Comprehensive Health Education Research Articles

Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Kindergarten Children: Prevalence, Intensity and Associated Factors in Bule Hora Town.

Background: Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are a common problem in Ethiopia. This parasite affects the physical and mental development of children, causing malnutrition and iron deficiency anaemia. However, there are inadequate studies that demonstrate the extent of STHs and associated factors among kindergarten children in South Ethiopia, particularly in the study area. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence, intensity, and associated factors of STH infection among kindergarten students in Bule Hora town. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected 235 kindergarten children in Bule Hora town from January to February 2023. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect information on associated factors. EpiData and SPSS were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors. Results: In the present study, the prevalence of STH was 28.5% (95% CI: 22.7%-34.3%). A. lumbricoides 26 (11.1%) was the most common parasite identified. The arithmetic mean (+SD) of the egg counts for each species of STHs was as follows: A. Lumbricoides 1886.9 (+2103.2), T. Trichiura 299.2 (+305.8), and hookworms 756.1 (+739.4). Factors that showed significant association in the current study were hand washing after the toilet (AOR: 2.992, 95% CI: 1.299-6.891,), fingernail trimming (AOR: 3.646, 95% CI: 1.704-7.798,), and shoe wearing habit (AOR: 2.143, 95% CI: 1.170-3.924,). Conclusion: STH infection is a health problem among kindergarten children in Bule Hora town. Comprehensive health education on the value of hygienic habits, improved sanitation, and routine deworming of kindergarten children should be included in prevention and control efforts.

Enhancing Adolescent Sexual Health Education and Condom Use in Harare: Addressing Attitudes and Practices Amongst Adolescents on Antiretroviral Therapy

Background: This study is coming against the backdrop of the attitudes and practices portrayed by sexually active adolescents on antiretroviral therapy (ART) concerning preventing STIs through condoms as a practice for safe sexual relations. Aim: The study aims to explore the attitudes that adolescents on ART have towards the use of condoms as a preventive measure for the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Method: The research presents a comprehensive examination of adolescent knowledge and attitudes towards antiretroviral therapy (ART) and sexual health education in Harare, employing a mixed-method approach. Quantitative data were gathered through semi-structured questionnaires, capturing participants’ understanding of ART and their views on sexual health services. Qualitative data were obtained through structured interviews with purposely selected groups of adolescents, reflecting their lived experiences and perceptions. The sample was designed to reflect the diversity of the urban setting, with ten groups of participants representing various demographics. Data analysis encompassed univariate statistics, bivariate associations using Pearson’s Chi-square, and multivariate relationships between variables and consistent condom usage, all with a 95% confidence level. This integrated approach provides a nuanced understanding of the complex factors influencing adolescent behavior in relation to ART and sexual health services, contributing valuable insights for public health interventions in Harare. Results: This study investigated the attitudes and practices of condom use among 202 adolescents aged 10-19 years. The study found that several factors were significantly associated with a positive attitude towards condom use. Adolescents with older partners were more likely to have a positive attitude towards condom use (AOR=2.43, CI=1.16-5.10). This means that for every one year increase in the age of the sexual partner, the odds of having a positive attitude towards condom use increased. This could be attributed as adolescents perceive older partners as having more sexual experience and therefore consider condom use as a necessary precaution. Adolescents who reported a better understanding of STIs were more likely to have a positive attitude towards condom use (AOR=3.31, CI=1.07-1.79). This means that adolescents who understood STIs better were 3.31 times more likely to have a positive attitude towards condom use than those who did not understand STIs as well. Research showed that adolescents express concerns about contracting STIs and the negative impact it can have on their health and future relationships. This increased awareness of risk motivated them to adopt positive attitudes towards condom use as a preventive measure. Adolescents with more knowledge about condoms were more likely to have a positive attitude towards condom use (AOR=1.51, CI=0.10-3.45). This means that adolescents who had more knowledge about condoms were 150% more likely to have a positive attitude towards condom use than those who did not have as much knowledge about condoms. The conversations carried with the adolescents revealed that those with more knowledge about condoms have a better understanding of their efficacy, contributed to positive attitudes towards condom use. Others expressed a sense of self-assurance in their knowledge of how to properly wear and use condoms, which enhanced positive attitudes towards condom use. These findings suggest that interventions aimed at increasing condom use among adolescents should focus on educating them about the risks of STIs, the benefits of condom use, and safe sex practices. Conclusion: In light of the study’s findings, it is evident that adolescents’ attitudes towards condom use are influenced by various factors, including their own sexual maturation and the perceived experience of their sexual partners. The study underscores the importance of comprehensive sexual health education that addresses both the biological aspects of STIs and the social and psychological implications of sexual activity. As adolescents continue to navigate their sexual identities and relationships, interventions that enhance their knowledge and understanding of condom use as a tool for preventing STIs are crucial. Additionally, considering the broader context of adolescent sexual and reproductive health in developing countries, these findings contribute to a growing body of evidence that supports the need for tailored, culturally sensitive, and age-appropriate programs to support adolescents on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in making informed decisions about their sexual health.

