Comprehensive Prevention Measures Research Articles

Analysis on job burnout status and its influencing factors of grassroots public health service personnel in Huaian city

Objective: To analyze the status of job burnout among the community and township public health workers, and to provide scientific basis for formulating comprehensive prevention and control measures. Methods: A census sampling method was used to investigate the job burnout by using the self-made general demographic data questionnaire and the MBI-GS in HuaiAn. Results: A total of 1074 valid questionnaires were collected, and the total physical examination rate of job burnout was 58.7%, 51.3% were mild burnout, 7.4% were highly burnout. Multivariate ordered logistic regression analysis showed that sex (OR=1.32), chronic disease (OR=1.92)、and daily working hours greater than 7 h (OR=1.40)、township health center (OR=1.31) were independent risk factors for occupational burnout. The age "≥51" (OR=0.45)、"41~" (OR=0.58) are the independent protective factors for the occurrence of job burnout. Conclusion: Job burnout detection rate was high in the staff of essential public health service, sex, daily working hours, health status, age and work unit are the main factors influencing job burnout.

Syphilis among Female Sex Workers: Results of Point-of-Care Screening during a Cross-Sectional Behavioral Survey in Burkina Faso, West Africa.

Background Syphilis among female sex workers (FSW) remains a public health concern due to its potential impact on their health and the possibility of transmission to their clients, partners, and children. Recent data on the prevalence of syphilis in the population in West Africa are scarce. The objective of this study was to measure the seroprevalence of syphilis serological markers among female sex workers in Burkina Faso. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey among FSW between February 2013 and May 2014. Participants were recruited using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) methods in five cities of Burkina Faso (Ouagadougou, Bobo-Dioulasso, Koudougou, Ouahigouya, and Tenkodogo). FSW were enrolled and screened for syphilis using a syphilis serological rapid diagnostic test. Data from all cities were analyzed with Stata version 14.0. Results A total of 1045 FSW were screened for syphilis. Participants' mean age was 27.2 ± 0.2 years. The syphilis serological markers were detected in 5.6% (95% CI: 4.4–7.2) of the participants whereas active syphilis was seen in 1.4% (95% CI: 0.9–2.4). RDS weighted prevalence of syphilis serological markers and active syphilis by city were, respectively, estimated to be 0.0% to 11.0% (95% CI: 8.1–14.7) and 0.0% to 2.2% (95% CI: 1.1–4.4). No syphilis markers were found among Ouahigouya FSW. Low education level and high number of clients were factors associated with syphilis markers among the FSW. Conclusion The prevalence of syphilis markers was high during this study among FSW. This highlights the need to reinforce the comprehensive preventive measures and treatment of syphilis in this population.

The improved cure fraction for esophageal cancer in Linzhou city

BackgroundSurvival of esophageal cancer in Linzhou was seen to increase over the past few decades and is higher than the average level of China due to the implementation of comprehensive prevention and control measures. In population-based studies, relative survival is a common index to approximate disease-specific survival. However, the cure fraction maybe great interest to patients and physicians. This study aimed to investigate the cure fraction of esophageal cancer in Linzou city during 2003–2012 with a cure model.MethodsWe carried out a population-based study of 8067 esophageal cancer patients in the Linzhou city during 2003–2012. Flexible parametric cure models were used to estimate cure proportions and median survival times of uncured by year of diagnosed and age. In each model, an interaction between calendar year and age were included. All variables in the model were included both as constant and time-varying effects.ResultsThe 5-year relative survival rate was increased in every age group from 2003 to 2012. The huge increase in the cure proportion was observed in each age group. At the year of 2011–2012, 79.8%, 58.0%, 123.4% and 162.7% improvements of cure proportion were seen in age group 19–49, 50–59, 60–69 and 70–99 years compared with year of 2003–2004. Meanwhile, survival of ‘uncured’ patients changed little in all age group.ConclusionsThe improvement of survival in Linzhou city during 2003–2012 was mainly due to an increasing cure proportion. Huge improvement of cure fraction within short period is likely due to the organized screening of esophageal cancer in Linzhou city.

