Comprehensive Performance Research Articles

Comprehensive Preview Decision Method for Direction and Speed of Intelligent Vehicle Based on Rules and Learning

Decision-making is a key part of autonomous driving systems. Human-like decision-making in complex scenarios is important for enhancing drivers’ trust in and acceptance of autonomous driving systems. In order to improve their human-like features and their adaptability to complex scenarios, this paper proposes a comprehensive preview decision method for direction and speed based on rules and learning. First, a decision-making structure including maneuvering ability judgment, motion trajectory prediction, safety judgment, legitimacy judgment, comprehensive performance evaluation, and parameters learning is presented. Second, a learning method for the longitudinal safety distance threshold based on a BP neural network is introduced. Third, inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) is used to learn the comprehensive performance evaluation weight coefficient for different driving styles. Finally, the DJI AD4CHE dataset is processed and used to train the parameters. Car-following and lane-changing scenarios are simulated to verify the effectiveness of decision-making. The simulation results show that the proposed method can reflect human-like decision-making in multiple scenarios.

Robustly Flexible, Highly Transparent, and Polymerization-Regulated Polyimide Aerogel Membranes as Efficient Thermal Insulators for Solar Collection.

Efficient thermal insulators that can maintain their efficacy at extreme temperatures are in pressing demand, particularly in fields such as energy saving, aerospace, and sophisticated equipment. Herein, a novel and facile polymerization-regulated optimal strategy is adapted to realize the comprehensive performance of polyimide (PI) aerogel membranes with mechanical robustness, high flexibility, hydrophobicity, light transmittance, and efficient thermal insulation. Benefiting from the hydrolysis of monomers and chemical imidization reaction process verified by a thermo-chemo-mechanically coupled theoretical model, the viscosity of precursors, shrinkage rate, and microstructure of aerogels are precisely controlled, leading to a low thermal conductivity range of 0.023-0.044 W/(m·K). The fabricated PI aerogel membranes, which undergo a remarkable transformation from their initial brittle and opaque nature to a state of high flexibility and transparency, exhibit a 3.0 times increase in tensile strength (4.6 MPa) and a 8.4 times improvement in elongation at break (20.6%) over previous studies while demonstrating an exceptional light transmittance of 92.5% across a wide spectral range from 500 to 2500 nm. Additionally, the PI aerogel membranes possess superior mechanical properties and a wide temperature resistance range extending from -196 to 300 °C. These flexible PI aerogel membranes can be effectively adjusted to meet the practical application of a circular ring solar thermal collector, which displayed a high solar heat collection temperature of 135 °C at a thickness of 0.5 mm. The coordination between the thermophysical properties and mechanical properties of the PI aerogel membranes in this work holds great promise for application requirements of thermal insulators in optical elements under harsh environments.

Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity in Photocatalytic Concrete: Synthesis, Characterization, and Comprehensive Performance Assessment of Nano-TiO2-Modified Recycled Aggregates

This study presents an exhaustive exploration into the development and rigorous evaluation of nano-TiO2-modified recycled aggregates (NT@RAs) as an environmentally sustainable substitute for natural aggregates in concrete applications. A methodical framework was devised for the synthesis and thorough characterization of NT@RAs, emphasizing the optimization of nano-TiO2 loading onto the RA surface and within its intricate porous structure. The investigation encompassed three distinct types of recycled aggregates: recycled glass sands (RGSs), recycled clay brick sands (RCBSs), and recycled concrete sands (RCSs). Of particular interest, NT@RGS, with its properties of an inherently smooth surface texture and low water absorption, was found to exert a favorable influence on the rheological behavior of concrete, manifested in reduced yield stress, thereby underscoring the potential for fine-tuning mix designs to enhance workability. As the substitution levels of NT@RGS and NT@RCBS escalated, an initial decrement in compressive strength was discernible, which subsequently reversed to strength restoration at optimized substitution ratios. This phenomenon is attributed to the synergistic interplay among NT@RA components. Remarkably, NT@RA-incorporated concrete demonstrated unparalleled self-cleaning abilities, surpassing the performance of concrete with direct nano-TiO2 powder incorporation. This comprehensive research contributes significantly to the advancement in sustainable, high-performance photocatalytic construction materials within the realm of concrete technology. It underscores the potential for enhancing not only the rheological and mechanical properties but also the environmental responsiveness of concrete through the innovative utilization of NT@RAs.