Exploring the teaching mode of college students’ psychological education under artificial intelligence technology guided by cognitive-behavioral theory

Abstract Under the current background of increasingly fierce social competition, the psychological pressure of college student groups is increasing, and mental health problems are becoming more and more significant. Based on the cognitive model of mental health and the theory of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy, this paper constructs a comprehensive mental health education mechanism covering school, family and society. A mental health abnormality detection device was developed in the study, which integrates a mental health detection model and an early warning mechanism, aiming to detect students’ mental health problems in time. Empirical Analysis shows that the recognition accuracy of the mental health abnormality detection model constructed in this study is as high as 0.8748. Regarding the assessment of teaching effectiveness, the pre- and posttest changes in the mental health scores of the control group and the experimental group are significant, with the test value of the difference between the control group being 1.242, while that of the experimental group is 6.480. The average posttest score of the experimental group is 6.15, which is a decrease of 11.75 compared to that of the control group. This result indicates that the mental health education model proposed in this paper can significantly enhance and effectively improve students’ mental health. This study provides an effective teaching method for college students’ mental health education, which can help guide the practice of mental health education in schools.

Integrating mental health literacy into Chinese college student mental health education in the post-COVID-19 era.

This study investigates the influence of COVID-19 on the mental health of Chinese college students and evaluates the current status of mental health literacy (MHL) education. With mental health issues among students becoming increasingly prominent due to the pandemic and rapid social changes, enhancing MHL is critical. The research highlights the necessity of integrating mental health education with MHL to foster resilience and effective coping strategies. It proposes a model combining online and offline education to maximize accessibility and engagement. By examining both domestic and international perspectives, the study underscores the importance of comprehensive mental health education reform in the post-pandemic era. This integrated approach aims to improve students' mental well-being, reduce stigma, and encourage help-seeking behaviors, ultimately contributing to a healthier and more supportive campus environment.

Gender-based violence and its associated factors among reproductive-age women in Soqota town, Amhara Region, Northern Ethiopia, 2023: A mixed study design

BackgroundGender-based violence is a human rights violation, and one in three women worldwide experiences some form of violence in their lifetime. Recently, it has received more attention, and extensive reporting systems and updated data are required. Despite this, evidence remains scarce and the case continues to be underreported. The very first step in addressing the issue is determining how prevalent gender-based violence is and the factors that contribute to it. So this study aimed to assess the prevalence of gender-based violence and its associated factors which helps to develop strategies to alleviate the problem. MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 403 reproductive-aged women supplemented with qualitative study from March 15th to April 15th, 2023, in Soqota town, Amhara region, Northern Ethiopia. An interviewer-administered, semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis were performed to identify factors associated with the outcome variable. Variables with p < 0.25 in the bivariable analysis and a p-value of <0.05 in the final model were used to declare the level of statistical association. Qualitative data were transcribed, translated, and analyzed manually using thematic analysis. Finally, qualitative and quantitative findings were triangulated. ResultsThis study found that 64.8% of women experienced at least one form of gender-based violence in the past twelve months.The occurrence of GBV was significantly correlated with women’s lack of education (AOR = 3.32, 95 % CI: 1.39, 7.96), primary schooling (AOR = 2.42, 95 % CI: 1.03, 5.69), poor wealth index (AOR = 2.46, 95 % CI: 1.34, 4.51), and being an employee (AOR = 0.32, 95 % CI: 0.11, 0.88). In addition, low socioeconomic status, skewed gender stereotypes, and conflict all have an impact on gender-based violence. ConclusionThe study reveals a high prevalence of gender-based violence, attributed to factors such as low education, low socioeconomic status, skewed gender stereotypes, and conflict. A comprehensive community-based health education program and the strengthening of women’s empowerment are needed to tackle the issue.

