Comprehensive Regulation Research Articles

Development of halal tourism policies in Indonesia after DSN-MUI Fatwa Number 108/DSNMUI/X/2016: Preliminary insights

This study examines the development and implementation of halal tourism policies in Indonesia, which have not fully matured due to a lack of comprehensive promotion and regulation. Therefore, it is considered important to research the development of halal tourism policies. This paper addresses a key research question: What is the progress of halal tourism policies in the formulation, implementation, and evaluation stages? The study aims to explore the development of halal tourism policies, focusing on their formulation, implementation, and evaluation stages. Following the Fatwa Number 108/DSN–MUI/X/2016 from the National Sharia Council-Indonesian Ulema Council (DSN-MUI), which provides guidelines for organizing tourism based on Sharia principles. This qualitative descriptive study uses secondary data collected through library research. Policy analysis techniques were applied to assess the formulation, implementation, and evaluation stages of halal tourism policies. The findings indicate that halal tourism regulations at both provincial and regency/city levels have not developed optimally, primarily due to the lack of comprehensive regional regulations. The study suggests that the government needs to reformulate policies to better support the development of halal tourism.

A new model of comprehensive regulation of social organizations: Implications, challenges and responses

A new model of comprehensive regulation of social organizations: Implications, challenges and responses

SOCIAL PROTECTION AND SOCIAL SECURITY IN UKRAINE UNDER MARTIAL LAW

Introduction. Features of the financing of social protection and social security in conditions of large-scale war include increased spending on military needs, assistance to IDPs, reconstruction of damaged infrastructure facilities, and provision of medical assistance to the injured. On the other hand, martial law can lead to a reduction in spending on social programs due to the redistribution of budget funds to the country’s defense needs. The study of this topic will make it possible to understand how the military conflict affects the financial possibilities of providing social protection and social security for the population of Ukraine, to identify problematic aspects and to look for effective financing strategies in such conditions. The purpose of the article is to reveal the theoretical and practical foundations of the financing mechanism of social protection and social security in Ukraine, to identify possible strategies and prospects for optimizing this system in the face of new challenges. Results. The theoretical foundations of financing social protection and social security in Ukraine are highlighted. The dynamics of budgetary financing of social protection and social security and the structure and composition of expenditures of the State and local budgets for social security and social security are analyzed. The peculiarities of expenditures on social protection and social welfare in the conditions of a large-scale war are highlighted. The main problems were revealed and ways of improving the system of financing social protection and social security were formed. Conclusions. The beginning of a large-scale war on the territory of Ukraine significantly affected the social protection of the population. The hostilities caused an increase in expenses for social assistance, and in the future only an increase in this item of expenses is predicted. In the post-war years, spending on social protection and social security will only increase due to a significant increase in war veterans, persons with disabilities, IDPs affected by the military conflict, as well as citizens who will suffer from economic difficulties and social challenges caused by the war. Therefore, today, an important task for the state is to ensure social protection and social security during such a crisis situation as war, and in the future - comprehensive regulation of the social protection system of Ukraine.

Analysis of Legislative Framework Governing Biometric Data

Biometrics has permeated modern technology, particularly within mobile devices, integrating into daily life. From the 14th century, biometrics has served as a foundational method for security, aiding in criminal identification through physical characteristics records. Advancements in technology have propelled the evolution of precise and automated systems for analyzing facial, vocal, and ocular biometrics. Major tech companies have adopted biometrics as the primary mode of user authentication, catapulting biometric security into the forefront of cybersecurity discussions. Despite the promising future of biometrics, governments worldwide are grappling with the challenging task of regulating the handling of biometric data. Mismanagement of biometric data could pose significant security risks to both individuals and public safety. Therefore, it is crucial to implement comprehensive regulations and legislative reforms to safeguard privacy and security in the era of biometrics. Towards this goal, this paper contributes to the discourse by identifying security and privacy issues related to biometric data. It conducts a comprehensive analysis of current legal frameworks governing biometric data through the lens of the CIAAA (Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, Authenticity, and Accountability) security framework. Additionally, it highlights emerging trends and outlines the implications for future policymaking and technological advancements in this field.

