Comprehensive Timeline Research Articles

American Libraries, 1730–1950

The newest and final book to be released in the Visual Sourcebook series celebrates beautiful libraries and their designs from 1730 to 1950. The Visual Sourcebook series, published in conjunction with the Library of Congress, serves as an entry point to Library of Congress visual collections, focusing on the images rather than on an argument or narrative. Kenneth Breisch holds a PhD in art history from the University of Michigan and has numerous publications on the history of American library design. With over 450 images highlighted in the sourcebook, Breisch uses introductory remarks to each section and captions on many of the images to provide further information and context. He focuses on the architectural design and functionality of the library building and the changing needs of library spaces.Introductory material provides a broad overview of the history and evolution of libraries and the ways in which libraries have captivated the minds and imaginations of both authors and architects. Breisch argues that the fundamental requirements of a library have remained stable over time: ample shelving for storage of books; quiet, comfortable places for patrons to read; stations for the distribution of books and information; and spaces for administrative activities. Breisch centers his discussion of libraries and the chosen images around these four functions and the architectural style of the buildings.The vast collection of images held at the Library of Congress allows Breisch to create a comprehensive timeline of library structures and design from the earliest freestanding personal library built in 1745 through more recently designed structures. The images are organized into different sections, including early collections, public libraries—both large and small—private libraries, and academic libraries. Breisch also includes a section on democratization where he discusses bookmobiles and makeshift libraries in military, migrant, and refugee camps. An entire chapter is devoted to the design and creation of the Library of Congress buildings, mostly focusing on the renowned Jefferson Building.In choosing what to discuss and which images to include, Breisch often focuses on important firsts—such as the first freestanding academic library or the first fireproof library—and shifts in design styles, the profession, and the function of the library. Shifts in design were often a product of need, due to growing collections, changes in policies, and even the input of librarians themselves. Book hall libraries, such as the Peabody Library featured on the dust jacket, consisted of large, two-story open rooms with shelving on either side of the space. Library planning literature of the 1850s advocated for book hall storage, which was beautiful and impressive.Librarians will be gratified to read Breisch's discussion of the ways in which librarians became critics of library planning, pushing for designs that were more practical. Architects began discussing their designs with librarians and Breisch gives credit to both the architects and librarians involved in the projects. Many librarians claimed that book halls were an inefficient use of space, caused damage to books due to overheating certain areas of the stacks, and proved inconvenient for staff to pull books. The idea that the building should serve a use rather than create an impressive public space changed the ways in which libraries were designed. In 1847 Williams College made the first attempt to incorporate modern library planning theory into the design of the library, with a librarian and an architect working together in the planning. This collaboration created the panoptic design, in which a centralized desk space allowed a librarian to monitor most spaces within the library building.American Libraries has a wider focus than many other books on this subject, which focus on only one type of library, such as David Kaser's The Evolution of the Academic Library Building or Books and Blueprints: Building America's Public Libraries by Donald Oehlerts. This allows Breisch to integrate different types of libraries and provide a wider overview of the history of libraries as a whole, but necessitates less depth in his coverage of the different areas. Therefore, this book is a great entry point into library history.With the focus of the book on the images in the Library of Congress collection, the narrative becomes disjointed at times and sometimes repeats and loops back around to earlier points. However, there is a surprising amount of information provided in the captions of images. By paying attention to these, and through the essays that introduce each section, one can learn a great deal about the history of libraries in the United States, especially in terms of design, practice, and function.This book will appeal to a wide audience, including architects, bibliophiles, librarians, and collectors. The emphasis on images makes it a great coffee-table book to be picked up and leafed through leisurely, while the information presented—though not in a traditional format—makes it an educational read.