Factors affecting the prevention of unwanted pregnancies among young adolescents in secondary schools in the Eastern Province of Rwanda: An explorative qualitative study.

The escalating number of teenage pregnancies, especially in the Eastern province of Rwanda, continues to raise concerns regarding the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents in the country. Recent statistics indicate that 5% of adolescent girls between the ages of 15 and 19 have given birth and 4% are currently pregnant with their first child. This highlights the critical need for comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education tailored for adolescents. However, there is limited evidence on factors affecting adolescents' efforts to prevent unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections in the Eastern Province of Rwanda, and the support systems available to adolescents in secondary schools, including the role of parents in promoting their sexual and reproductive health to minimize the risky sexual practices. An explorative qualitative study utilizing focus group discussions was conducted to garner the perspectives of 118 adolescents enrolled in six twelve-year-basic-education schools from three districts of the Eastern Province of Rwanda. Thematic analysis was employed to identify themes related to the impact of various factors on adolescents' sexual and reproductive health as they navigate through the physical and emotional changes from puberty to adolescence. Adolescents are aware of the potential consequences of engaging in unprotected sexual intercourse which include the risk of unplanned pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, HIV/AIDS, and emotional distress. Female participants emphasized that young girls who do not receive adequate support upon becoming pregnant prematurely may encounter depression, discontinue their education, face the harsh reality of extreme poverty, and struggle significantly in assuming the responsibilities of parenthood as young single mothers. Adolescents highlighted the lack of parental guidance concerning sexual and reproductive matters as a significant obstacle in their pursuit of a healthy and safe sexual and reproductive health during adolescence. Inadequate parental engagement still hinders adolescents in navigating the physical bodily, mental, and emotional changes during adolescence. This affects their capacity to make well-informed decisions to prevent adverse consequences such as unintended pregnancies, substance misuse, sexually transmitted infections, and HIV/AIDS resulting from unsafe sexual practices. Since this study was qualitative, quantitative data necessary for a precise evaluation of the extent of the problem related to the absence of parental involvement in educating adolescents on sexual and reproductive health needs further research.

Level of HIV serodiscordance and associated factors among heterosexual couples in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

HIV-related causes accounted for approximately 770,000 deaths globally in 2018. Globally, there were 1.7 million new infections, and approximately 37.9 million people were living with HIV by the end of 2018. According to the WHO 2018 study, the African Region was the most affected, with 25.7 million people living with HIV in 2018. In Africa, married and cohabiting couples have a high prevalence of HIV discordance, ranging from 3% to 20% in the general population. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the level of HIV serodiscordance among married couples in Ethiopia and the contributing factors. Studies were systematically searched, utilizing international databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and Embase. The level of quality of the included articles, which employed cross-sectional and cohort study designs, was evaluated using the New Castle Ottawa scale. The systematic review employed a random-effects approach, and statistical analysis was conducted using STATA version 17 software. The presence of statistical heterogeneity within the included studies was assessed using the I-squared statistic. The random-effects meta-analysis model was used to estimate the pooled level of HIV serodiscordance. The results were reported following the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. A total of ten (10) observational studies were included in this review. The pooled level of HIV serodiscordance among married heterosexual couples in Ethiopia was found to be 11.4% (95% CI = 7% -15.7%). The results from the meta-analysis indicated a significant positive association between HIV serodiscordance and the variables studied. Specifically, consistently using condoms (OR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.08-2.56), having a CD4 count of >200 cells/mm3 (OR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.12-1.77), and having a premarital sexual relationship (OR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.28-2.57) were strongly linked to couples' serodiscordance. To protect a seronegative partner in a serodiscordant relationship from acquiring HIV infection, it is crucial to implement preventive measures. These measures include providing comprehensive health education on the correct and consistent use of condoms, ensuring regular monitoring and care at an antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic, and offering voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) services to both sexual partners.