Mn vacancy engineering design of Fe/Mn based cathodes for breaking the spell between “sodium limiting” in air-stabilization and “sodium promoting” on kinetics

Fe/Mn-based cathode is considered a viable choice for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of its affordability and high theoretical capacity. Nonetheless, bad actually comprehensive performance still impede its commercial application. In this work, based on the systematic study of P2-Na2/3Fe1/2Mn1/2O2 cathode materials with fewer Mn vacancies (NFM-Q), we realized a superior rate, cycling performance, air stability and more importantly unraveled the operation mechanism. Specifically, dual function of fewer Mn vacancies were explicitly clarified, which included the effect of shrinking sodium layers and the sodium-ion diffusion promoting effect, as confirmed by combining XRD, XANES, XAFS, EIS and GITT. So Mn vacancy engineering had the potential to break the contradiction between “sodium limiting” based on air-stabilization mechanism and “sodium promoting” based on kinetics. This has rarely been found before. And a series of characterizations strongly declared rapidly cooling rate could effectively regulated the creation of Mn vacancies. As a result, NFM-Q cathode not only delivered outstanding discharge capacity (192.7 mAh/g), cycling stability (123.8 mAh/g, 65 %, after 50 cycles) and energy density (574.0 Wh Kg−1), but also possessed splendid air stability (185.8 mA h/g, 61.8 % after 50 cycles and immersion). Moreover, ex-situ XRD and XAS further expounded structural evolution and charge compensation mechanism of NFM-Q cathode, confirming its superior performance. This work might offer fresh understanding about the roles of Mn vacancy engineering, which could open up new possibilities on the material design and the property improvement of Fe/Mn-based cathodes.

Effects of waste wollastonite filler on hot mix asphalt performance

Asphalt pavement plays a critical role in global infrastructure, necessitating substantial annual investments for maintenance and repair. Enhancing asphalt mixture performance is essential for prolonging pavement life and reducing associated costs. This study explores the use of waste wollastonite, a neutral mineral composed of silica and lime, as a filler material in asphalt mixtures. Comprehensive micro-scale performance tests, including Marshall Stability, resistance modulus, indirect tensile strength, and moisture sensitivity, were conducted on samples incorporating waste wollastonite. The findings indicate that replacing lime filler with waste wollastonite significantly improves asphalt performance; specifically, complete substitution resulted in increases in Marshall Stability, Marshall Quotient, and resistance modulus by 30%, 28%, and 26%, respectively. Furthermore, a 70% replacement of lime with waste wollastonite led to a 9% increase in tensile strength ratio while demonstrating a notable reduction in indirect tensile strength compared to control samples. These results suggest that waste wollastonite is a viable and effective filler option for enhancing the durability of asphalt mixtures.

Optimizing plastic waste inclusion in paver blocks: Balancing performance, environmental impact, and cost through LCA and economic analysis

Rising waste plastic and cement used in construction raises environmental concerns. Substituting cement with recycled plastic waste (PW) in paver blocks offers an eco-friendly solution. However, a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) economic and performance analysis is lacking. This study addresses this gap by evaluating the compressive strength and durability properties of PSPB while also conducting LCA and economic evaluations to identify the most optimal solutions for enhanced performance. Compressive strength tests determined that a 30% PW replacement yielded optimal results. The durability tests showed that PW paver blocks have significantly lower water absorption compared to conventional blocks, and they maintained a compressive strength of 20 MPa, which is acceptable for light traffic applications, even at elevated temperatures. LCA highlights that cement usage accounts for over 80% of climate change emissions for conventional blocks. Sensitivity analysis shows shipping distance, truck capacity, and energy use greatly affect environmental outcomes. Complete replacement of cement with PW is considered more environmentally friendly. Economic analysis indicates plastic pavers are 52% more cost-effective than cement-based ones. This research offers vital insights into the practicality, environmental impact, and financial sustainability of integrating PW into paver blocks.