The Next Frontier in Melt Electrospinning: Taming the Jet

AbstractThere is a specialized niche for the electrohydrodynamic jetting of melts, from biomedical products to filtration and soft matter applications. The next frontier includes optics, microfluidics, flexible electronic devices, and soft network composites in biomaterial science and soft robotics. The recent emphasis on reproducibly direct‐writing continual molten jets has enabled a spectrum of contemporary microscale 3D objects to be fabricated. One strong suit of melt processing is the capacity for the jet to solidify rapidly into a fiber, thus fixing a particular structure into position. The ability to direct‐write complex and multiscaled architectures and structures has greatly contributed to a large number of recent studies, explicitly, toward fiber–hydrogel composites and fugitive inks, and has expanded into several biomedical applications such as cartilage, skin, periosteum, and cardiovascular tissue engineering. Following the footsteps of a publication that summarized melt electrowriting literature up to 2015, the most recent literature from then until now is reviewed to provide a continuous and comprehensive timeline that demonstrates the latest advances as well as new perspectives for this emerging technology.

Making Sense of Making Meat: Key Moments in the First 20 Years of Tissue Engineering Muscle to Make Food.

Cultured/clean/cell-based meat (CM) now has a near two decade history of laboratory research, commencing with the early NASA-funded work at Touro College and the bioarts practice of the Tissue Culture and Art project. Across this period the field, or as it is now more commonly termed, the “space,” has developed significantly while promoting different visions for what CM is and can do, and the best mechanisms for delivery. Here we both analyse and critically engage with this near-twenty year period as a productive provocation to those engaged with CM, or considering becoming so. This paper is not a history of the field, and does not offer a comprehensive timeline. Instead it identifies significant activities, transitions, and moments in which key meanings and practices have taken form or exerted influence. We do this through analyzing two related themes: the CM “institutional context” and the CM “interpretative package.” The former, the institutional context, refers to events and infrastructures that have come into being to support and shape the CM field, including university activities, conferences, third sector groups, various potential funding mechanisms, and the establishment of a start-up sector. The latter, the interpretative package, refers to the constellation of factors that shape or assert how CM should be understood, including the various names used to describe it, accounts of what it will achieve, and most recently, the emergent regulatory discussions that frame its legal standing. Across the paper we argue it is productive to think of the CM community in terms of a first and second wave. The first wave was more university-based and broadly covers the period from the millennium until around the 2013 cultured burger event. The second wave saw the increasing prevalence of a start-up culture and the circuits of venture capital interest that support it. Through this analysis we seek to provoke further reflection upon how the CM community has come to be as it is, and how this could develop in the future.

The Journey of Justice: Recounting Milestones over the Past Six Decades

Organizational justice has come a long way in the last six decades. Through the 1950s until the 2000s, it diverged from being a single-dimensional construct (distributive justice) to a four-dimensional construct (distributive, procedural, interpersonal and informational justice). However, by the mid-1980s, it again started moving towards convergence in the form of integrative and overall justice. This article provides a comprehensive timeline review of major historical milestones in this interesting journey of justice. It chronicles the relevant theories, evolution of various forms of justice, debates, discussions and disagreements related to the construct and the various measurement approaches used to operationalize it at different points of time. It ends by discussing the questions raised by researchers on the validity of the construct in the present era and what new paths lay ahead in the journey of justice.

A 100-Year Review: A century of dairy processing advancements—Pasteurization, cleaning and sanitation, and sanitary equipment design

Over the past century, advancements within the mainstream dairy foods processing industry have acted in complement with other dairy-affiliated industries to produce a human food that has few rivals with regard to safety, nutrition, and sustainability. These advancements, such as milk pasteurization, may appear commonplace in the context of a modern dairy processing plant, but some consideration of how these advancements came into being serve as a basis for considering what advancements will come to bear on the next century of processing advancements. In the year 1917, depending on where one resided, most milk was presented to the consumer through privately owned dairy animals, small local or regional dairy farms, or small urban commercial dairies with minimal, or at best nascent, processing capabilities. In 1917, much of the retail milk in the United States was packaged and sold in returnable quart-sized clear glass bottles fitted with caps of various design and composition. Some reports suggest that the cost of that quart of milk was approximately 9 cents-an estimated $2.00 in 2017 US dollars. Comparing that 1917 quart of milk to a quart of milk in 2017 suggests several differences in microbiological, compositional, and nutritional value as well as flavor characteristics. Although a more comprehensive timeline of significant processing advancements is noted in the AppendixTable A1 to this paper, we have selected 3 advancements to highlight; namely, the development of milk pasteurization, cleaning and sanitizing technologies, and sanitary specifications for processing equipment. Finally, we provide some insights into the future of milk processing and suggest areas where technological advancements may need continued or strengthened attention and development as a means of securing milk as a food of high safety and value for the next century to come.

