Comprehensive Planning Approach Research Articles

Optimizing a resistance training program to increase muscle strength: a comprehensive planning approach - a systematic review

Background: Muscle strength is an essential factor in maintaining one's health and quality of life. Resistance training programs have been known to be effective in improving muscle strength. However, their success can be affected by various factors, including exercise variety, volume, intensity, frequency, and duration. To optimize the effects of a resistance training program, a comprehensive planning approach is essential. Study Objective: This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of the literature to explore a comprehensive planning approach in optimizing resistance exercise programs to improve muscle strength. Materials and Methods: A systematic method was used to identify relevant studies from various scientific databases. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were established to select studies that fit the research objectives. Data from the selected studies were extracted and analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness and planning approaches used in resistance exercise programs. Results: The results of this systematic review indicate that a comprehensive planning approach, including individualization of the program, progressive and adaptive, integration of functional exercises, and periodic monitoring and evaluation, are critical factors in optimizing resistance exercise programs. Studies showed differences in the effectiveness of resistance training programs based on these factors. Conclusion: By integrating a comprehensive planning approach, resistance exercise programs can be optimized to achieve maximal muscle strength gains. Practical implications of these findings include relevance to specific populations and application in the context of rehabilitation. Future research should focus more on understanding the interactions between these factors and explore more specific planning approaches to improve the effectiveness of resistance training programs.

FranchiseGlobal.com Business Development Strategy: Analysis Using Financial Planning at FranchiseGlobal.com

This research aims to analyze the business development strategy of FranchiseGlobal.com through a comprehensive financial planning approach. As a digital platform offering franchise and business opportunities, FranchiseGlobal.com aspires to become the leading and innovative online franchise media. The research analyzes short-, medium-, and long-term financial planning to achieve profitability and business sustainability. A qualitative descriptive method and thematic analysis were employed for data analysis. The study examines key financial planning elements, including revenue planning, cost management, capital requirements, and five-year financial projections. The results show that sound financial planning can help the company achieve profitability targets within five years, indicated by a positive NPV, IRR above 10%, and a payback period of less than four years. The company's projected revenue growth is expected to remain stable through diversification of revenue streams and efficient capital management. The study concludes that appropriate financial strategies will be a crucial foundation for FranchiseGlobal.com to become Indonesia's leading digital franchise platform.

Are we going towards an effective integration of air quality and climate planning? A comparative analysis for Italian regions

Climate change mitigation and adaptation along with air pollution are key challenges that require a comprehensive planning approach able to promote win-win strategies and avoid transferring environmental pressures from one sector to another. The joint approach is widely advocated at the policy level while the scientific research investigates the role of co-benefits in planning processes. A methodological framework was developed with the twofold aim of (i) assessing the current integration degree between regional Air Quality Plans and Climate Plans and (ii) providing useful hints for pursuing greater air-climate integration. Its application to the Italian case study provides useful policy implications for strengthening the role of co-benefits as drivers of planning processes. Results show that a greater air-climate integration can be achieved by enhancing the role of regional authorities in supporting the implementation of local-scale plans and actions. This is especially important in contexts where an integrated planning framework is lacking and the mainstreaming within sectoral sub-regional plans turns out to be crucial.

Integrating fuzzy analytic hierarchy process into ecosystem service-based spatial planning: A case study of the Shenyang metropolitan area, China

Incorporating ecosystem services (ESs) into spatial planning is crucial for effective environmental management and achieving sustainable development goals. While the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a commonly employed method for multicriteria analysis of ESs, it has faced criticism for its limited ability to handle inherent imprecision and uncertainties. Consequently, we proposed an assessment framework for ESs using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and implemented it in the Shenyang Metropolitan Area (SMA), a key political and economic center in Northeast China. We quantified eight types of ESs (water yield, food supply, water regulation, carbon storage, waste regulation, soil retention, habitat quality, and outdoor recreation) within SMA. The FAHP was utilized to determine the weights of these ESs. Subsequently, we presented a normalized index to identify priority conservation and development areas. Our results indicated that the primary areas for conservation were mainly located in the southwest and east of Benxi City, the southeast of Fushun City, and the southeast of Anshan City, whereas areas for development were primarily in the northwest of Shenyang City. Through comparing various ES integration methods, our study underscores the effectiveness of FAHP in ES evaluation. The research also highlights the challenge of managing uncertainties in ES-based policy-making and emphasizes the necessity for resilient and comprehensive planning approaches.

