Comprehensive Term Research Articles

Development of a Knowledge Graph for Automatic Job Hazard Analysis: The Schema.

In the current practice, an essential element of safety management systems, Job Hazard Analysis (JHA), is performed manually, relying on the safety personnel's experiential knowledge and observations. This research was conducted to create a new ontology that comprehensively represents the JHA knowledge domain, including the implicit knowledge. Specifically, 115 actual JHA documents and interviews with 18 JHA domain experts were analyzed and used as the source of knowledge for creating a new JHA knowledge base, namely the Job Hazard Analysis Knowledge Graph (JHAKG). To ensure the quality of the developed ontology, a systematic approach to ontology development called METHONTOLOGY was used in this process. The case study performed for validation purposes demonstrates that a JHAKG can operate as a knowledge base that answers queries regarding hazards, external factors, level of risks, and appropriate control measures to mitigate risks. As the JHAKG is a database of knowledge representing a large number of actual JHA cases previously developed and also implicit knowledge that has not been formalized in any explicit forms yet, the quality of JHA documents produced from queries to the database is expectedly higher than the ones produced by an individual safety manager in terms of completeness and comprehensiveness.

NONLINGUISTIC REPRESENTATION IN TEACHING SOCIAL SCIENCE: ITS OUTCOME TO TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS

This thesis, entitled Nonlinguistic Representation in Teaching Social Science: Its Outcome to Teaching and Learning Process, is intended to find answers to the following questions: 1.) What is the level of using nonlinguistic representation in terms of graphic organizers, physical models, mental images, illustrations/pictures, and kinesthetic activities? 2.) What is the level of student performance in pre-test and post-test in terms of comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation? 3.) Is there a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test? and 4.) Does the use of nonlinguistic representation have a significant effect on student performance in teaching Social Science? A descriptive method was used in the study to determine the effect of using nonlinguistic representations on the performance of students in teaching Social Science. The primary respondents to this study were the Senior High School students at San Pedro Relocation Center National High School. One hundred fifty (150) out of the total number of students in grade 12 were used as respondents for this study. The finding shows that the pre-test and post-test were observed to have a significant difference in the performance of the students in social science. This means that the use of nonlinguistic representation in social science teaching has been effective, and students have gained knowledge and skills. On the other hand, the finding shows that the graphic organizer, physical models, mental images, picture/illustrations and kinesthetic activities of the nonlinguistic representation were observed to have a significant effect on the students performance on their post-test. This shows that the use of nonlinguistic representations in the teaching and learning process improved student learning results, based on the findings. Students get a deeper and more profound knowledge of the material, which may result in enhanced academic performance. The study concludes that the pre-test and post-test were observed to have a significant difference in the performance of the students in social science. It can be inferred that at the 0.05 level of significance, the null hypothesis there is no significant difference in the pre-test and post-test of the students performance was rejected. The nonlinguistic representation was observed to have a significant effect on the students performance, as measured by their post-test. It can be inferred that at the 0.05 level of significance, the null hypothesis There is no significant effect of using nonlinguistic representations on the performance of the students in teaching social science was rejected. This recommends that teachers continue to incorporate these tools into their classroom instruction. It is important to recognize that students have diverse learning styles, and nonlinguistic representations can help to accommodate these differences by providing students with a range of ways to engage with and comprehend the subject matter.

Reading Difficulties and Reading Strategies of Grade 10 Students in the New Normal

This study utilized the descriptive research design to determine the reading difficulties of one hundred Grade 10 students who scored the least in the reading inventory in a public high school in Negros Occidental in the School Year 2021-2022 in terms of vocabulary and reading comprehension. Furthermore, their reading strategies were investigated. To solicit suggestions for building better reading skills, fifty of the selected respondents were interviewed through convenience sampling. The results reveal the following: (a) The students had difficulty understanding specialized words; (b) The students had difficulty answering critical questions; (c) The students used their background knowledge as their reading strategy; and (d) The students suggested that tutorials and spelling tests be conducted for their reading skills to improve. It was recommended that students resolve to better their reading skills and that teachers, parents, and curriculum specialists pay rapt attention to helping students gain reading proficiency.