A Companion to Australian Aboriginal Literature

A Companion to Australian Aboriginal Literature

Clio’s Other Sons: Berossus and Manetho. By John Dillery. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2015. Pp. [xxxviii] + 494.

<i>Clio’s Other Sons: Berossus and Manetho</i>. By John Dillery. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2015. Pp. [xxxviii] + 494.

Determining changes in the average minimum winter temperature of Horqin Sandy Land using tree ring records

Horqin Sandy Land, a region in China that suffers from desertification, has become a primary economic zone in Inner Mongolia MengDong. Ecological and environmental problems continue to affect the local environment and human survival, becoming one of the bottlenecks to economic and social development. Thus, research on the characteristics of climatic variation is urgently required. This study used the comprehensive timeline for the regional tree wheel width of Horqin Sandy Land to reconstruct the average minimum winter temperatures of the study area. The timeline, which has been in use for 183 years, was established using core samples from the annual growth rings of elm trees in 10 sampling sites. For 181 years (1826–2006), varying minimum temperatures were observed: a gentle wave stage (1826–1923), an intense cooling stage (1923–1957), and a considerable heating stage (1957–2006). The longest continuous heating stage was observed from 1957 to 2006, during which time the average minimum temperature was −16.81 °C, a value greater than the mean temperature over the entire study period. The coldest 10 years occurred during the 1950s, until 1957, at which point the temperature sharply increased. The next 50 years exhibited a general warming trend until 2000. This period reflected a time span with the warmest minimum temperature and displayed a warming trend rate of 0.575 °C/10 years and an overall increase of up to 1.5° every 50 years. A continued rise in temperature is predicted to cause a wider range and longer time scale of ecological and environmental problems.

Goethe Handbuch. Supplemente 2, Naturwissenschaften ed. by Manfred Wenzel (review)

Reviewed by: Goethe Handbuch. Supplemente 2, Naturwissenschaften ed. by Manfred Wenzel Astrida Orle Tantillo Manfred Wenzel, ed., Goethe Handbuch. Supplemente 2, Naturwissenschaften. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 2012. 851 pp. This volume contains a trove of important information and resources for the scholar of Goethe’s scientific works. The first part of the Handbuch includes extensive background information on Goethe’s scientific works and is divided according to the main categories of his corpus: morphology, color theory, geology, meteorology, and his more general natural philosophy, together with some miscellaneous texts. Each section is further divided into smaller subsections with articles providing extensive and useful information on Goethe’s scientific writings, whether long or short, significant or insignificant. The first part also contains an overview of the Rezeptions- und Wirkungsgeschichte of his scientific publications. Each of the subsections in this overview concludes with a bibliography of secondary sources. The most substantial part of the volume (about four hundred pages) is dedicated to encyclopedic entries relating to all aspects of Goethe’s scientific works. The more important entries also include bibliographic sources. The critical apparatus at the end of the Handbuch contains lists of contemporary reviews of Goethe’s works, the tables of contents of the various scientific Hefte that he published between 1817 and 1824, the location of specific scientific works within each of the main editions of his collected works (a helpful list since not all editions print all of his scientific corpus), a comprehensive timeline, and a general bibliography relating to Goethe’s work as a scientist and to the history of science at the time. The volume also features beautiful, representative color illustrations from Goethe’s scientific works. Given the extensive electronic and online resources available today, one may at first question the usefulness of this volume. After all, we can now easily search Goethe’s works electronically and also quickly find general background information through online queries. Once one delves into the volume, however, it becomes quite clear how useful it is, whether to a beginner or to a seasoned researcher. For the beginner, the background essays in each of the categories listed above provide the essential framework to understand the overall history of science at the time. This information often includes what was occurring in the scientific community as well as the context of Goethe’s literary endeavors and life circumstances. As a scholar of Goethe’s science, I would definitely turn to this volume for highly specialized information, from the location of hard-to-find original sources (the authors here give detailed information that will save time for those needing to find the original sources) to little-known interconnections (again in great detail that includes bibliographic and archival resources) between [End Page 269] Goethe’s major and more esoteric scientific works and the research of his contemporaries. As one would expect from a volume that involves numerous authors, some sections are stronger and more complete than others. My main critique of several sections is that the bibliographies can be a bit out of date and some report almost exclusively on the work of German scholars—even though much of the recent scholarship on Goethe’s scientific works is being done outside Germany. As a result, some issues in the background articles are treated as settled (such as Goethe’s status as a precursor to Darwin), although recent (and American) scholarship has argued quite differently, and other subjects are almost entirely neglected (such as Goethe’s influence on American and European chaos theorists). Another issue that I have with the volume is how the bibliographies are organized. Rather than providing a bibliography for each main article within the background sections, a very long bibliography is printed at the end of each main section. For example, although the morphology section is divided into clear subsections (botanical, anatomical, etc.), scholars have to wade through a long bibliography to try and pick out the references relevant to a particular topic. Overall, the amount of work and scholarship contained within this Handbuch is very impressive, and no library or serious scholar of Goethe’s science should be without it. It is also a very beautiful book—all two kilograms of it...