Women's knowledge of symptoms of obstetric fistula, experiences, and associated factors in Sierra Leone.

Obstetric fistula is a devastating childbirth condition that results from prolonged obstructed labour without timely medical intervention, leading to a tear between the birth canal and the bladder or rectum. It is a public health issue, particularly in low-income countries with limited access to quality maternal healthcare. This study aims to assess knowledge of fistula symptoms among women who had a fistula and its associated factors in Sierra Leone. Cross-sectional data from the 2019 Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey was used for the study. Our study comprised 15,574 reproductive women aged 15 to 49. Using a four-modelled approach, a mixed-effect multilevel binary logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the factors associated with knowledge of fistula symptoms among women who had a fistula. The results were presented as adjusted odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval. The proportion of knowledge of fistula symptoms among women who had a fistula was 57.5% [55.3,59.7] in Sierra Leone. Women aged 20-49, particularly those between 40-44 [aOR = 2.82; 95% CI: 2.13, 3.73], were more likely to be aware of knowledge of fistula symptoms among women who had a fistula compared to teenagers (15-19). Women with higher levels of education [aOR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.49, 2.88] were more likely to be aware of knowledge of fistula symptoms among women who had a fistula than those without education. Working women [aOR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.56], those who listened to the radio [aOR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.30, 1.67] or used the internet [aOR = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.32, 2.05], and those with a high number of lifetime births [aOR = 2.00; 95% CI: 1.57, 2.54] were more likely to be aware of knowledge of fistula symptoms among women who had a fistula. Women who had ever had sex [aOR = 2.19; 95% CI: 1.73, 2.77], were pregnant [aOR = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.66] or had terminated a pregnancy [aOR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.59] were more likely to be aware of knowledge of fistula symptoms among women who had a fistula. A female household head [aOR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.38] was associated with a higher likelihood of knowledge of fistula symptoms among women who had a fistula. On the other hand, larger household sizes [aOR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.97] and living in the Western region [aOR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.75] were associated with a lower likelihood of knowledge of fistula symptoms among women who had a fistula. Most reproductive-aged women in Sierra Leone have knowledge of fistula symptoms among women who had a fistula. Factors such as age, education, occupation, media exposure, parity, sexual activity, pregnancy status, abortion history, ethnicity, household structure, and geographic location influence the knowledge of fistula symptoms among women who had a fistula. Based on these findings, the government and partner organisations in Sierra Leone should implement comprehensive health education programs targeting reproductive-aged women, with a specific focus on obstetric fistula prevention, symptoms, and available treatment options.

Silent lifesavers: Breaking barriers with a sign language health education video for students with deafness on school first aid