Ответственность в контексте применения искусственного интеллекта в условиях вооруженных конфликтов

The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that due to the development of military technologies, their use becomes a threat to national and international security, in connection with which there is a high risk of violating the norms of international law. Based on this, the purpose of the article is to analyze the legislative doctrine in the context of the application of artificial intelligence in armed conflicts. For this purpose, such methods as logical analysis, functional analysis, deduction, induction, formal-legal, dogmatic and others were used. During the study, the legislative doctrine of Kazakhstan was examined, which included conducting an analysis of the provisions of the Constitution, Regulations and decisions of the Constitutional Court. It also analyzed international legal acts, including the Convention on the Prohibition of Certain Weapons, the Geneva Convention and its Additional Protocols, with a focus on identifying violations and applying the principles of international law to assess unlawful acts in armed conflicts. Particular attention is paid to identifying the actors involved in such acts for the subsequent application of responsibility under international law. The idea of developing a specialized international instrument aimed at comprehensive regulation of the peculiarities of the use of artificial intelligence in armed conflicts is put forward. The results obtained have practical significance in providing recommendations aimed at considering ethical aspects and resolving liability issues related to the use of artificial intelligence in the context of armed conflicts.

Обобщенная модель управления потоками органического углерода и азота на мелиорированных землях

Purpose: to develop a systematic approach to solving the problem of soil fertility based on a model for managing the flows of organic carbon and nitrogen on reclaimed lands. Materials and methods: the working hypothesis of the study is the assumption of the possibility of creating a system of tools for regulating the flows of organic carbon and nitrogen, working within the framework of the principle of nature-likeness and ensuring comprehensive regulation of soil formation factors and increasing the agroecosystem productivity. Results. The conceptual model for managing organic carbon and nitrogen flows on reclaimed lands was developed. The model includes a quantitative calculation of the organic carbon and nitrogen cycles in agroecosystems, the development of scenario forecasts, the development of a control decision and assessment of its execution consequences, the determination of the basic controller’s parameters, the determination of the composition and options for using the controller’s tools, the organization of process monitoring and the assessment of scenario forecasts for actual data. The controller structure of carbon and nitrogen cycle processes for agroecosystems is detailed by the model. The controller includes tools for influencing small nitrogen and carbon cycles, possible ways to implement the tool in a practical application and technologies through which the impact is carried out, with parameters and restrictions specified for a particular case. The basic controller tools are: the plant physiological activity regulation, the phytomass accumulation regulation, the phytomass turnover regulation, the circulation of animal waste regulation, the C:N ratio regulation, the regulation of soil microbiota activity. Conclusions: a conceptual model for managing the flows of organic carbon and nitrogen including a system of tools for the integrated regulation of soil formation factors and increasing the productivity of agroecosystems has been developed.

Ответственность в контексте применения искусственного интеллекта в условиях вооруженных конфликтов

The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that due to the development of military technologies, their use becomes a threat to national and international security, in connection with which there is a high risk of violating the norms of international law. Based on this, the purpose of the article is to analyze the legislative doctrine in the context of the application of artificial intelligence in armed conflicts. For this purpose, such methods as logical analysis, functional analysis, deduction, induction, formal-legal, dogmatic and others were used. During the study, the legislative doctrine of Kazakhstan was examined, which included conducting an analysis of the provisions of the Constitution, Regulations and decisions of the Constitutional Court. It also analyzed international legal acts, including the Convention on the Prohibition of Certain Weapons, the Geneva Convention and its Additional Protocols, with a focus on identifying violations and applying the principles of international law to assess unlawful acts in armed conflicts. Particular attention is paid to identifying the actors involved in such acts for the subsequent application of responsibility under international law. The idea of developing a specialized international instrument aimed at comprehensive regulation of the peculiarities of the use of artificial intelligence in armed conflicts is put forward. The results obtained have practical significance in providing recommendations aimed at considering ethical aspects and resolving liability issues related to the use of artificial intelligence in the context of armed conflicts.

Facet-governed Zn homoepitaxy via lattice potential regulation

The comprehensive regulation of an in situ grown overlayer and ionic liquid additive enables the Zn anode to harvest homoepitaxial deposition along certain Zn crystal facets, facilitating the commercial application of aqueous Zn-ion batteries.