Design of ultralight multifunctional sandwich structure with n-h hybrid core for integrated sound absorption and load-bearing capacity

Multifunctionality has become an important evaluating index for structural design because engineering applications in complicated environment call for multifunctional and ultralight structures. With this in mind, this paper proposes a novel ultralight multifunctional micro-perforated sandwich structure with N-H type hybrid cores, which demonstrates superior sound absorption across a wide frequency range, while also achieving good load-bearing capacity. An analytical model is established to calculate the sound absorption coefficient, which is then validated through numerical simulation and experimental measurements. Furthermore, the underlying physical mechanisms for the satisfactory sound absorption are explored. The influences of specific parameters on the broadband sound absorption performance of the proposed structure are quantitatively demonstrated through systematic parameter studies. Additionally, in order to demonstrate the preeminent multifunctional attributes of the proposed structure, a numerical simulation method is employed to evaluate its out-of-plane compression properties. Compared to other micro-perforated sandwiches, the proposed structure exhibits an improvement in load bearing capacity. A radar chart is also created to display the advantages of the proposed micro-perforated sandwich structure over others. Overall, the proposed ultralight sandwich structure with N-H type hybrid cores shows great significance for engineering applications that demand high comprehensive performances owing to its multifunctionality.

Study on the effect of temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast CoCr2Ni3.5VAl1.5Ti high-entropy alloy

This study investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of a CoCr2Ni3.5VAl1.5Ti high entropy alloy (HEA) annealed at 500 °C, 700 °C, 900 °C and 1100 °C for 6 h. The alloy was prepared using a vacuum induction melting furnace and annealed at the specified temperatures for 6 h. It was then characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results indicate that with increasing annealing temperature, the alloy's phase structure transitions gradually from multiphase (fcc, bcc, hcp) to predominantly fcc phase, with relatively stable elemental distributions. Annealing at 500 °C–900 °C mainly strengthens the alloy through precipitates and dislocation strengthening, whereas at 1100 °C, strengthening occurs through grain boundary strengthening and precipitate growth, enhancing the material's strength and ductility. The alloy exhibits optimal comprehensive performance after annealing at 1100 °C. This study provides important insights for optimizing the heat treatment process of HEAs.

Study of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Reinforced by Polybutadiene Liquid Rubber-Modified Silica.

The dispersion of silica in rubber systems and its interaction with rubber are two key factors in the preparation of rubber composites with excellent properties. In view of this, silica modified with terminal isocyanate-based polybutadiene liquid rubber (ITPB) is used to improve the dispersion effect of silica in rubber and enhance its interaction with the rubber matrix to improve the rubber's performance. The impact of different modification conditions on the dispersion of silica and the properties of modified silica-filled rubber composites were studied by changing the amount of ITPB and the modification method of silica, including blending and chemical grafting. The experimental results show that ITPB is successfully grafted onto silica, and the use of modified silica improves the cross-linking density of rubber, promotes the rate of rubber vulcanization, and overcomes the shortcomings of the delayed vulcanization of silica itself. When the ratio of ITPB liquid rubber to silica equals 1:20, the comprehensive performance of rubber is the best, the ITPB-modified silica has a better dispersion effect in rubber, and the rolling resistance is slightly improved, with tensile strength reaching 12.6 MPa. The material demonstrates excellent overall performance and holds promise for applications in the rail, automotive, and electrical fields.

Realizing Ultrahigh Energy Storage Density in (Bi0.5Na0.5)0.94Ba0.06TiO3-Based Ceramics via Manipulating the Domain Configuration and Grain Boundary Density.

Dielectric capacitors with a high power density are widely used in various pulsed power electronic systems. However, their low comprehensive energy storage performance severely limits the development of these systems in terms of miniaturization and lightweight design. Herein, we achieved decent energy storage performance in a class of (Bi0.5Na0.5)0.94Ba0.06TiO3 (BNTBT)-based ceramics by synergistically manipulating domain configurations and grain boundary densities. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and piezoresponse force microscopy confirm that composition-driven refined domain configurations with weak polarity effectively improve the polarization response of BNTBT-based ceramics. The results of experimental and phase-field simulation analysis indicate that the refined grain size contributes to its high breakdown electric strength (Eb). Benefiting from the high polarization difference (ΔP) of 32.62 μC/cm2, delayed saturation polarization behavior, and an ultrahigh Eb of 815.00 kV/cm, BNT-based ceramics simultaneously achieve a high energy storage density (Wrec) of ∼12.25 J/cm3 and an efficiency (η) of ∼86.90%. Because of these structure-induced advantages, the ceramics also exhibit good energy storage temperature stability in the range of 30-150 °C. We believe that the findings of this work may provide practical guidance for the development of high-performance energy storage ceramics.