BackgroundStudents with deafness often face barriers to accessing health education materials, underscoring the need for tailored interventions like sign language health education videos to ensure inclusivity. Expert consensus plays a vital role in enhancing the relevance and effectiveness of educational content for individuals with sensory impairments. AimDesign a sign language health education video for students with deafness on school first aid. DesignUsing a qualitative research design, the study incorporated elements of phenomenology and expert consensus through the Delphi method. MethodsAdministrative approvals were secured, and ethical considerations were addressed prior to data collection. A literature review informed the development of study tools, which were pilot-tested for face validity. The health education video, meticulously produced and translated into sign language, adhered to best practices in visual communication. Feedback from 30 students and 17 expert panelists, obtained through structured scales and Delphi rounds, respectively, guided evaluation. Two distinct tools were developed for data collection: one for assessing student experiences and feedback, and another for expert panelists evaluation. ResultsThe study included 152 students with deafness, primarily aged 15–20 years (81%), with 57% boys and 69% from rural areas. Approximately 46% lacked prior first aid knowledge, with only 6% attending courses. Among those exposed to first aid situations (32%), 19% administered aid for nosebleeds, primarily by holding the nose (15%) or applying a cold compress (8%), while 5% treated minor burns with water. Expert panelists, 17 in total, were mainly aged 35–45 years (47%) and predominantly women (76%), with diverse professional backgrounds. Strong agreement was observed among students (mean: 4.9, SD: 0.08) and expert panelists (mean: 4.87, SD: 0.197). ConclusionThe study underscores the potential of visual-based health education interventions, particularly for individuals with sensory impairments like deafness. Integrating sign language and expert consensus in the health education video emerged as promising for enhancing first aid knowledge and skills among students with deafness. Continued refinement and dissemination of such resources can significantly improve health literacy and inclusivity in educational settings. RecommendationsFuture research should explore the long-term effects of incorporating sign language health education videos into school curricula for students with deafness. Investigating similar interventions on different health-related topics specific to individuals with sensory impairments could inform comprehensive health education programs for this population.

Liver Flukes: Clonorchis and Opisthorchis.

Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini and O. felineus are liver flukes of human and animal pathogens occurring across much of Europe and Asia. Nevertheless, they are often underestimated compared to other, better known neglected diseases in spite of the fact that many millions of people are infected and hundreds of millions are at risk. This is possibly because of the chronic nature of the infection and disease and that it takes several decades prior to a life-threatening pathology to develop. Several studies in the past decade have provided more information on the molecular biology of the liver flukes which clearly lead to better understanding of parasite biology, systematics and population genetics. Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis are characterized by a chronic infection that induces hepatobiliary inflammation, especially periductal fibrosis, which can be detected by ultrasonography. These chronic inflammations eventually lead to cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a usually fatal bile duct cancer that develops in some infected individuals. In Thailand alone, opisthorchiasis-associated CCA kills up to 20,000 people every year and is therefore of substantial public health importance. Its socioeconomic impacts on impoverished families and communities are considerable. To reduce hepatobiliary morbidity and CCA, the primary intervention measures focus on control and elimination of the liver fluke. Accurate diagnosis of liver fluke infections in both human and other mammalian, snail and fish intermediate hosts is important for achieving these goals. While the short-term goal of liver fluke control can be achieved by praziquantel chemotherapy, a comprehensive health education package targeting school children is believed to be more beneficial for a long-term goal/solution. It is recommended that transdisciplinary research or multisectoral control approach including one health and/or eco health intervention strategy should be applied to combat the liver flukes and hence contribute to reduction of CCA in endemic areas.

Parental Engagement in Promoting Awareness of Contraceptive Use among Female Students in Nigeria and Cameroon

Despite government and non-governmental organizations' efforts, contraceptive utilization in Nigeria remains low. Similarly, Cameroon faces high maternal mortality and low contraceptive prevalence. Adolescent pregnancy remains a significant social and public health concern globally, necessitating efforts to promote contraceptive use. Parent-adolescent sexual communication is often viewed as taboo in Nigeria and Cameroon, hindering awareness about contraceptive use. This study examines the role of parents in creating awareness of contraceptive use among female university students in Nigeria and Cameroon. The study adopts a comparative approach, investigating the cultural role of parents in awareness creation for contraceptive use in Nigeria and Cameroon. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 420 female university students in both countries. The findings highlight the valuable role of parents in shaping adolescents' knowledge and behavior regarding contraceptive use. Recommendations include enhancing comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education, promoting parent-adolescent communication, addressing cultural barriers, improving contraceptive access, and conducting further research. Implementing these recommendations can empower adolescents with accurate information, foster supportive parent-adolescent relationships, and enhance sexual and reproductive health outcomes among young people.&#x0D;