The Effect of the Gully Land Consolidation Project on Soil Erosion and Crop Production on a Typical Watershed in the Loess Plateau

The Gully Land Consolidation Project (GLCP) was launched to create more arable land by excavating soil from the slopes on both sides of gullies, combined with simultaneous comprehensive gully prevention and control measures. The purpose of the GLCP is to increase crop production and reduce soil erosion to achieve ecological and agricultural sustainability. In this study, we assess the effects of the GLCP on soil erosion and crop production by studying the BaoChengGou Watershed in the Loess Plateau, primarily by means of high spatial-resolution satellite images (taken by the GF-1 and ZY-3 satellites) combined with the InVEST model and field investigations. Sloping cropland, sparse forestland, and natural grassland are the main land use types in the study area. After implementing the GLCP, consolidated land in the cropland increased by 7.35%, an increase that has come largely at the expense of grassland and forestland. The GLCP has markedly reduced soil erosion in the BaoChengGou Watershed, especially in the sense that soil erosion intensity was also reduced significantly in the project region on the whole, despite intensifying in certain places, such as excavated slopes; furthermore, it has improved crop yields in the study area by 10.9%. Comprehensive measurement shows the GLCP to be scientific, reasonable, and clearly efficacious. This study presents findings regarding the positive significance of the GLCP in promoting ecological and agricultural sustainability in the Loess Plateau.

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a sample of the adult population of Alexandria, Egypt

AimsTo determine the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a sample of the adult population of Alexandria, Egypt, and to delineate the epidemiologic profile of the disease in this community. MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on a representative sample of the population. Participants provided demographic data, their medical history, and blood samples for measurement of plasma glucose (fasting and after oral glucose load) and underwent a detailed physical examination. ResultsOf 10,640 eligible subjects, 9657 (90.8%) aged 18–90 years agreed to participate (3795 men, 5862 women). We found an age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes of 16.8% (men, 12.7%; women 19.1%); of prediabetes, 14.6% (men, 13.5%; women, 15.2%), and of newly diagnosed diabetes, 5.5% (men, 3.3%; women, 6.6%). Diabetes was most common in people older than 50 years; prediabetes was most common in 30–39-year-old men and in women younger than 20. In logistic regression analysis, factors independently associated with prediabetes were a history of dyslipidaemia, urban residence, and widowhood. Independent associated factors for diabetes were a high waist-to-hip ratio, family history of diabetes, being divorced, history of dyslipidaemia, peripheral arterial disease or hypertension, low education level, and being not working. ConclusionsWe found a high prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in Alexandria, particularly in the middle-aged population. Given globally increasing life expectancies, the number of individuals with diabetes could become particularly challenging to the Egyptian healthcare system. Comprehensive national preventive measures are urgently needed.

The effect of sequential, comprehensive, preventive intervention on the development of premature infants′ intelligence

Objective To explore the effect of sequential and comprehensive preventative measures on the development of premature infants′ intelligence. Methods A cohort of 120 premature infants was randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, each of 60. Both groups were given routine premature infant care, but the observation group was additionally provided with sequential and comprehensive preventive intervention. It included neonatal screening, inpatient-outpatient link-up, and their parents′ watching CDs explaining early childhood education and health education. All of the infants were followed up from birth to 3 years old. Their adaptive capacity, fine motor skills, language acquisition, gross motor skills and social communication were evaluated at 12, 24 and 36 months old using a child intelligence developmental scale for neurological development. Development intelligence quotients (DQs) were calculated and compared. Results After 12 months, significant inter-group differences were observed in adaptability and fine motor control. At 24 and 36 months old there were also significant differences in language skills. At one, two and 3 years old the average DQ of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group. Significant within-group differences in average DQ were observed in both groups between 1 and 2 years old, but not between 2 and 3. Conclusion Intervention within two years after birth is critical for premature infants. Timely, sequential, integrated, preventive intervention can promote the development of intelligence and better life quality for premature infants. Key words: Premature infants; Preventative intervention; Intellectual development; Parent education

Medicare and the affordable care act: Fraud control efforts and results

ABSTRACTMedicare fraud and abuse costs are estimated at 3–10% of overall Medicare spending, which is expected to expand considerably until 2024 and as such the amount of fraud dollars would be expected to increase proportionally. The purpose of this research was to determine how recent reforms, especially the Patient Protection and Accountable Care Act, may affect Medicare fraud and abuse and to uncover the best strategies to combat Medicare fraud. Methodology: the methodology for this qualitative study was a literature review. Seven electronic databases and five websites were utilized. Fifty-six sources were referenced for this literature review. The breadth of fraud and abuse within Medicare as well as recent reforms to fight fraud including legislative reforms, delivery system reforms, and other reforms including the formation of HEAT fraud fighting taskforces are examined. Legislative reforms are noted to be incompatible with the ACA’s new P4P delivery and reimbursement reforms. Medicare fraud requires comprehensive detection and prevention measures. Benefits of implementing this dual method of fraud fighting are discussed.