초등학교 영어과 게임의 효과에 관한 메타분석

Objectives The effects of individual studies on using games in elementary school English classes are synthesized to confirm or deny the individual result against the average effect sizes. Recommendations follow for the design of games in elementary school English classes using an optimal combination of modulated variables. Methods Twenty domestic academic publications in the subject of English education made up the set of papers to be examined. The data were arranged in Excel, and the effect size was determined using the meta-analysis program CMA. According to the composition time and type of the game, organizational form, and the 2022 updated curriculum, the results of comparing and assessing the effects of elementary school English curriculum games were separated into knowledge-understanding, process-function, and value-attitude categories. Results The benefits of learning new words have been established in terms of knowledge and comprehension. In terms of process and function, understanding was more important than expressing, and in terms of value and attitude, interest was more important than attitude and confidence. Regarding the length of the game's configuration, utilizing it for the entire 40 minute class was more efficient than using it only in part (about 10 to 30 minutes). The use of online games, followed by bingo and cards, has the biggest impact in terms of game types. Group sessions, followed by individual and paired tasks, had the most positive impacts on game organization. Conclusions Textbook analyses on attention level improvement(Lee, Jung-Hyeon & Ihm, Hee-Jeong, 2014; Jang, Jin-Kyung & Lee, Seong-Won, 2014; Kim, Sung-Shin & Boo, Kyung-Soon, 2009; Choi, Hye-Wook, 2006), game types(Eun, Ji-Seon & Lee, Je-Young, 2018; Hwang, Hui-Jae, 2006), and pair impact studies(Han, Mi-Yun & Kim, Hye-Ryun, 2014) are only a few examples of the individual or textbook analysis studies that may be seen in earlier research. These individual studies presents limitations to understand the full impacts of using games to teach English in elementary school despite the fact that these researches are significant as individual studies. By synthesizing the results of previous experimental studies, this study comprehensively examined the effects of knowledge, understanding, process function, and value attitude according to the 2022 revised curriculum. An additional significant conclusion was attained as to how the effects of games are varied depending on categories like organization type, duration and types of games in elementary school English classes.

Systematic Assessment of the Quality and Comprehensibility of YouTube Content on Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury and Management.

Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction has received a unique level of attention in the press and social media. There has also been an increasing use of the internet by patients to seek medical information. Concern exists regarding the quality and comprehensibility of online information when used for patient education. To evaluate the quality and comprehensibility of the most-viewed YouTube videos related to the diagnosis and management of UCL injuries. Based on our new evidence-based scoring rubrics, we hypothesized that the quality and comprehensibility of these videos would be poor. Cross-sectional study. The YouTube platform was searched on September 7, 2021, with the terms "UCL injury," "ulnar collateral ligament injury," "UCL surgery," "ulnar collateral ligament surgery," and "Tommy John surgery," and the 50 most-viewed videos from each search were compiled, yielding 250 videos. After removal of duplicates and application of exclusion criteria, the 100 most-viewed videos remained. Basic attributes, including duration of video and number of views, were recorded. Each video was then analyzed by 2 independent reviewers and evaluated for 4 key parameters (quality of diagnostic content [QAR-D], quality of treatment content [QAR-T], presence of inaccurate information, and comprehensibility) and graded on a novel scale from 1 to 4 (4 being the most appropriate for patient education). The mean QAR-D was 4.83 ± 3.41 (fair quality), and the mean QAR-T was 2.76 ± 3.26 (poor quality). Physician-led educational videos had both the highest mean QAR-D (6.37) and the highest mean QAR-T (4.34). No correlation was observed between video quality and views/likes. A total of 12 videos included ≥1 inaccuracy. The mean comprehensibility score was 2.66 ± 1.12, with 39 videos falling below the acceptable comprehensibility threshold (score <3). The overall quality of UCL injury-related YouTube content was low. In addition, the absence of correlation between video quality and views/likes suggests that patients are not preferentially utilizing the limited high-quality content that does exist on the YouTube platform. In addition, inaccurate videos were prevalent (12%), and almost half of all videos were deemed inappropriate for patient education in terms of comprehensibility, as defined by our comprehensibility parameter.