Examining the Awareness Levels, Usage Trends, and Influencing Factors of Emergency Contraceptives Among Women in Ussa Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Research Inquiry

Unintended pregnancies and unsafe abortions remain significant global public health concerns, particularly in low-income countries. This research assessed the awareness, usage, and influencing factors of emergency contraceptives among women in the Ussa Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria. The study employed a cross-sectional survey research design where 384 questionnaires were distributed among sampled women of the reproductive age group (15-49 Years) in the study area. The findings indicate that while roughly half of the respondents were aware of emergency contraceptives, there is room for improvement in terms of disseminating information about their availability and usage. Regarding the usage of emergency contraception, a sizable portion of respondents (34.3%) said they had used it, although the majority (65.7%) had not. Furthermore, formal sensitization on emergency contraceptives is lacking for a large part of the population, just as a significant proportion of respondents have yet to use them. The study also found that factors influencing women's attitudes toward emergency contraceptives in Ussa Local Government Area include economic constraints, knowledge gaps, moral beliefs, partner dynamics, social stigma, and the fear of negative health implications. Based on the findings of the study, the recommendations include enhancing health promotions by Health agencies in Ussa Local Government, encouraging parent-child discussions on reproductive health, engaging traditional and religious leaders in family planning promotions, establishing young girls-friendly centers, and implementing comprehensive reproductive health education programs to empower women and reduce unintended pregnancies.

A cross-sectional study of knowledge, taboos, and attitudes towards menstruation

ABSTRACT Background The level of knowledge and comprehension surrounding puberty and menstruation. It can substantially impact women’s overall health. This cross-sectional study is conducted to get insights about menstrual knowledge, attitudes and taboos among college and university female students in Haryana. Methods A survey was conducted to investigate the experiences of menstruation among female students from government universities and colleges. Respondents were categorized on the basis of age, education qualification, and background setting. Random sampling was used to ensure participation from six administrative zones. The chi-square test was used to determine statistical significance, and the analysis was built around the p-value. Results The data reveals that there is no significant association between the age of the participants and their awareness of menstruation, scientific knowledge related to menstruation, or their personal relationships with mother, father, or family members. Similarly, there is no significant association between the participants’ scientific knowledge and their level of education. However, there is a significant association between participants’ personal relationships and level of education (p = .025). Additionally, a significant association was observed between taboos and level of education (p = .025). Conclusion Age, residential area, and educational levels do not seem to significantly impact participants’ awareness and knowledge. This study highlights the influence of personal equations and education on attitudes and beliefs surrounding menstruation. The significant association between personal relationships and education underscores the importance of a supportive family. The persistence of menstrual taboos among undergraduates suggests that there is still a need for comprehensive and inclusive menstrual health education. This study also addressed the sustainable developmental goals for good health and well-being. Future studies should focus on exploring cultural factors such as religious beliefs and cultural norms in more detail to develop interventions that may help improve menstrual health outcomes among college and university students.

Knowledge, Attitude and Use of Contraceptives Among Women of Reproductive Age in a Nigerian Rural Community

