a station input power of around 4.5 MW, representing a loss of 21 % of annual consumption. However, the input power is never fully utilized by the station and paid on average 391.6 K$/yr added to equipping the station with transformers at an extra cost of 1.78 M$ and the power outages from the grid resulting in significant losses of 105.6 K$/h in pumped LPG sales. This paper presents the first process study of a photovoltaic (PV) and electrical grid-assisted Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) system integrated into the LPG SP1 ELR1 with the flared LPG recovery to achieve electrical independence, and it includes a system analysis on process optimization, cost, and environmental impact. The study discusses a combination of PV, electrical grid, and, in particular, the CAES process simulated using ASPEN HYSYS software to control its output power, including three scenarios: without air thermal energy recovery (ATER), with ATER, and with LPG thermal energy recovery (LPG-TER). According to the results, the CAES with LPG-TER demonstrated a more than 100 % increase in power delivery, corresponding to approximately 10 MW of generated power compared to input power of 4.5 MW, thus exceeding the needs of the pumping station by two times. In addition, the comparison with the literature-mentioned competing systems underscores the system's superiority, with a 32 %, 55 %, and 66–68 % improvement over D-CAES, I-CAES, and A-CAES, respectively. The study revealed that achieving power grid independence through the CAES system resulted in annual capital and operating cost savings of 2.22 M$/yr. Adopting the CAES system can significantly reduce CO2 emissions from natural gas combustion to power the grid, resulting in a 29 % decrease in combined emissions from LPG and natural gas. The study's extended findings to similar SONATRACH pumping stations show a reducing CO2 emissions by 22.17 % and savings of 3679 MW/yr. Beyond SONATARCH, the system offers savings and flaring reduction from 100 MW/day and 5.28 bbl/day up to 42400 MW/day and 2329.5 bbl/day.