Effectiveness of Digital Storytelling in Teaching Literature

This study determined the effectiveness of the Digital Storytelling (DST) in teaching literature to grade 11 students of Cantapoy National High School, Malimono, Surigao del Norte. Specifically, the level of literary competence of students during the pre-test and posttest in terms of literary comprehension and literary appreciation of three (3) different genres was assessed to determine the educational value of DST. Furthermore, it also determined the significant difference of students’ literary competence between the pretest and posttest and the significant difference in the mean gains of students’ literary competence among three (3) genres - poetry, fiction, and drama. A quasi-experimental research design in One-Shot mode was used in this study. The study utilized a researcher-made questionnaire and an adopted evaluation rubric in gathering the data. The findings of the study revealed that the literary competence of the students raised from “Low” to “High” after the intervention was implemented. DST was rated “Valuable”. Based on the general results, considering the variation of genres, the literary competence of the students of all genres significantly differs between the pre-test and the post-test, and there exists no significant difference in the mean gains of students’ literary competence in three genres. Concluded that the improvement in students’ literary competence stemmed from the integration of digital storytelling; the felt educational value of digital story telling becomes manifest and tangible through the production of students’ literary output; Poetry needs deeper analysis; and across genres, the students’ literary competence using digital storytelling manifest same evidence of improvement.

Experiential Learning Module and the Science Process Skills of Grade 8 Students

This study introduced the experiential learning cycle incorporated into a learning module to improve students’ science process skills. The developmental research design was used to attain the study’s objectives- to create a learning module that would develop students’ science process skills; to determine the student’s level of acceptability of the effectiveness of the learning module and the science process skills which includes basic, experimental and causal; to determine the relationship between the student’s level of acceptability of the learning module and the science process skills of 79 grade 8 students enrolled in Lutucan Integrated National High School and to determine if there is a significant difference in students’ pretest and posttest scores after the utilization of the learning module. The respondents were selected in a cluster-random technique. The researcher developed a learning module based on the experiential learning cycle which was validated and evaluated by 10 expert respondents using the Department of Education (DepEd) issued DepEd Order No. 001, s. 2021 entitled “Guidelines on the Evaluation of Self-Learning Modules (SLMs) for Quarter 3 and 4 for School Year (SY) 2020-2021”. The researcher administered a survey questionnaire that adopted the ACAS Model. Based on the results from the researcher-made survey questionnaire, the level of acceptability of the students to the learning module in terms of acceptability, comprehensibility, attractiveness, and self-involvement are significantly related to their science process skills. Hence the students’ science process skills mastery may lead to better performance in science when applied to the learning module. Moreover, there is a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores of the students after utilizing the learning module. These results suggest that incorporating an experiential learning cycle into a learning material improved their science process skills. Therefore, incorporating the experiential learning cycle in the learning material develops and increases the students’ mastery of science process skills. Keywords: experiential learning cycle, learning module, science process skills

The effect of interest and attitude on public comprehension of news with data visualization

In recent years, data visualization has been gaining space in journalism, not only in the specialized press, but also in the general press. The objective of this article is to analyze whether there are differences between the impact of receiving a traditional news item and that of a news item with data visualization, in terms of interest, comprehension and attitudes toward data visualization. For this, a study (N = 700) was carried out with two experimental conditions (traditional news vs. news with data visualization), using scientific and health communication news. Moderated mediation analysis were performed to understand how data visualization affects factors such as attitude, or interest, and affects public comprehension. The results showed significant indirect effects that indicate that reading a data visualization news item increases comprehension and, with it, positive attitudes toward data visualization. Variables related to comprehension and interest have been found to have a significant impact on attitudes toward data viewing, opening new lines of research to delve into the factors that affect data-driven news performance.