FACTORS CAUSING TIME DELAYS COMPLETION OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS(Case Study on Facilities Building Construction ProjectSports Stage 5 Construction of the East Stand)

Inaccuracy in planning project activities during project implementation greatly affects implementation delays in the field. The purpose of the study is to determine and analyze: (1) the causal factors that contribute to project completion delays, (2) the causal factors that contribute to the dominant delay in project completion, and (3) delay risk management. In the Sports facilities (Eastern Tribune Development) project. Cirebon Regency. This study is a type of quantitative descriptive study. Data collection was done through FGD, interviews and questionnaires distributed to 10 qualified respondents in the construction sector. The resources of this study are the cause of the delay in the completion of the projects. A House of Risk (HOR) approach was used to analyze the data. Research results show that (1) Cirebon Regency Sports Facilities Building (Eastern Tribune Development) project has 14 risk events and 17 identified risk causes that cause delays. (2) Control factors that cause delays in project completion include: material factors, contract document factors, project owner factors, and contractor and design consultant factors, and (3) delay risk management options, including: (a) good communication and coordination. with the owner; (b) apply a comprehensive planning approach to procurement of materials, (c) coordinate current project drawings between consultants and field workers, (d) contact consultants and supervisors.

Transformative Potential: A Comprehensive Analysis of China-Pakistan Agricultural Cooperation under CPEC

Given the persistent concern of global food security, particularly in developing nations where agricultural sectors faces various challenges, the increasing collaboration between China and Pakistan under China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) presents an interesting case study for agricultural cooperation. This research explores the partnership, examining its evolution, potential, and inherent challenges. The analysis maps out the growth of bilateral trade between China and Pakistan from 2011 to 2019, analyzing policy frameworks, and explores the diverse fields of cooperation, including infrastructure, product processing, machinery, and information exchange. While highlighting promising prospects, it identifies challenges such as low enterprise competitiveness, limited information exchange, and political risks, all considered in the context of CPEC and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). It emphasizes the transformative potential of China-Pakistan agricultural cooperation under CPEC, underscoring the importance of comprehensive planning and strategic approaches to maximize mutual benefits in the domain of international agricultural collaboration.

PROBLEMS OF SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF SKHIDNYTSIA BALNEOLOGICAL RESORT IN LVIV REGION

Skhidnytsia is a new resort in Lviv region that is developing rapidly due to its unique health and recreational resources and location in the Truskavets sub-region. Skhidnytsia has a number of functional and environmental problems due to the peculiarities of the spatial organization of its resort area. Skhidnytsia's resort area has a dispersed, scattered character. This is a set of unevenly distributed territories of autonomous health resort and recreational facilities with limited access for other vacationers. The entire space of the village functions as a resort due to the lack of a public resort area and turns into a field of conflict between permanent residents and resort guests. The interests of treatment, recreation and other economic activities intersect here. Unorganized movement and recreation have a negative impact on the surrounding natural landscapes and balneological resources.
 Today, Skhidnytsia needs a comprehensive urban planning approach to reforming and developing its resort environment. The actual tasks of the spatial reorganization of the existing resort area of Skhidnytsia are: connecting all resort areas with landscape and walking routes into a single planning system, creating a new resort-wide service center for vacationers, developing a resort-wide system of green spaces for mass recreation, improving and developing transport, engineering and resort infrastructure. The priority should be a comprehensive urban planning approach to the spatial development of the Skhidnytsia resort area, which can combine all local efforts and partial solutions of private developers, eliminating inconsistencies in the development and construction of individual resort areas.

EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

The development of human societies in different countries around the world is increasing dramatically. High-rise buildings are being constructed as a response to the challenges of limited and expensive urban land, and they are crucial for urbanization. Today, besides serving as structures for economic growth in cities, high-rise buildings remain symbolic of prestige and power for countries and companies. These buildings entail immense architectural and engineering complexity, necessitating a comprehensive planning approach for their design and construction. With the availability of numerous alternative solutions for various aspects of building design and construction systems, there is a need for an evaluation framework that is comprehensive, transparent in decision-making, and reliable and practical in its application. The aim of the article is to create a framework for the evaluation of construction systems, building materials, construction technologies, and methods of high-rise buildings. The scope of the article is the 30 tallest buildings listed in CTBUH (Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat). After evaluating the effects caused by the elevation of buildings and the application options for these effects, examining the scope according to these application options and as a result creating matrices for each building constitutes the method of the study.