The advance of detection technology of HIV self-testing

At present, China's AIDS testing increased rapidly, but there are still many people living with HIV do not recognize their status, thus postponing the antiviral treatment time. HIV self-testing (HST) is an effective method to expand the testing, not only simple operation, easy to get a result, effectively protect the detection privacy, expand the selection of testers, suit to the entire population, but also the premise and basis of other AIDS comprehensive prevention measures, all over the world are promoting it. Because the HST has controversies in the window period, price and before and after controversial, and our country is in the initial stage of HST, so it is not to develop related policies, but more and more countries are in accordance with their own situations are modified or developed to allow to use rapid detection of AIDS policy to regulate the field. This paper analyzed and summarized the advantage and influence factors of HST promotion, HST believes that in the long term, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, we need to formulate relevant policies, and improve the sensitivity of the kit, shorten the window period of time, production and promotion of operation standard of video, specification and testing the operating practices, preventing and reporting the possible social harm, investigation and understanding of the needs of the people of the crowd, to maximize the advantages of HST, find more infection, so as to curb the epidemic of AIDS.

Characteristics analysis of hospitalized patients with malignant tumors in Shanxi Cancer Hospital from 2005 to 2014

Objective To analyze the changes of age, sex, and urban-rural characteristics of inpatients with malignant tumors in Shanxi Cancer Hospital from 2005 to 2014. Methods The data of malignant tumor patients from January 2005 to December 2014 in Shanxi Cancer Hospital were analyzed, which were stratified by age, sex and residence. SAS 9.2 statistical software was used to analyze the changes of age, sex and residence of patients with malignant tumors. Results The average age of malignant cancers was 59.16-60.99 years old for men and 50.7-52.06 years old for women from 2005 to 2014. The incidence between male and female was decreased from 0.81 in 2005 to 0.71 in 2014. The incidence ratio of urban-rural was decreased from 3.5 in 2005 and 2.13 in 2014. The disparities in urban-rural areas still existed in recent 10 years.The incidence number of women in rural areas and the average age of malignant tumors in our hospital was increased significantly respectively. Lung cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, esophagus cancer and stomach cancer were the major cancers. The incidence of lung cancer ranked in the first place in male tumors, and the breast cancer ranked in the first place for female tumors. Conclusions It still exists gender and urban-rural differences in patients with malignant tumors in Shanxi Cancer Hospital from 2005 to 2014, and aging tends to be more obvious. The prevention and control of lung cancer, digestive system cancer, female breast cancer are the emphasis in Shanxi Province, while the promotion of health education intervention should be undertaken. Besides, other kinds of comprehensive prevention and control measures are necessary including the screening for major cancers in keyareas and the early diagnosis. Key words: Neoplasms; Inpatients; Age of onset; Sex distribution; Urban-rural differences

Combating Counterfeiting of Medicines in the Republic of Belarus: Legal Analysis

Counterfeiting of medicines constitutes as a threat to public health, which nowadays has a “pandemic character”. In this regard, the legislation of the Republic of Belarus should properly address the risks caused by counterfeited medicines. Being a member of several economic alliances aimed at simplifying turnover of goods, including medical products, Belarus needs to develop comprehensive preventive measures and provide effective and proportionate criminal and other sanctions for the commission of acts connected with counterfeiting of medicines. This article focuses on key factors which impact the development of Belarusian legislation. The main obstacles for effective international cooperation in criminal matters concerning turnover of counterfeit medicines are also explored. Amendments to legislation aimed at improving the effectiveness of combating counterfeiting of medicines will also be discussed.

Abbau der Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit: Der Weg ist steinig und schwer

The German labour market has recently performed well. But the persistence of unemployment is still considerable. The outflows from long-term unemployment into employment have not significantly increased in recent years. This is due to various individual risks of the long-term unemployed, such as low education, low qualification, old age and weak health. Analyses show that previous reductions in long-term unemployment levels were attained by lowering new inflows. These findings indicate that comprehensive early prevention measures are needed. In addition, more individualised and thorough employment services are required.