Prophylactic PPI help reduce marginal ulcers after gastric bypass surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.

Marginal ulceration after gastric bypass surgery is a recognized complication and has been reported in 1-16% of patients. There is evidence that acidity may play a role in the disease pathophysiology and it is a common practice for bariatric surgeons to begin a prophylactic course of proton pump inhibitors (PPI), postoperatively. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched using the most comprehensive timeline for each database up to January 2012. Studies that included patients undergoing gastric bypass who received a prophylactic course of PPI postoperatively were eligible. Two reviewers independently selected trials and extracted data. The primary outcome was the incidence of marginal ulcers diagnosed on the basis of endoscopic findings. Inverse variance random effects models were used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and weighted proportion of ulcers. Odds ratio and weighted pooled proportion with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported. The strategic search identified 167 citations. A total of seven studies involving 2,917 participants were eligible for inclusion and 2,114 were used for analysis. The weighted pooled proportion of ulcer formation in PPI groups including all seven studies (four single group cohort studies and PPI arm of three cohort studies) was 5.0% [95% CI 2-10%] (N = 1,407). The OR of marginal ulcer formation comparing PPI to no PPI for three comparative cohort studies was 0.50 [95% CI 0.28-0.90, p = 0.02] (N = 1,022) with low heterogeneity (I(2) = 12%) showing that the PPI group significantly experienced twice less ulceration with PPI treatment compared to no PPI treatment. This finding suggests a significant incremental benefit of prophylactic PPI in reducing marginal ulcer after gastric bypass surgery. Prospective randomized trials are needed to further define the role of PPI following gastric bypass surgery.

Management of Failed Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass.

Background: Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) has emerged as the gold standard for the management of morbid obesity. Accordingly, patients who fail to lose weight after LRYGB present a difficult problem for the bariatric surgeons. A literature review was performed to evaluate the management options for this select bariatric population. Methods: A literature search was conducted in the EMBASE and MEDLINE databases using the most comprehensive timeline. All relevant articles were identified and full texts were obtained and reviewed. Results: Thirteen articles were retrieved based on key word searches. Management for weight failure following LRYGB included revision using the following options: laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, pouch/anastomotic revision with or without endoluminal techniques, laparoscopic distal Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, and laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy may be considered in patients who fail LRYGB with nutritional deficiencies. Conclusion: Failed LRYGB should be managed based on the patient presentation and diagnostic evaluation. Patients may present with significant nutritional deficiencies/complications, failure to lose weight, or weight recidivism. A treatment algorithm is proposed based on the literature to guide bariatric surgeons with respect to management options. However, given the paucity of research with respect to this problem, additional studies are needed to provide more insight on the optimal surgical management.