Ecosocial compensation of nature-based social values in Turku, South-West Finland

Complementary building is one of the key objectives in current urban planning as cities attempt to mitigate climate change. However, this development often reduces the urban green space. This incremental encroachment can negatively affect both the well-being of residents and biodiversity. Compensation is a way to safeguard the urban green space under the pressure of complementary construction. In the spirit of creative democracy, in this study, we examined the preconditions for ecosocial compensation and the mitigation of the harmful effects of incremental encroachment, as well as the mitigation hierarchy, in the context of land-use planning. We organised three workshops for planners and civil society associations at which we examined the preconditions for ecosocial compensation and other mitigation options using co-creation methods. We also carried out a PPGIS survey for the residents of Turku and were able to insert one question into the voting advice application of the municipal election in 2021. Our results show that there is a need for a new kind of information regarding nature-based social values when considering mitigation options and compensation. A comprehensive planning approach instead of incremental planning practices is important for considering compensation. Residents’ initiative is essential in the ecosocial approach, and the compensation process may become a way for residents to step up and introduce concerns and new opportunities to the public discussion and actual decisions about urban green space.

Assessment of Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water in a Rural Tertiary Healthcare Institute of Haryana: A Record-based Descriptive Study

Introduction: Of all natural resources, water is one of the most essential and precious resources. It forms 70% of our body weight and acts as a necessary vehicle for all metabolic processes in the body. Water is exposed to various contaminants animal wastes, human wastes, etc. which affect the biological quality of water. So, water quality monitoring becomes an essential component for formulating measures and addressing the issues to safeguard public health. Aim: To assess the bacteriological quality of drinking water in a rural tertiary healthcare institute in Haryana. Materials and Methods: This descriptive, record-based, retrospective study was conducted in Bhagat Phool Singh Government Medical College for Women Khanpur, Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India (rural tertiary healthcare institute), from 1st January 2016 to 31st December 2018. The water samples were collected, transported, and analysed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water quality assessment and the Indian Council Medical Research (ICMR). Incomplete records with respect to inadequate samples and reporting issue were excluded from the study. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Results: Out of a total of 422 tested water samples 244 (58%) were found satisfactory while 178 (42%) unsatisfactory i.e. unfit for human consumption. From March to mid-June (summer season) 56 (31%) and from mid-June to mid-September (rainy season) 74 (42%) of water samples were found unsatisfactory while, 63 (26%) water samples were observed fit for human consumption in mid-September to mid-December (postmonsoon season) and 76 (31%) in mid-December to February season (winter season). Seasonal variations were recorded for water quality reporting. Conclusion: Comprehensive planning and feasible approach are to be followed prior to hot weather and rainy season for the provision of safe and potable drinking water

Assessing the Pro-environmental Behaviour Associated with Small-scale Sport Tourism Events

This study examined the pro-environmental behaviour that is associated with small-scale sporting events in the context of South Africa. To achieve this aim, the study employed a mixed-method research strategy, wherein face-to-face questionnaire surveys (n=316) were conducted with small-scale sporting event attendees. These were complemented by in-depth, semi-structured interviews with key informants who are involved in the organisation and management of such events (n=9). The key findings indicated that small-scale sport event attendees are environmentally conscious and practice pro-environmental behaviour at small-scale sport events to a large extent. However, the study observed certain nuances relating to behavioural differences at different events, with regards to environmental management. Moreover, there seemed to be a misalignment of environmental management from the event organisers and environmental behaviour by the attendees of small-scale sporting events, especially when looking into intended future behaviour at the events. The study advocates for a more comprehensive planning and management approach for small-scale events, particularly from the viewpoint of the organisers in order to promote responsible behaviour by attendees of the events going forward.

Novel use of a sequential standardized oral board exam to assess PGY1 resident progression.

A standardized oral board exam was created to longitudinally assess postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) pharmacy residents in key domains. We provide a descriptive review of a novel oral board exam administered quarterly to our PGY1 pharmacy residents. Preceptors from our core rotations (internal medicine/infectious diseases, adult critical care, oncology, pediatrics, and administration/health policy and outcomes) developed questions based on situations commonly encountered by PGY1 residents to assess residents' communication; the content of their response, assessment, and plan; and coachability. Over the 4-year history of this assessment, scoring has matured to consider whether a resident has or has not met or has exceeded expectations for a PGY1 resident at a given stage in their training. Our comprehensive feedback and action planning approach included residents' self-assessment, feedback from the exam committee, development and implementation of a customized training plan for execution, and dissemination to our preceptors. Systematically assessing our PGY1 residents with this innovative method provided a process for tracking their performance and served as a baseline for those who completed additional training at our institution. A standardized quarterly oral board exam was developed to identify residents' strengths and areas for improvement at established periods during the PGY1 residency training program. This standardized assessment, paired with individualized action plans and open communication with key stakeholders, stimulated development in residents' performance, communication, and interpersonal skills. We aim to expand this system's application to identify predictors of success for candidates we interview for our postgraduate training programs.