Load-bearing behaviors of the composite gravity-type anchorage: Insights from physical model and numerical tests

Gravity-type anchorages (GTAs) have been extensively applied in large-span suspension bridges across the globe, but the load-bearing performance of composite GTA is not yet fully investigated. Here, the comprehensive load-bearing performance of GTA is investigated using a combination of physical modelling and numerical modelling methods, considering the impact of anchorage’s burial depth, notched sill, and pile. Six model tests are first conducted using a self-reversing force loading equipment, including flat bottom anchorage, notched sill anchorage, and notched sill anchorage with pile. Each type of anchorage is tested under two different burial depth conditions. The failure process, anchorage displacement, cable tension force, and the internal strain field of the foundation, were examined during the model tests. Additionally, through the numerical simulations, the evolution characteristics of contact stresses and load sharing ratio associated with various forms of anchorage are discussed. The results indicate that the anchorage’s burial depth and pile significantly impact on anchorage’s bearing capacity. The presence of the notched sill can change the distribution of contact stress between the anchorage and foundation, which can still resist the horizontal force until the foundation before the notched sill occurs shear failure. The failure process of the anchorage-foundation system was divided into four stages: stable bearing, sliding, sliding and overturning, and failure stage. The anchorage starts overturning with the applied load reaching to 3*Tm, except for the flat bottom anchorage of shallow burial depth condition. Under the same conditions, the greater the anchorage’s burial depth, the smaller the load shared by the friction between the anchorage bottom and foundation, the greater the load shared by the notched sill and foundation before the anchorage. In addition, the load shared by pile continuously increasing as the anchorage starts overturning. The findings from this study can provide a theoretical basis and valuable insights for the optimization design of GTA.

Innovative strategies for intelligent services in smart libraries in the information age based on linear discriminant analysis

With the advent of the information age, to provide better services and ensure the security management of libraries, intelligent facial recognition technology has gradually become a hot research direction in library management. Meanwhile, to further improve the comprehensive performance of facial recognition, this study attempts to integrate principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis on the basis of analyzing the framework of recognition technology. Afterwards, it introduced support vector machines for recognition and classification, and proposed a new recognition model. The experimental results show that the recognition accuracy of the proposed model is up to 97 % in the ORL dataset and 94 % in the Yale dataset. The recognition error rate is as low as 0.1 % when the number of training samples is 215 and the number of iterations is 200. The model has the best recognition performance when the image size is 25 × 25 mm and the number of noises is 10. In addition, the model is particularly effective in recognition on single person color or gray images, with the highest P-value of 98.7 %, the highest R-value of 98.8 %, and the highest F1-value of 97.5 %. These results show that the proposed model significantly improves the accuracy and robustness of face recognition, and provides strong technical support for intelligent service innovation in smart libraries.

Functionalized LDH via intercalation of gluconate anion and surface assembly of ultrafine copper hydroxide for improving mechanical properties and the fire safety of epoxy resin

To impart epoxy resin (EP) with outstanding mechanical properties and fire safety, LDH was systematically functionalized through gluconate anion (GA) intercalation followed by surface assembly of ultrafine Cu(OH)2, resulting in the LDH-GA@Cu(OH)2 hybrid. Comprehensive characterizations confirmed the successful synthesis of the desired product, with a uniform distribution of ultrafine Cu(OH)2 nanoparticles on the GA-intercalated LDH surface. The findings revealed that LDH-GA@Cu(OH)2 improved the mechanical properties of EP due to the increased LDH layer spacing, facilitating EP chain insertion, and the hydrogen bonding between the –OH of GA and the EP matrix. Fire retardancy tests indicated that the EP composite containing 7.5 wt% LDH-GA@Cu(OH)2 achieved a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30.1%. Furthermore, compared to pure EP, the composite demonstrated significant reductions in the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and peak CO production rate (PCOP) by 47.4% and 60.5%, respectively, underscoring its superior flame-retardant and toxic smoke suppression capabilities. Mechanistic studies further indicated that ultrafine Cu(OH)2 enhanced char formation through catalytic charring at the interface, which promoted compact and cohesive char layers. Overall, this work proposes a promising functionalization strategy for LDH to endow EP with excellent comprehensive performance.