Research on the Risks and Countermeasures of Talent Introduction in Colleges—Based on the Perspective of Risk Management

Talent introduction in colleges has some problems, such as the talent introduction planning, the difficulties in talent selection, the low level of matching degree, the imbalance of input and output, the brain drain and so on. Colleges need to establish a risk assessment index system for the introduction of their own situation, and scientific assessment of the occurrence of various types of risk probability and the degree of loss, etc. At the same time, establishing scientific personnel by the introduction planning, establishing comprehensive personnel evaluation standards, implementing the contract management, strengthening performance appraisal, perfecting the mechanism of talent management system, establishing a comprehensive preventive measures the risk of introducing talents into colleges.

Public Health Impact of Congenital Toxoplasmosis and Cytomegalovirus Infection in Belgium, 2013: A Systematic Review and Data Synthesis.

Congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) and cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV) may cause significant morbidity and even fetal or neonatal mortality. We aimed to quantify the disease burden of CT and cCMV in Belgium in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and identify data gaps. The public health impact of CT and cCMV in Belgium in 2013 was 188 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 43-419) and 1976 (95% UI, 757-4067) DALYs, respectively. The major data gaps identified were representative Belgian studies; information on important sequelae, intrauterine mortality, and termination of pregnancy; and late onset sequelae. A scenario analysis showed important increases in years of life lost when the burden due to fetal losses was included and decreases in DALYs when comprehensive CT prevention measures were conducted. Addressing the key data gaps identified may allow generation of the data needed to break the vicious circle of underrecognition.

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults in rural areas of Ningxia Hui autonomous region

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) among adults in rural areas of Ningxia Hui autonomous region. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 639 adults enrolled with a multistage method from Jingyuan County. The MS was identified according to Chinese type 2 diabetes prevention guide (2013). Results: Among all the subjects, 17.4% of them met the MS definition with the standardized prevalence of 14.7% after adjustment of sex and age. The prevalence and standardized rate of MS in men were 19.9% and 17.3%, and in women were 15.3% and 13.5%.The prevalence of MS in men was higher than that in women(P<0.001) and increased with aging in both genders. The prevalence and standardized rate of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, high triglycerides, and low HDL-C were 19.5% and 16.7%, 15.0% and 12.9%, 42.0% and 37.1%, 25.8% and 23.1%, 28.5% and 27.7%, respectively. The rate of abdominal obesity was higher in women than in men (20.5% vs 18.2%, P=0.004), whereas the rate of hypertension, high triglycerides, and low HDL-C were higher in men than in women (all P<0.01). The prevalence of having one parameter of the MS was 68.4%. Conclusion: The prevalence of MS is higher in rural areas of Ningxia Hui autonomous region, suggesting that a series of comprehensive prevention measures should be carried out to prevent and control the MS so as to improve the public health conditions in rural areas.

Falls Suffered by Elderly People From the Perspective of Health Care Personnel: A Qualitative Study.

An exploratory interpretative study was carried out to recognize the factors regarded by health care professionals as potential obstacles to the evaluation, prevention, and documentation of falls in persons above 65 years of age. Focus groups and questionnaires were carried out. Audio recordings were made, and these were subsequently transcribed and analyzed in accordance with the Bardin's thematic content analysis. Four focus groups of four persons were set up, and 16 questionnaires were returned. Four thematic categories were obtained. The analysis showed a lack of data in records of falls, perhaps for reasons of overwork, lack of motivation, awareness, or consistency in the registration systems in use. Health care professionals document two types of fall, depending on the elderly person's ability to carry out everyday tasks. There is not a rigorous and systematic approach for recording falls. Perspectives from health care professionals could help in analyzing the causes of falls and suggesting comprehensive preventive measures.