Digital Classrooms and Assessment Challenges in Higher Education

Aim of the Study: Digital classrooms became a new normal during the pandemic, though those were there and used by some institutions already, but the global transition from physical classrooms to digital classrooms became general practice during the pandemic. This paper aims to explore educators’ experiences and concerns, primarily focused on assessment in digital classrooms. The primary objective of this study is to find out the challenges of educators in online assessment of university students. Methodology: It investigates through semi-structured interviews by educators working in the higher education sector. It analyzes and reviews their experiences, views and concerns when it comes to assessment in digital classrooms. Findings: The study reveals that educators had to face multiple challenges while ensuring transparent and accurate assessment both because of the digital divide and by exploiters. It also discusses how educators handle it particularly when things have gone shady and a few of the learners try to take advantage of them. Conclusion: There is a need for comprehensive planning, training, skills and regulations to handle it and to achieve pedagogical and anagogical goals either by offering alternative assessment criteria or by incorporating digital tools to root out any discrepancies. The scope of this study is limited and covers only educators’ experiences and perspectives, but it definitely suggests further investigation to find out students’ experiences, concerns and challenges when it comes to examination on digital platforms and find a solution to make it smoother for both educators and learners in a digital setting.

Analisis Implementasi Transformasi Digital Kesehatan di Rumah Sakit X Kota Pontianak Kalimantan Barat Tahun 2023

The application of health services with the use of technology that is being pursued by the government is a form of the evolution of the health industry called digital transformation. However, programs for digital transformation in several health facilities still have obstacles in their implementation. Previous research said that this problem was one of the main factors in the decline in the quality of service at health facilities. RS X as the latest hospital that directly applies technology since its service is known to still experience obstacles. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the implementation of digital transformation comprehensively by looking at every supporting resource on RS X, which was built in the digital era, compared to previous research that only focused on one or two things. The research uses qualitative study design with a case study approach. Data collection in this study used an in-depth interview method to three informants selected based on the purposive sampling method. The results of the study were obtained through the analysis of Ishikawa diagram problems consisting of six focus problems, namely human resources, tools and materials, assets, methods, assessment, and environmental factors. Conclusion The obstacles to the implementation of digital transformation are due to the lack of role of hospital management in providing firm policies. Comprehensive planning, regulation, supervision, and evaluation of each component involved is needed to improve the successful implementation of digital transformation of health services at Hospital X.

Transformation to Law Enforcement Gambling Crimes in Indonesia

<p><em>Gambling is nothing new, since a long time ago this crime has existed. Initially, gambling was done with conventional methods, but along with the development of technology, gambling has also experienced developments and now it has entered the digital space. The rise of online gambling has made the government declare Indonesia's condition of gambling emergency. Minister of Communication and Information (Menkominfo) Budi Arie even stated that he intends to fight gambling within a week. Gambling was originally a social problem, but later it has developed into a legal problem that demands comprehensive and continuous regulation and law enforcement. This research will discuss how law enforcement practices in Indonesia in eradicating gambling and how Indonesian law solves the problem comprehensively. The research method used is a normative research method or commonly called literature research by examining library materials or secondary data with a case approach. Several relevant legislation products will be used as legal bases in this research, such as the Criminal Code (KUHP) and Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions. This research wants to provide input to the government in supporting the law enforcement process against gambling and also help increase the level of public legal awareness of gambling crimes both online and conventional. </em></p>

УГОЛОВНО-ПРАВОВОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ МЕТАВСЕЛЕННЫХ: КОЛЛИЗИИ В ПРАВЕ

The article is devoted to the analysis of global issues of the existence in law of a completely new object of criminal legal protection — metaverses. The authors consider it necessary to regulate not only the interactive space of the metaverses, but also the relationships that develop within them. A person is able to realize himself inside the digital space. The metaverse has entered social life, economics and law. They attributed metaverse technology to one of the ten technologies that affect the efficiency of business processes. According to analysts, a significant growth of the virtual economy based on digital assets is expected, and by 2027 40 % of companies will use a combination of Web3, cloud augmented reality and digital twins. And of course, this will require from digital law a comprehensive legal regulation of the metaverse technology, which is absent today as a phenomenon. There were complaints from users about the need to protect their rights in the process of using interactive content, in particular: protection of personal data, property, money, physical integrity, the ability to exercise their intellectual rights. However, before outlining the range of crimes that can be committed in completely new conditions, it is necessary to define in the concept of criminal law the need to protect this space, to regulate human activity in it.

Interkingdom Hormonal Regulations between Plants and Animals Provide New Insight into Food Safety.