Significant Improvement in Magnetorheological Performance by Controlling Micron Interspaces with High Permeability Submicron Particles.

The shear yield strength, sedimentation stability and zero-field viscosity of magnetorheological fluids (MRFs) are crucial for practical vibration damping applications, yet achieving a balanced combination of these performances remains challenging. Developing MRFs with excellent comprehensive performance is key to advancing smart vibration damping technologies further. Theoretically, incorporating a multiscale particle system and leveraging synergistic effects between their can somewhat enhance MRFs' performance. However, this approach often faces issues such as insignificant increases in shear yield strength and excessive rise in zero-field viscosity. In response, this study employs a DC arc plasma method to synthesize a high magnetic permeability, low coercivity submicron FeNi particles, and further develops a novel CIPs-FeNi bidisperse MRFs. The introduction of submicron FeNi particles not only significantly enhances the shear2019 yield strength of MRFs under low magnetic fields but also promotes improvements in sedimentation stability and redispersibility without excessively increasing viscosity. Comprehensive performance analysis is conducted to explore the optimal content ratio, and detailed mechanisms for the enhancement of performance are elucidated through analysis of parameters such as chain-like structure, magnetic flux density and friction coefficient. Most importantly, the superior comprehensive performance combined with straightforward fabrication methods significantly enhances the engineering applicability of the CIPs-FeNi bidisperse MRFs.

Enhanced Anti-Corrosion and Biological Performance of Plasma-Sprayed Nb/ZrO2/HA Coatings on ZK60 Mg Alloy

Niobium (Nb) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) were doped into hydroxyapatite (HA) to fabricate HA-based composite coatings prepared on a ZK60 magnesium alloy by plasma spraying technology to improve anti-corrosion and biocompatibility for clinical applications. The results revealed that the Nb-enriched coating exhibits fewer cracks and pores with a flat surface due to the decreased temperature gradient during spraying, and small needle-like structures can fill the cracks and pores in the ZrO2-contained coating, resulting in a more uniform and dense surface. Compared to coatings with only niobium or zirconium dioxide, the ZrO2/Nb/HA composite coating significantly enhanced the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the magnesium alloys. Among all the specimens, the ZrO2/HA coating and ZrO2/Nb/HA coating revealed high surface hardness values (327.73 HV and 293.80 HV, respectively). However, the higher hardness value made the ZrO2/HA coating fragile and more likely to crack, while the ZrO2/Nb/HA coating avoided this shortcoming and exhibited a more comprehensive performance. During immersion tests, the ZrO2/Nb/HA coating exhibited a gradual pH increase and minimal mass loss, and the cytocompatibility test demonstrated promising cellular activity.

Maximising Synergy: The Benefits of a Joint Implementation of Knowledge Management and Artificial Intelligence System Standards

Implementing management systems in organisations of all types and sizes often raises the following question: “What benefits will this bring?” Initial resistance and criticism are common as potential challenges are identified during the implementation process. To address this, it is essential to highlight the advantages of these systems and engage stakeholders in supporting management efforts. While the planning, implementation, use, maintenance, auditing, and improvement of management systems are generally voluntary, certification is frequently driven by external factors, particularly customer demands. Employees also stand to gain significantly, with knowledge and information serving as valuable resources, especially for leveraging artificial intelligence. This article explores the management’s readiness to adopt and fully utilise two management systems based on international standards: the ISO 30401 Knowledge management system (KMS) and the ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial intelligence management system (AIMS). Through interviews, we assess the challenges and solutions associated with implementing these systems, whether planned or partially adopted. The findings illustrate the synergistic benefits of integrating the KMS and AIMS, demonstrating how their combined use can enhance Integrated Management Systems (IMSs). Such integration supports comprehensive planning, operation, and performance evaluation of processes and services while also promoting continuous improvement.

Evaluating the Financial Performance of Bharti Airtel: An Analysis of WACC, NPV, IRR, Profitability Index, and Payback Period

This research paper aims to conduct a comprehensive financial performance evaluation of Bharti Airtel Limited by analyzing key financial metrics including Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Profitability Index (PI), and Payback Period. The project's financial infeasibility is highlighted by a negative Net Present Value (NPV) and a poor profitability index, indicating that the anticipated returns are insufficient to justify the initial investment. Further analysis shows the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) falling below the cost of capital, reinforcing the project's unviability. Additionally, both standard and discounted payback periods exceed ten years, demonstrating an extended timeframe for cost recovery. These findings collectively suggest that Bharti Airtel should explore alternative investment opportunities better aligned with its financial objectives.