Epidemiological characteristics of canine Echinococcus infection in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is known as one of the highest endemic areas of echinococcosis. However, the dog infection rates of Echinococcus granulosus in the plateau regions were similar to other non-Tibetan areas with the high endemic, and most of the rates were below 40%. The infected dogs with E. multilocularis were ubiquitous in Ganzi Prefecture of Sichuan Province and Qinghai Province where many survey data were done and available, which was much different from those in non-Ti-betan areas where the geographical distribution of dogs infected with E. multilocularis was sporadic. The total infection rates of Echinococcus in dogs kept stable from 1983 to 2009 in Ganzi Prefecture of Sichuan Province and did not show much variation from 2000 to 2014 in Qinghai Province as well. Since 2006, the national comprehensive prevention and control strategy and measures against echinococcosis have been launched in China, and significant progress has been made. In the endemic Tibetan area of Sichuan, the general Echinococcus infection rates in dogs were 28.10%, 15.87%, 19.22%, 3.28% and 1.11% from 2009 to 2013, respectively, and the Echinococcus coproantigen-positive rate in Gannan Prefecture of Gansu Province and parts of Qing-hai Province also decreased. This paper reviews the literature on the characteristics of dog infections in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, so as to provide useful information to support echinococcosis control and prevention there.

Beyond psychopathology: A case-control psychological autopsy study of young adult males.

As young Australian males are at a high risk of suicide, the identification of risk factors other than psychopathology is vital for the development of comprehensive suicide prevention measures. The study investigated whether there were differences in risk factors and pathways to suicide in young adult males from Queensland, Australia, with and without a diagnosable psychiatric disorder. A case-control, psychological autopsy method was applied using a control group of young males who had died suddenly from causes other than suicide. Suicide cases without a psychiatric diagnosis more frequently displayed behaviours indicative of their suicidality (such as previous attempts, disposing of possessions and making statements of hopelessness) than controls without a diagnosis. Suicides without a diagnosis also displayed more 'difficult' personality traits, such as higher levels of neuroticism and aggression. They also experienced poorer quality of life and were significantly more likely than their controls to have experienced a recent separation from a spouse or partner. The results of this study confirmed the existence of several distinct characteristics of young males who die by suicide in the absence of any diagnosable psychiatric disorder.

Development of a hybrid model to predict construction and demolition waste: China as a case study

Construction and demolition waste (C&DW) is currently a worldwide issue, and the situation is the worst in China due to a rapid increase in the construction industry and the short life span of China’s buildings. To create an opportunity out of this problem, comprehensive prevention measures and effective management strategies are urgently needed. One major gap in the literature of waste management is a lack of estimations on future C&DW generation. Therefore, this paper presents a forecasting procedure for C&DW in China that can forecast the quantity of each component in such waste. The proposed approach is based on a GM-SVR model that improves the forecasting effectiveness of the gray model (GM), which is achieved by adjusting the residual series by a support vector regression (SVR) method and a transition matrix that aims to estimate the discharge of each component in the C&DW. Through the proposed method, future C&DW volume are listed and analyzed containing their potential components and distribution in different provinces in China. Besides, model testing process provides mathematical evidence to validate the proposed model is an effective way to give future information of C&DW for policy makers.

Epidemiological Features of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease during the Period of 2008-14 in Wenzhou, China.

This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) during 2008-14 in Wenzhou, China. The epidemiological data of HFMD retrieved from the Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention were retrospectively analyzed. HFMD infections with enterovirus 71 (EV71), Cox A16 or other pathogens were further verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR. A total of 213617 cases of HFMD were reported between 2008 and 2014 in Wenzhou. The average incidence was 384.31 of 100000, and the fatality rate was 0.14‰. The incidence of HFMD peaked between April and July, and it occurred more frequently in males than in females. Approximately 92.68% of the HFMD patients were children aged <5 years. Nearly 80% of the cases were diagnosed within 2 days after onset. The major HFMD pathogen was EV71. This study suggested that appropriate comprehensive prevention and control measures should be taken to avoid the spread of HFMD.

Malaria endemic situation and comprehensive prevention and control measures in Caoxian County

To understand the malaria endemic characteristics and control measures in Caoxian County, Shandong Province, so as to summarize the experiences of malaria elimination. The data of malaria endemic situation and control measures in Caoxian County from 1953 to 2014 were collected and descriptively analyzed, and the control effectiveness was evaluated. The incidence of malaria reduced from 13.25% in 1970 to 0.33% in 1983, and no malaria case was found in 1986. The goal of basic malaria elimination was achieved. The sporadic malaria infections were found from 2006 to 2010, and three imported malaria cases were found in Caoxian County from 2011 to 2014. The effect of comprehensive prevention and control measures taken in Caoxian County is significant, and the goal of malaria elimination has been reached. The imported malaria and secondary cases are future focuses of malaria control work.