A design concept of big data analytics model for managers in hospitality industries.

The hospitality and tourism sector has long played a significant role in Australia's economy, especially in regional areas. Due to the onslaught of COVID-19, numerous businesses have experienced lockdowns, restrictions, and closures due to the fact that people's activity in restaurants, shopping centers, and recreational destinations was restricted, and many other places went into hibernation. After about 2years since the outbreak, businesses in this sector are gradually starting to reopen and revitalize themselves, but in order to have better decision support about the future of this sector, thus being able to plan, businesses are suffering from an effective analytics solution due to the lack of broken data trends. Starting from fresh day-to-day real-time big data, the study aims to develop a new data analytics model, adopting the design science research methodology, which can provide invaluable options and techniques to make prediction easier from immediate past datasets. This study introduces an innovative design artifact as a big data solution for hospitality managers to utilize analytics for predictive strategic decision-making in post-COVID situation. The artifact can also be generalized for other sectors with tailoring aspects which are subject to further studies. The proposed artifact is then compared with other design artifacts related to big data solutions where it outperforms them in terms of comprehensiveness. The proposed artifact also shows promises for primarily available UGC in managers' decision support aids.

The Language of Defining Synonyms in LDOCE and OALD between Consistency and Contradiction: A Source of Help or Confusion?

This paper examines the language of definition in explaining a set of synonyms in two dictionaries: LDOCE and OALD. The selected set of synonyms is: ‘shake, tremble, quiver, and shiver’. The procedure of analysis was to decompose the definitions and the examples into meaning conditions and compare them to each other. The results suggested that the dictionary language that was adopted in both dictionaries followed a contradictory style of defining in terms of using restrictive and non-restrictive elements in the language of defining. This result suggests immediate revision in order to enable language learners to make better use of these dictionaries in terms of synonym comprehension.

An education resource for human papillomavirus oropharyngeal cancer patients: think-aloud interviews

PurposeThe human papillomavirus (HPV) is well recognised as a factor in developing oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). A booklet for HPV-OPC patients aimed to deliver evidence-based messages in everyday language, in a way to minimise negative psychological impacts on patients. Our study explored the suitability of the booklet for use.MethodsParticipants were recruited through social media and interviewed via Zoom. Participants were shown the booklet and a think-aloud method elicited real-time reactions to the content. Responses were analysed for each section and coded as either for or against for content, with other responses thematically analysed using NVivo.ResultsThe sample comprised 24 participants: patients (n = 19) who completed treatment for HPV-OPC and partners of survivors of HPV-OPC (n = 5). All participants found the booklet useful, and most wished the resource had been available previously. Some indicated the information was new to them. The majority agreed the booklet would be best delivered by their specialist at point of diagnosis and would be a useful resource for friends and family. Most participants gave feedback on improvements to the booklet in terms of comprehension and design. Overall, participants found the content easy to understand. Most participants found that it helped to reduce shame and stigma associated with HPV as a sexually transmitted infection.ConclusionAn evidence-based booklet for HPV-OPC patients and their partners is acceptable. Implementation may be feasible in routine clinical practice, specifically at time of diagnosis. Adapting the content will help optimise the efficacy of the booklet in facilitating communication between all stakeholders.

The Reliability and Quality of Short Videos as a Source of Dietary Guidance for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Cross-sectional Study.