Comparison of preclinical PET scanners performance with varying axial fields-of-view

In preclinical Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging, understanding a PET system's performance is crucial for comparing its results with other systems’. In multicentre studies, the performance of the participating systems is essential when planning the experiments [1,2]. In this study, a comprehensive performance evaluation of three PET systems was carried out. The Mediso PET systems were installed in 2023, 2022, and 2014. The newest system is a three-ring system, with 150 mm axial field-of-view (FOV), while the others are two-ring systems. The reconstruction software has undergone multiple updates over time for each system. Other hardware specifications and the crystal matrix are consistent across the three systems. The NEMA NU-4 2008 assessments [3], and linearity measurements were performed. The resolution was similar across the three systems, with filtered-back-projection (FBP) and with iterative reconstruction at the centre of the FOV. The absolute sensitivity within the 250-750 keV range was highest in the newest 3-ring system, while it was similar with the other 2-ring scanners. The mouse 250-750 keV NEC peak was considerably higher with the newest system. Image quality results are presented in Figure 1. The linearity of all systems was within acceptable limits in the 0.5-120 MBq range. All results of the newest system are preliminary, before publication. The greatest differences arose from the extended FOV of the newest system. The impact of software advancements and system ageing is evident in our results, particularly in the image quality phantom. Although the systems are similar, their performances vary significantly. When designing a study involving these systems, factors such as ageing, software version, and the length of the FOV must be considered. Please click on the 'PDF' for the full abstract!

The effect of augmented reality storybooks on the story comprehension and retelling of preschool children.

This study aimed to compare the retelling and story comprehension performance of two groups of preschool children-an experimental and a control group-who experienced printed and augmented reality storybooks. The participant group consisted of 90 participants, with 45 in the experimental group (22 girls, 23 boys) and 45 in the control group (21 girls, 24 boys). The average age of the children was 54.2 months. In the study, the researcher evaluated children's story-retelling performance using the rubric and used a Story Comprehension Test to measure their story comprehension performance. The researchers utilized the ROAR application to incorporate augmented reality content into the books. In the pre-test phase, the teachers read the designated texts to the children in the experimental and control groups. After the eight-week break, the control group experienced the same texts with printed books, while the experimental group experienced them with augmented reality support. Each child participated individually in the reading process with the teacher. In the study, teachers asked the children to retell the story and asked the questions from the Story Comprehension Test at the end of each book reading section for pre-test and post-test measurements. The pre-test results revealed no significant difference in the two groups' story-retelling and Story Comprehension Test scores. The post-test results indicated a significant difference in the story-retelling performance and Story Comprehension Test scores between the experimental and control groups, favoring the experimental group. Based on these findings, the augmented reality content can potentially enhance children's retelling and story comprehension performances.

Image representation of vibration signals and its application on fault diagnosis of rotating machinery with convolutional neural network: A benchmark study

Intelligent fault diagnosis methods on the basis of two-dimensional (2D) image representation of vibration signals (IRVS) and the convolutional neural network (CNN) have been extensively applied in rotating machinery. However, as a large number of IRVS methods are being used, their performance has not been fairly and comprehensively evaluated, which leads to difficulties for researchers to make choices. To address this issue, this paper conducted a benchmark study aimed at comparing the comprehensive performance of different IRVS methods, including computation time, fault diagnosis accuracy, and noise resistance performance. Firstly, the IRVS methods and the fault diagnosis method combining IRVS and CNN were summarized. Then, the general process of the IRVS-CNN method was proposed. Finally, 17 types of IRVS methods were selected, and the performance of the IRVS method was compared based on three datasets and two classic CNN models. The results indicate that the computing time taken to generate 2D images using unthresholded recurrence plot (UTRP), and frequency-domain unthresholded recurrence plot (FDUTRP) methods is relatively longer. The vast majority of frequency-domain methods and time-frequency domain methods can achieve or approach a high accuracy rate in all experiments, demonstrating their outstanding performance. Frequency-domain color vibration image (FDCVI), FDUTRP, and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) have good noise resistance. These results provide a reference for future researchers in selecting IRVS methods.