Top-down spatial developments and bottom-up consumption of space: Merits at the micro-scale in China's shrinking cities

Current studies on urban shrinkage tend to regard the phenomenon as city-level processes with an overlook on its inner complexity. Due to the ongoing urbanisation and pro-growth planning paradigm, spatial developments in shrinking cities in China has been especially complex. Therefore, this paper addresses such complexity and leverages on the neighbourhood change theory to investigate the relationship between spatial developments led by elite-structured urban policy and local people's consumption of space at the neighbourhood level. Both formal and informal practices generated by local people are regarded as influencing neighbourhood change. An embedded case study was conducted in Fushun city in Northeast China. Top-down spatial developments in Fushun reflects the pursuit of neighbourhoods' exchange values. Local people are found to consume urban space in different manners due to the detached nature of urban planning and policy from the local context. Informal practices are responsive to the wider structural underpinnings and have become a force shaping urban space under the shrinkage context. Considering current mono-visioned urban planning and policy, there is a need for a comprehensive planning approach incorporating the consumption of space when addressing the issue of urban shrinkage.

Rehabilitation after implant failure in the anterior maxilla: presentation of treatment options

The present article illustrates treatment options after implant removal (explantation) as a result of peri-implantitis in the anterior maxilla. After explantation of a dental implant in the anterior maxilla, the esthetical as well as functional rehabilitation is a demanding undertaking, especially, if removable prosthetic treatment options are undesirable. The present article illustrates that depending on individual patient's demands, different treatment options might be considered. However, in order to achieve aesthetically pleasing outcomes by means of fixed partial dentures (FDPs), the practitioner as well as the patient have to adapt oneself to a complex, time-consuming, and multiphasic therapy. Therefore, a comprehensive planning and systematic approach represent a mandatory prerequisite.

Measuring Walkability for More Liveable and Sustainable Cities

Walkability is of rising importance in planning and design circles. In Turkey and the world, it is increasingly recognized as an urban strategy to create healthy societies within sustainable and ‘liveable’ cities. Despite this interest, the extent to which Turkish cities are walkable remains questionable. Defining the performative features of walkability, this research offers a micro- scale walkability assessment model with eight qualitative and quantitative factors of urban design. Describing the model with its factors, this article first presents a research methodology, then explores the walkability level of the historic city centre of Mersin, specifically Ataturk and Uray Streets (AUS). Finally, it discusses the major planning and design strategies that can improve walkability and liveability level of the historic city centre of Mersin, and underlines the contributions the model can make to current planning practice with reference to inclusive, human-centred and flexible design approaches. The research concludes that a sensitive qualitative and quantitative assessment of walkability is necessary to identify the walkability level of urban space. Additionally, it suggests that a comprehensive, integrated, and multi-dimensional planning and design approach regarding micro-scale, meso-scale and macro-scale is required to develop holistic and integrated urban design strategies to achieve walkable, liveable and sustainable cities.

Measuring Walkability for More Liveable and Sustainable Cities: The Case of Mersin City Centre

Walkability is of rising importance in planning and design circles. In Turkey and the world, it is increasingly recognized as an urban strategy to create healthy societies within sustainable and ‘liveable’ cities. Despite this interest, the extent to which Turkish cities are walkable remains questionable. Defining the performative features of walkability, this research offers a micro- scale walkability assessment model with eight qualitative and quantitative factors of urban design. Describing the model with its factors, this article first presents a research methodology, then explores the walkability level of the historic city centre of Mersin, specifically Ataturk and Uray Streets (AUS). Finally, it discusses the major planning and design strategies that can improve walkability and liveability level of the historic city centre of Mersin, and underlines the contributions the model can make to current planning practice with reference to inclusive, human-centred and flexible design approaches. The research concludes that a sensitive qualitative and quantitative assessment of walkability is necessary to identify the walkability level of urban space. Additionally, it suggests that a comprehensive, integrated, and multi-dimensional planning and design approach regarding micro-scale, meso-scale and macro-scale is required to develop holistic and integrated urban design strategies to achieve walkable, liveable and sustainable cities.