Food safety has become an attractive topic among consumers. Raw material production for food is also a focus of social attention. As hormones are widely used in agriculture and human disease control, consumers' concerns about the safety of hormone agents have never disappeared. The present review focuses on the interkingdom regulations of exogenous animal hormones in plants and phytohormones in animals, including physiology and stress resistance. We summarize these interactions to give the public, researchers, and policymakers some guidance and suggestions. Accumulated evidence demonstrates comprehensive hormonal regulation across plants and animals. Animal hormones, interacting with phytohormones, help regulate plant development and enhance environmental resistance. Correspondingly, phytohormones may also cause damage to the reproductive and urinary systems of animals. Notably, the disease-resistant role of phytohormones is revealed against neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. These resistances derive from the control for abnormal cell cycle, energy balance, and activity of enzymes. Further exploration of these cross-kingdom mechanisms would surely be of greater benefit to human health and agriculture development.

AGREEMENTS ON TRANSBOUNDARY WATER BODIES: STATE AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT

The article deals with the regulation of transboundary water bodies on the basis of multilateral and bilateral agreements of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the countries of Central Asia, the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the existing international agreements regulating the issues of joint use of transboundary water bodies and to develop proposals to address issues related to insufficient volume of incoming water. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the destruction of the unified system of regulation of the water industry, surface waters ceased to be considered internal water bodies, and acquired a transboundary character requiring comprehensive international legal regulation. Particular attention to transboundary water bodies is due to the high dependence of Kazakhstan on neighboring countries forming more than 40 km3 out of 100 km3 of the total long-term flow of rivers and temporary watercourses. Of the existing 8 water management basins of the country, only the Nura-Sarysu basin does not have transboundary water bodies. A decrease in the volume of water can have a negative impact on industrial production, utilities and agriculture of the country. The adoption of preventive measures and the conclusion of transparent agreements with neighboring countries will avoid catastrophic consequences for the country's economy and human life. In this regard, the authorized state bodies represented by the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources, as well as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, need to actively use dialogue platforms within the framework of regional organizations and signed agreements to build the potential of relations between neighboring countries to address issues of equal water allocation. The comparative legal method was used as the main research method, which allowed analyzing the existing interstate agreements. The results of the study indicate a large amount of work done between neighboring countries, however, modern global challenges encourage countries to defend a tougher position that meets national interests, which in turn is not always beneficial for downstream countries.

Competence of Tax Authorities in the Gift and Inheritance Tax

The topic of tax authorities is essential from both theoretical and practical perspectives. It encompasses a variety of questions related to the fundamental features of these institutions and to the identification of comprehensive regulations for establishing their competency. Additionally, it holds particular importance regarding taxes since tax liability arises following the delivery of a constitutive decision by such an entity (a decision that determines the amount of tax liability). These premises facilitate an in-depth examination of the legal measures relevant to this case. Thus, the research presented here encompasses the relevant statutes, an implementing act, and the perspectives of legal scholars and commentators. Special attention is paid to the judiciary’s stance. The conclusions drawn from this study are useful for formulating de lege lata and de lege ferenda recommendations.

Potential of Crypto Assets as Loan Collateral in Indonesia

This research reviews the potential for using crypto assets as loan collateral in Indonesia. By focusing on regulatory aspects, risks, benefits and stakeholder perceptions, this research analyzes how crypto assets can be used as collateral in loan transactions. A mixed methodology was used to gain a holistic understanding, encompassing both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results highlight the legal complexities, protections, and need for more comprehensive regulations in facilitating the use of crypto assets as loan collateral in Indonesia

ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНІСТЬ ЗА БЮДЖЕТНІ ПРАВОПОРУШЕННЯ

Budget Violations are a Significant Component of the Financial-Legal System in Ukraine, Regulating the Budgetary Process and Financial Relations among Its Participants. The article structures important aspects of budgetary violations, their legal responsibilities, and sanctions provided for by the relevant legislation. The Ukrainian system of responsibility in the field of budgetary legal relations encompasses a wide range of subjects and sanctions used to ensure compliance with financial norms and rules. This system is regulated by the current legislation, including the Budget Code of Ukraine, the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses, and the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The definition of budget violations is a key aspect of analyzing this topic. A budget violation is the failure of a participant in the budget process to comply with the established procedure regulating the compilation, review, approval, amendment, and execution of the budget or the report on its execution. Participants in these violations include budget managers, recipients of budget funds, and local self-government bodies. Responsibility for such violations covers civil, disciplinary, administrative, and even criminal liability. For violations in the field of budgetary relations, the legislation provides a specific list of influence measures but also allows for the establishment of other sanctions through subordinate acts. Violations such as missing budget statements, improper budget fund allocation, and other forms of non-compliance can trigger the imposition of financial sanctions. An important characteristic is the specificity of budgetary relations, primarily having an imperative character and thereby constructing the structure of administrative responsibility in this area using formal elements of administrative-criminal acts. A comprehensive analysis and regulation of budget violations are essential elements of the stability and development of the state, ensuring compliance with financial norms and the accountability of budget process participants.