Tree Ring–Based Reconstruction of October to November Runoffs in the Jiaolai River since 1826

AbstractThe Horqin Sandy Land is a typical desertification region in China, which is beset with ecological and environmental problems that affect economic and social development. Hence, the hydrological impact factors (underground water level and surface runoff) in this region need to be investigated. The current study reconstructed the runoff sequences from the southwest edge of the Liaohe River to the XiaWa station of the Jiaolai River during the months of October to November from 1826 to 2005. A comprehensive timeline for the regional tree wheel width of the Horqin Sandy Land was employed. The timeline has been used for 183 years. For the past 180 years, the runoff has experienced six and four consecutive wet and dry seasons, respectively. From 1982 to 2005, the runoff reached the longest stream segment of a continuous low-flow runoff, with a mean average runoff of only 63.58% for the entire period. The runoff had 3, 11, 15, 24, and 30-year quasi-periodic variations, consistent with changes in similar ...

Comprehensive timeline of mesodermal development in the quail small intestine

To generate the mature intestine, splanchnic mesoderm diversifies into six different tissue layers each with multiple cell types through concurrent and complex morphogenetic events. Hindering the progress of research in the field is the lack of a detailed description of the fundamental morphological changes that constitute development of the intestinal mesoderm. We used immunofluorescence and morphometric analyses of wild-type and Tg(tie1:H2B-eYFP) quail embryos to establish a comprehensive timeline of mesodermal development in the avian intestine. The following landmark features were analyzed from appearance of the intestinal primordium through generation of the definitive structure: radial compartment formation, basement membrane dynamics, mesothelial differentiation, mesenchymal expansion and growth patterns, smooth muscle differentiation, and maturation of the vasculature. In this way, structural relationships between mesodermal components were identified over time. This integrated analysis presents a roadmap for investigators and clinicians to evaluate diverse experimental data obtained at individual stages of intestinal development within the longitudinal context of intestinal morphogenesis.

Revisional surgery after failed laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: a systematic review

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) has emerged as one of the most commonly performed bariatric procedures worldwide. Unfortunately, revisional surgery is required in 20-30 % of cases. Several revisional strategies have been proposed, but there is no consensus regarding the best surgical option. This systematic review was designed to determine which revisional surgery (laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, or laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch) is best suited to enhance weight loss following failed LAGB due to complications or inadequate weight loss. EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Clinical Trials were searched using the most comprehensive timeline for each database. A total of 24 relevant articles were identified. Two investigators independently extracted data, and differences were resolved by consensus. The weighted means were calculated for weight loss measurements. A total of 106, 514, and 71 patients underwent conversion from LAGB to laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB), and laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion and duodenal switch (BPDDS), respectively. Before revisional surgery, the weighted mean body mass index (BMI) was 38.8 (6.9), 43.3 (8.1), and 41.3 (7.2) kg/m(2) for the LSG, LRYGB, and BPDDS groups, respectively. The majority of data was reported at 12-24 months follow-up. The mean BMI within this interval was 28 (10.5), 32.2 (6.4), and 33 (5.7) kg/m(2) for the LSG, LRYGB, and BPDDS groups, respectively. In addition, the mean excess weight loss (EWL) was 22 % (2.8), 57.8 % (11.7), 47.1 % (14) for the LSG, LRYGB, and BPDDS groups, respectively. The EWL reached 78.4 % (35) in the BPPDS group after 2-year follow-up. Failed LAGB is best managed with conversion to another bariatric procedure. Stable weight loss occurs with salvage LRYGB. Although results for revisional BPPDS appear promising, additional research, with higher methodological quality, is needed.

Artist autonomy in a digital era: The case of Nine Inch Nails

A 2009 presentation by Michael Masnick (CEO and founder of insight company Floor64) entitled ‘How Trent Reznor and Nine Inch Nails represent the Future of the Music Business’ brought the success of the business models employed by Reznor in distributing Nine Inch Nails’ music into the spotlight. The present review provides a comprehensive timeline of the band circa 2005-2010, evaluating the success of the distribution methods employed in accordance with Masnick’s (2009) proposed business model of connecting with fans and providing them with a reason to buy. The model is conceptualised in the wider context in which Reznor’s distribution methods take place (including a brief consideration of Radiohead’s much cited pay-what-you want model), addressing the perceived gaps in the model by exploring the involvement of musical preferences; age and consumer purchasing behavior and fan worship. Implications are discussed concerning the applicability of the model for new and emerging bands.