The architect as civil servant: Aviah Hashimshoni’s architecture education and historiography in 1960s Israel

This article analyses two related events in 1960s Israeli architectural culture: first, the curricular revision at the Technion Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning under the deanship of Aviah Hashimshoni that promoted a comprehensive planning approach; and second, Hashimshoni’s 1963 essay ‘Architecture’, which is now regarded as the first history of Israeli architecture. I first show how these two instances synthesised the 1930s search for a national style and the regional planning approaches of the 1950s and 1960s. I then argue that this synthesis corresponded to the ways architects in Israel, and especially professors of architecture at the Technion, envisioned their profession’s civic service in the context of welfare-state ideology. They understood their service as articulating the state planning discourse, which viewed the region as a historical, cultural entity, and their profession as a neutral and implicit factor in establishing the architecture of this national-regional place. My analysis engages with scholarship on the political entanglement of architecture and state planning. As such, it contributes to the understanding of the ways in which, through this entanglement, Israeli design expertise and professional norms accommodated the combined knowledge of architects and urban planners.

From household-based sanitation facilities to urban-scale infrastructure

Around the world, urban sanitation continues to pose a significant challenge to achieve Sustainable Development Goals number 6. In a particular comparison with neighboring countries, Indonesia is known to lag behind in coverage and quality of urban sanitation infrastructures. Based on our experiences, we take closer look what type of technical solution, implementation, and approaches have been applied and their evaluation over time. For the future, we are looking for new, more flexible and comprehensive approaches to address significant development gaps after implementation our historical sanitation technologies approaches as: (1) Low cost urban sanitation facilities of Water and Sanitation Decade, 1980-1990; (2) Decentralization of urban sanitation infrastructures of Millennium Development Goals, 1990-2015; (3) The development of citywide versus medium sized communal sanitation infrastructures, 2015-today. By taking a longer historical view as we have done from 1980 until now, we identify that City Wide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) approach will be the one of the development approaches of urban sanitation infrastructures and facilities that can accelerate development of safely-managed urban sanitation in Indonesia. CWIS is a comprehensive planning and implementation approach for improving and developing the whole urban sanitation development including its service chain.

Choosing landscapes for protection: Comparing expert and public views in Gozo, Malta

Landscape designations are widely used as a basis for land-use policy and planning decisions, with these often based on technical expert assessments. However, there is limited consideration in the literature of the extent to which such expert-based designations reflect public views. This is relevant when considering the strong emphasis of the European Landscape Convention on ensuring that public perceptions are reflected in landscape decisions. In this study, we use the results of a survey to generate public perception-based landscape character and change maps for the island of Gozo (Malta). We consider three different respondent sub-groups and evaluate the degree of concordance between results obtained and landscapes recommended for designation by experts. Results indicate a poor fit between expert-based and public-based results, with >70% of expert-recommended areas not considered to be of particularly high landscape character by the public, and conversely, with >50% of areas considered to be of high character by the public not included within areas identified by experts as meriting protection. The spatial distribution of these areas was also poorly correlated. Furthermore, clear differences between public and technical judgements of landscape change were evident, particularly in the case of urban landscapes. The study has important implications, showing that expert-based landscape designations may not accurately or adequately reflect public views on valued landscapes and suggesting the need for additional public input to inform decision-making. Our results also indicate the importance of adopting comprehensive protection, planning and management approaches that consider not only outstanding but also more everyday landscapes.

The 1968 Tehran master plan and the politics of planning development in Iran (1945–1979)

ABSTRACTThis paper traces the relationship between state development policies and planning Tehran’s urban development from 1945 until the 1979 Islamic Revolution. It shows how the geopolitical context of the Cold War, and the political agendas of multilateral and bilateral development agencies (i.e. the World Bank and the Ford Foundation), together with the specific circumstances of the national modernization of Iran, were decisive in shaping the Iranian planning administration and the emergence of a comprehensive master planning approach. Moreover, this study demonstrates the critical role of the Iranian technocratic elite and professional middle class in establishing planning institutions and advocating for a vision of progress and development. The focus here is on the formation of the ‘Plan Organization’ as the first modern planning institution in Iran, and the ways in which this institution played a key role in shaping Iranian expert culture and urban planning practices. By examining the links between national development policies and urban planning, this paper presents how comprehensive master planning emerged as the preferred model for the planning and development of Iranian cities. The focus here is on the design and implementation of Tehran’s 1968 Comprehensive Master Plan.