Dietary management is considered a potential adjunctive treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Short-video sharing platforms have enabled patients to obtain dietary advice more conveniently. However, accessing useful resources while avoiding misinformation is not an easy task for most patients. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of the information in IBD diet-related videos on Chinese short-video sharing platforms. We collected and extracted information from a total of 125 video samples related to the IBD diet on the 3 Chinese short-video sharing platforms with the most users: TikTok, Bilibili, and Kwai. Two independent physicians evaluated each video in terms of content comprehensiveness, quality (rated by Global Quality Score), and reliability (rated by a modified DISCERN tool). Finally, comparative analyses of the videos from different sources were conducted. The videos were classified into 6 groups based on the identity of the uploaders, which included 3 kinds of medical professionals (ie, gastroenterologists, nongastroenterologists, and clinical nutritionists) and 3 types of non-medical professionals (ie, nonprofit organizations, individual science communicators, and IBD patients). The overall quality of the videos was poor. Further group comparisons demonstrated that videos from medical professionals were more instructive in terms of content comprehensiveness, quality, and reliability than those from non-medical professionals. Moreover, IBD diet-related recommendations from clinical nutritionists and gastroenterologists were of better quality than those from nongastroenterologists, while recommendations from nonprofit organizations did not seem to be superior to other groups of uploaders. The overall quality of the information in IBD diet-related videos is unsatisfactory and varies significantly depending on the source. Videos from medical professionals, especially clinical nutritionists and gastroenterologists, may provide dietary guidance with higher quality for IBD patients.

Investigating the use of inference-making strategy in reading comprehension: Evidence from strong and weak Persian students in terms of reading comprehension

Investigating the use of inference-making strategy in reading comprehension: Evidence from strong and weak Persian students in terms of reading comprehension

MENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN LITERASI MELALUI STRATEGI LICALIDO (LIHAT BACA TULIS DONGENG) DI SDN JATIRAHAYU VIII

This best practice aims to provide an overview of the activities for implementing literacy skills through the LICALIDO strategy (See Read Write Tales), and describe the achievements after improving literacy skills through this LICALIDO strategy at SD Negeri Jatirahayu VIII. The result of this best practice is a significant increase in literacy skills in terms of reading comprehension, writing short stories or essays, and telling stories about the essays they have made. So, in the end the students can achieve achievements in the field of literacy.

An active defense model based on situational awareness and firewalls

SummaryWith the rapid development of the internet, cyberspace security issues have become increasingly prominent. The importance of constructing a cyberspace security system is self‐evident, but compared with attackers, defenders in cyberspace are in a castle‐like passive defense state in most cases. Therefore, building a reliable, accurate, timely, and active defense system is challenging. The key is to accurately focus on defense priorities, the anticipation of attackers who will likely succeed, and blocking attacks in a timely manner. In this article, we propose an active defense model based on the interaction of situational awareness and firewalls. First, by biasing the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of assets to get the score of assets, and using the Common Vulnerability Scoring System to assess the threat level of assets, we combine the two to determine the maximum system damage that the asset will suffer if it is lost, and then focus on defense. Meanwhile, log analysis of the network situational awareness platform can predict successful attackers, and then the linked firewall strategy can block these attacks in time before the attackers obtain attack gains. After that, we force the attackers to give up their attacks on the target by increasing the attack cost. We compared our model with iptables auto‐blocking and nginx auto‐blocking, and our model excelled them across the board in terms of comprehensiveness and false positive rate. The experimental results verify thar our active defense model proposed in this article can better reduce the defense cost and increase the attack cost, thus achieving the relatively defense goal.

A Comparative Study on Architectural Design-Related Requirements of Green Building Rating Systems for New Buildings