Environmental Injustice and Electronic Waste in Ghana: Challenges and Recommendations.

Electronic waste (e-waste) or discarded electronic devices that are unwanted, not working, or have reached their end of life pose significant threats to human and environmental health. This is a major concern in Africa, where the majority of e-waste is discarded. In the year 2021, an estimated 57.4 million metric tons of e-waste were generated worldwide. Globally, COVID-19 lockdowns have contributed to increased e-waste generation. Although Africa generates the least of this waste, the continent has been the dumping ground for e-waste from the developed world. The flow of hazardous waste from the prosperous 'Global North' to the impoverished 'Global South' is termed "toxic colonialism". Agbogbloshie, Ghana, an e-waste hub where about 39% of e-waste was treated, was listed among the top 10 most polluted places in the world. The discard of e-waste in Ghana presents an issue of environmental injustice, defined as the disproportionate exposure of communities of color and low-income communities to pollution, its associated health and environmental effects, and the unequal environmental protection provided through policies. Despite the economic benefits of e-waste, many civilians (low-income earners, settlers, children, and people with minimal education) are exposed to negative health effects due to poverty, lack of education, and weak regulations. We critically examine the existing literature to gather empirical information on e-waste and environmental injustice. Comprehensive policies and regulations are needed to manage e-waste locally and globally.

PROVISIONS ON IMPORTATION OF ELECTRONICALLY TRANSMITTED DIGITAL GOODS STUDY CASE: INDONESIA

In a world increasingly reliant on e-commerce, the need for comprehensive international trade regulations, ensuring fairness and inclusivity in this digital trade has become paramount. In 1998, the World Trade Organization (WTO) introduced a moratorium on customs duties for electronic transmissions, signalling a commitment to a tariff-free environment for digital commerce. However, this decision has sparked extensive debates among WTO members, particularly concerning the definition and scope of electronically transmitted content. The study delves into Indonesia's provision for imposing customs duties on digital goods transmitted electronically, offering insights into its policy background, legal framework, and implementation procedures. Employing descriptive qualitative research methods, this study aims to provide a holistic understanding of Indonesia's customs duties provision for digital imports through electronic transmission. It captures the nuances of this policy by presenting real-world data, observations, and interviews with stakeholders. Indonesia Government has regulated the importation of digital goods through electronic transmission with the issuance of the MoF Regulation Number 190 Year 2022 regarding Import Provisions for Home Use. The provisions include three main points: exclusion from some provisions of importation of tangible goods, a minimum requirement of filled-in element data in customs import declaration, and a monitoring and submissionmechanism. In conclusion, the provisions of digital goods importation, which Indonesia has implemented, accommodates usefulness and easiness to the importers in declaring import declaration. As a result, there has been a significant increase in the number of import declaration documents for digital goods since the regulation`simplementation in January 2023.

Multi-criteria assessment framework for evaluation of Green Deal performance.

The European Green Deal (EGD) is a long-term and important policy to combat climate change. It contains comprehensive regulations that concern the European continent beyond individuals, companies, and cities. Moreover, achieving environmental sustainability depends on the whole world taking responsibility and concrete steps quickly. Although successful and rapid change requires collective effort and high performance across all topics, involving all countries, communities, and sectors, leaving no one behind, since the economic conditions and infrastructures of countries are different, the process of adaptation to green transformation varies. In this study, the multi-criteria decision-making approach has been used to evaluate the performance of the EU member states in terms of many different criteria under the protecting, reducing, and enabling dimensions in an integrated and comprehensive manner. In this context, the data of the EU member states obtained from Eurostat on 3 main and 15 sub-criteria were used, criterion weights were determined by the MEREC method, and then the EGD performances of the countries were revealed by the MAIRCA method. According to the results, "the primary energy consumption" and "freight transport by mode" were selected as the most significant criteria in terms of EGD compliance performance. As a result of the evaluation of the performances of the alternatives, the Netherlands had the best EGD performance which was followed by Sweden while Ireland had the worst ranking and Cyprus was the other underperforming member. Comparative analyses were conducted with the aim of testing the consistency of the proposed methodology.