Pre-evacuation Data Collected from a Mid-rise Evacuation Exercise

This article describes the observation of an unannounced evacuation exercise from a mid-rise administrative building. The primary focus of this activity was to collect pre-evacuation data, although evacuation times were also recorded for completeness. The article includes a description of the structure, the population, the emergency procedure employed and the observations made during the evacuation (both numerical and descriptive). Data are presented in a number of formats including raw values, averages, ranges, and distributions, i.e., in as much detail as possible and in context with the evacuation scenario. This should increase/improve potential applications, and reduces the likelihood of misunderstanding. A simple graphical scheme was developed to connect the numerical and descriptive data collected and provide a comprehensive timeline of events. In addition, a detailed description of the data collection methods employed is presented, outlining their strengths and limitations. This article therefore presents a range of valuable data, a detailed description of the methods employed and a means to clearly present the data collected.

EWEA offshore wind conference reveals key actions

Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) is a widely accepted metric to evaluate the carbon footprint of air conditioning (AC) systems “from cradle to grave.” This paper: (1) reviews the invention and evolution of LCCP, including a comprehensive timeline and bibliography; (2) documents the successful application of LCCP in the replacement of HFC-410A with HFC-32 in room air conditioners; (3) compares the conceptual frameworks and the operational approaches; and 4) reflects on the drawbacks of current LCCP research and points out possible future work.The major policy-relevant findings are: 1. The indirect emissions caused by energy consumption is 70 to 80 percent of the LCCP of AC systems in most countries but will decline in importance as electric power supply shifts rapidly from fossil fuel to renewable energy sources, which have near-zero carbon intensity; 2. The embodied greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in refrigerant manufacture are, in most cases, negligible but the physical and chemical properties are crucial for system optimization for low carbon footprint; 3. The LCCP metric can be used for multiple purposes such as refrigerant selection and AC system architecture optimization; and 4. Data limitations in material manufacturing and the carbon intensity of electric power are the most significant challenges. Finally, this paper describes a variety of methods to fill in data gaps, including the correction factor method, the data-driven method, and the database searching method. The next-generation LCCP will be an enhanced evaluation process considering local climate, heat islands, and local power supply characteristics.

The substorm event of 28 January 1983: A detailed global study

A small, isolated substorm with an expansion phase onset at 07:39 U.T. (±1 min) on 28 January 1983 was well observed by ground-based instrumentation as well as by low- and high-altitude spacecraft. This event period was chosen as a detailed analysis interval because of the comprehensive nature of the data coverage, and because ISEE-3 identified signatures within the distant tail (∼220 R E) following the substorm onset which had been interpreted as those of a plasmoid passage. In this paper we provide a comprehensive timeline of the growth, expansion, and recovery phases of the substorm. The magnetospheric energy input rates are evaluated using IMP-8 in the upstream solar wind. For the first time, DE-1 imaging sequences are used to examine auroral features during the growth and expansion phases while ISEE-3 was in the deep tail. Substorm current wedge location and expansion onset information was provided by ground-based magnetometer and geostationary orbit (particle and magnetic field) data. The plasma, energetic particle, and field signatures at ISEE-3 are considered within the framework of the near-Earth data sets. We quantitatively estimate substorm energy input and output relationships for this case and we evaluate the timing and physical dimensions of the distant tail disturbance implied by the global observations available. Overall, the present analysis provides a thorough documentation of a substorm to an unprecedented degree; most of the data support the developing paradigm of the near-Earth neutral line and plasmoid formation model. We also consider the boundary layer dynamics model of substorms as an alternative explanation of the global magnetospheric phenomena in this event, but as presented this model does not provide a superior organization of the available data sets.