Design teams’ work is greatly influenced by green building rating systems (GBRSs). Early GBRSs that had an energy- or resource-based hierarchy and prioritized mechanical components and active technologies were unable to adequately support the architectural design (AD). Due to the recent rise in awareness of the importance of AD in the creation of GBs, many GBRSs may now improve requirements pertaining to AD. However, it has not been examined in earlier studies. As a result, this study uses a comparative approach, content analysis, and significance evaluation to examine the effectiveness of six GBRSs as applied to AD in terms of significance, inclusiveness, comprehensiveness, and certainty. Six GBRSs include Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), Assessment Standard for Green Building (ASGB), Green Mark (GM), WELL Building Standard (WELL), Assessment Standard for Healthy Building (ASHB), and Living Building Challenge (LBC). A heuristic theoretical evaluation framework (TEF) is developed with the goal of providing guidelines and references for the improvement of GBRSs and the strategic idea of AD. There are four key findings. Firstly, LBC assigns the highest and certain weight to AD, followed by LEED and ASGB, then ASHB, and finally GM and WELL. Secondly, green and regeneration GBRSs emphasize resource, environment, and physiological health, while wellbeing GBRSs emphasize physiological and psychological health. Thirdly, GM, ASGB, WELL, and ASHB are the most inclusive and comprehensive in process, resource, and environment, physiological health, and sociological and psychological health, respectively. Fourthly, LBC performs best in setting mandatory requirements in included aspects.

Competency Assessment of Physical Education Teachers and its Influence on Students’ Cognitive Learning

This study aimed to assess the competency of physical education teachers and its influence on the cognitive learning of students. The research involved 80 junior high school students from two integrated high schools in the province of Laguna. The results indicated that physical education teachers exhibited a high level of perceived knowledge, skills, and professional value positions. Similarly, the students' cognitive abilities in terms of comprehension, memory, and application were found to be highly satisfactory. Furthermore, the analysis using Pearson correlation revealed significant relationships between different variables. Specifically, knowledge and skills were significantly correlated with memory, indicating that the level of knowledge and skills possessed by physical education teachers had a positive impact on students' memory abilities. Additionally, the findings showed a significant correlation between memory and professional value positions, suggesting that students' memory performance was influenced by the professional values demonstrated by their physical education teachers. These findings highlight the importance of competent physical education teachers in enhancing students' cognitive learning. The results suggest that teachers who possess extensive knowledge and skills in physical education can positively influence students' memory abilities, which are crucial for effective cognitive learning. Moreover, the study emphasizes the significance of professional values among physical education teachers, as they can contribute to the development of students' memory skills. These findings can serve as a foundation for future research and can also guide educational institutions and policymakers in designing effective training programs for physical education teachers to improve their competencies and ultimately enhance students' cognitive learning outcomes.

Graph Constructors vs Graph Interpretors vs Non Graphers: A Search towards Better Cognitive Performers in Biochemistry among First Year Medical Undergraduates

Introduction: Didactic lectures for medical undergraduates are usually presented with more text based factual contents with less room for visual representation. They contribute less for improved cognitive performance. Graphs are visually appealing for presentation of data and are a common means to illustrate data relationships. Graph literacy involves both graph creation and graph interpretation, benefits of which might well contribute to better cognitive performance. Aim: To compare the cognitive performance of graph interpretors, graph creators and non graphers in biochemistry among 1st year medical undergraduates. Materials and Methods: A Medical educational study with an analytical cross-sectional design was conducted during February 2023-March 2023. Total 150 students of both gender aged between 17-21 years, were included and divided equally with 50 subjects in each group (group I (non graphers), group II (graph creators), group III (graph interpretors). Lecture discussion was conducted on the topic of enzyme activity using textual contents for group I, Graph creation based teaching for group II and Graph interpretation based teaching for group III. Prior to lectures, priming session on graphing literacy using four stepped 20 point rubric based teaching was conducted for group II and III. Cognitive performance assessment was done at both lower and higher cognitive domain levels for all three groups. The scores obtained were analysed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Chi-square test as tests for significance and odds ratio by logistic regression as test for outcome association. Results: The mean age of the participants were 17.82±0.873 years for group I, 17.78±0.954 years for group II, 17.70±0.814 years for group III, along with gender ratio (female:male) distributed at 1.9:1, 1.7:1, 1.9:1 for group I, II and III, respectively. The results of the present study showed that the graphers {group II (graph creators) (12.24±1.02) and group III (graph interpretors) (11.06±1.03)} had significantly higher total cognitive performance scores compared to non graphers (group I) (9.34±1.64). Though the logistic regression model for graphing exposure to improved cognitive performance outcome showed no significant association with total cognitive performance, but statistically significant association was found at higher cognitive domain performance scores with positive B (2.819) (slope of regression coefficient) and odds of occurrence for higher cognitive performance increased by 16.75 times on graphing exposure when compared to non graphers. Conclusion: The study concluded that graphs are superior over textual contents and graph creation is marginally but superior to graph interpretation in terms of comprehension and improving performance especially at higher cognitive levels.

Quality evaluation of digital voice assistants for diabetes management

&lt;abstract&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Background&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;Digital voice assistants (DVAs) are increasingly used to search for health information. However, the quality of information provided by DVAs is not consistent across health conditions. From our knowledge, there have been no studies that evaluated the quality of DVAs in response to diabetes-related queries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of DVAs in relation to queries on diabetes management.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Materials and methods&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;Seventy-four questions were posed to smartphone (Apple Siri, Google Assistant, Samsung Bixby) and non-smartphone DVAs (Amazon Alexa, Sulli the Diabetes Guru, Google Nest Mini, Microsoft Cortana), and their responses were compared to that of Internet Google Search. Questions were categorized under diagnosis, screening, management, treatment and complications of diabetes, and the impacts of COVID-19 on diabetes. The DVAs were evaluated on their technical ability, user-friendliness, reliability, comprehensiveness and accuracy of their responses. Data was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Intraclass correlation coefficient was used to report inter-rater reliability.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Results&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;Google Assistant (n = 69/74, 93.2%), Siri and Nest Mini (n = 64/74, 86.5% each) had the highest proportions of successful and relevant responses, in contrast to Cortana (n = 23/74, 31.1%) and Sulli (n = 10/74, 13.5%), which had the lowest successful and relevant responses. Median total scores of the smartphone DVAs (Bixby 75.3%, Google Assistant 73.3%, Siri 72.0%) were comparable to that of Google Search (70.0%, p = 0.034), while median total scores of non-smartphone DVAs (Nest Mini 56.9%, Alexa 52.9%, Cortana 52.5% and Sulli the Diabetes Guru 48.6%) were significantly lower (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Non-smartphone DVAs had much lower median comprehensiveness (16.7% versus 100.0%, p &amp;lt; 0.001) and reliability scores (30.8% versus 61.5%, p &amp;lt; 0.001) compared to Google Search.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Conclusions&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;Google Assistant, Siri and Bixby were the best-performing DVAs for answering diabetes-related queries. However, the lack of successful and relevant responses by Bixby may frustrate users, especially if they have COVID-19 related queries. All DVAs scored highly for user-friendliness, but can be improved in terms of accuracy, comprehensiveness and reliability. DVA designers are encouraged to consider features related to accuracy, comprehensiveness, reliability and user-friendliness when developing their products, so as to enhance the quality of DVAs for medical purposes, such as diabetes management.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;/abstract&gt;

Subcision for Atrophic Acne Scarring: A Comprehensive Review of Surgical Instruments and Combinatorial Treatments

Subcutaneous incisionless surgery, also known as subcision, is a minimally invasive procedure that is commonly indicated for the treatment of atrophic acne scars. In recent years, many new techniques have been developed to maximize results from this procedure. This review article aims to identify an updated list of instruments and combinatorial treatments available for atrophic acne scar patients undergoing subcision. We constructed a comprehensive PubMed search term and performed triple-blinded screening on all resulting studies for mentions of subcision as indicated by acne scarring. Our results show that there are four main categories of subcision tools that are commonly employed to treat atrophic acne scars: needles, cannulas, wires, and blunt-blade instruments. Usage of these devices varies by scar depth, personal preference, and combinatorial treatment options. Overall, subcision is a particularly effective treatment for atrophic acne scars, and there is vast potential for further innovation with this technique.