BACKGROUND: The use of contraception, encompassing various methods such as hormonal pills, condoms, intrauterine devices, and natural techniques like abstinence, plays a pivotal role in family planning and reproductive health. Despite its importance, the utilization of contraceptives, particularly in low-resource nations like Nigeria, has remained notably low. This is concerning, considering the positive impact of contraception on maternal and child health and its contribution to national development by curbing population growth. In Nigeria, awareness of contraception is relatively high, but the adoption of modern contraceptive methods is alarmingly low, with only 10% of females utilizing them. This rate is notably insufficient given the high levels of sexual activity, especially among adolescents and young adults. Furthermore, regional disparities exist within Nigeria, with the south-south geopolitical zone exhibiting a higher prevalence of modern contraceptive use at 15.5%. Factors influencing contraceptive usage include education, religious beliefs, and awareness of available methods. In Yenagoa, Bayelsa state, the prevalence of modern contraceptives was notably higher at 36.8% in 2017, underscoring the impact of education and knowledge of contraceptive options. Increasing contraceptive use is crucial for Nigeria, a lower-middle-income country, as it not only aids in averting unplanned pregnancies and maternal mortality but also in controlling population growth. AIM: The study aimed to shed light on contraceptives' profound health advantages to both women and families. By investigating the knowledge, attitude, and use of contraceptives within the context of the study community, it sought to contribute to the promotion and enhancement of contraceptive use among women of reproductive age in the rural community of Sagbama, South-south Nigeria. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among women of reproductive age, over a period of 3 months in Sagbama Community, Bayelsa state. Multi-stage sampling was employed. Data was obtained using interviewer-administered semi-structured 31-item questionnaire and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 26. Bivariate analysis with p-value &lt;0.05 was significant. RESULTS: Among the 314 respondents, the mean age was 29.96 years. Nearly half were married (48.4%), with varying numbers of children. The majority had some form of education, with 46.8% having secondary education. Most respondents (95.9%) had heard of contraceptives, primarily from friends (76.4%) and hospitals (58%). The most well-known contraceptive methods were male condoms (95.9%), contraceptive pills (79.9%), and implants (72.3%). Positive attitudes toward contraceptive use were observed in 83.4% of respondents, driven by the desire to prevent unwanted pregnancies and space births (80.9%). Of sexually active women (81.4%), 53.3% used contraceptives, with male condoms (44%) and pills (15.7%) being the most common methods. Reasons for non-use included a perceived lack of need (28.6%) and fear of side effects (26.5%). CONCLUSION: Despite high knowledge levels, the use of contraceptives among women of reproductive age in the community was poor. Education and addressing misconceptions are essential to promote effective contraceptive use. Comprehensive health and sex education involving both men and women should be provided to dispel misconceptions and encourage correct contraceptive use.

Impact of COVID-19 on Dental Students' Psychological Health

This study investigates the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on dental students at Baghdad University College of Dentistry. Conducted between December 2021 and January 2022, this cross-sectional survey aligns with ethical guidelines and the Helsinki Declaration. The study utilized Cochran's equation to determine a sample size of at least 400, ensuring a 95% confidence level with a 5% margin of error. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Covid Student Stress Questionnaire (CSSQ) were employed as primary tools, assessing general and COVID-19-related stress, respectively. A total of 411 students participated, with 67.50% experiencing moderate to severe stress (PSS &lt;14) and 58.8% reporting average levels of COVID-related stress (CSSQ &lt;7). Notably, there was a significant positive correlation between the PSS and CSSQ scores (P = 0.008). The analysis, conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics software V26, included descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha for reliability, and Pearson Correlation for assessing correlations. The findings indicate that a substantial proportion of dental students experienced heightened stress levels, potentially leading to mental health disorders like cognitive impairment. These results emphasize the need for universities to enhance psychological support and for government bodies to implement comprehensive health education and awareness programs. This study not only sheds light on the immediate psychological effects of the pandemic on dental students but also serves as a foundational reference for future interventions aimed at reducing stress levels in this demographic. Highlights: Dental students have experienced significant psychological impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has caused increased stress, anxiety, and depression among dental students. Remote learning and decreased clinical experience have contributed to the negative psychological effects. Providing social and emotional support is important in mitigating the psychological impact of the pandemic on dental students. Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Student, Dental, Stress

Knowledge and practice of cervical cancer prevention amongst undergraduates of the Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria

Background: In Nigeria, approximately 26 women die daily due to cervical cancer. About 90% of cervical cancer cases are caused by human papillomavirus infection (HPV), transmitted through sexual intercourse and can be prevented. This study assessed knowledge of cervical cancer and practice of its preventive measures, among undergraduates in a University in South-South Nigeria.Material and Methods: his study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey conducted among 479 students of the Delta State University (DELSU), Abraka, Nigeria. Respondents were selected across Faculties through a multistage sampling technique and data was collected using a pretested self-administered structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Science version 23 with statistical significance set at p&lt;0.05.Results: The mean age of the respondents was 20.4 (±2.4) years. The majority of the respondents (85.0%) had a poor level of knowledge of cervical cancer and its prevention methods. Age (p&lt;0.001), study level (P&lt;0.001), and faculty (&lt;0.001) were significantly associated with knowledge of cervical cancer and its prevention. About 59.0% of respondents have an overall positive attitude towards cervical cancer and its prevention. The level of uptake of cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination was 0.8% and 1.3% respectively, however, more than half of the respondents were willing to get screened (63.9%) and vaccinated (50.9%).Conclusion: The institution should organize and sponsor comprehensive health education programmes about cervical cancer and its prevention. Provision of screening and vaccination at subsidized rates or at no cost will provide widespread coverage of prevention both in local communities and among students.

Exploring Adolescent Pregnancy Expectations in Continuity of Midwifery Care: A Qualitative Study in Indonesia

Introduction: Adolescent pregnancy presents a significant challenge to global reproductive health, including in Indonesia. The unique obstacles that young pregnant women encounter when seeking appropriate and supportive healthcare services call for a deeper understanding to improve maternal care. Purpose: This study aims to explore the expectations of young pregnant women regarding continuous midwifery care in Indonesia. Method: This research employed an exploratory qualitative approach, conducting 13 face-to-face interviews between January and June 2022. Participants included midwives, young mothers, a coordinating midwife, and Mother and Child Health (MCH) program holders. Interviews, lasting 1-1.5 hours, were conducted, and the interview data were rigorously analyzed thematically by the research team, strengthening data reliability through triangulation. Results: Continuity management emphasizes friendly service, privacy, clear communication, and comprehensive health assessments. Informational continuity involves comprehensive information, direct communication, attractive aids, and health education evaluation. Relational continuity highlights comprehensive maternal care, family tradition approval, reminders, and efficient care. The study underscores the importance of tailored, holistic, and culturally sensitive midwifery care for young pregnant women's overall well-being. Conclusion: This study highlights adolescent pregnant women's unique needs, focusing on continuity management, informational continuity, and relational continuity. Proposed strategies include tailored health services, comprehensive maternal education, cultural sensitivity training for healthcare providers, policy integration, and diverse research. Successfully implementing these measures can significantly enhance maternal care outcomes for Indonesian adolescents.

Saudi School Children's Oral Health and Hygiene Literacy and Behaviors

Background: Awareness, attitude, and routines greatly affect oral health. This survey examined Saudi schoolchildren's oral hygiene knowledge, attitude, and behavior in Al Qassim. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Al Qassim region, focusing on school children. The study utilized a pretested online questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The initial segment of the questionnaire documented the participants' age and dental background, while also capturing their respective experiences. The subsequent section addressed the topics of dental hygiene and dental appointments. The third section of the study was the assessment of students' knowledge on oral hygiene. Results: The study revealed that 39% of the students possessed a satisfactory level of oral hygiene knowledge. However, it was observed that students who brushed their teeth regularly or twice a day exhibited a considerably greater level of oral hygiene knowledge (p&lt;0.001). Approximately 56.8% of the student population indicated experiencing oral issues, whereas 20.7% disclosed never having sought dental care during their lifetime. There was a statistically significant difference in the frequency of dental visits seen among students aged 12 years and older last year (p=0.010). Conclusion: It is imperative for educational institutions in Saudi Arabia to initiate the integration of a comprehensive oral health education program that encompasses both students and their parents.

Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practices towards canine visceral leishmaniasis based on the one health concept in Weliso and Ejaji Towns, Oromia, Ethiopia

Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a significant vector-borne Meta zoonotic disease caused by agents of the L. donovani complex. The disease is transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine female sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia in the old and new worlds, respectively. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices of the residents about CVL based on the One Health concept in two towns of the Oromia Region, Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2019 and September 2020, using an interview questionnaire as the study instrument. The study participants were selected through a simple random sampling method. Pearson’s Chi-square and logistic regression tests were used to evaluate the association between the study participants’ knowledge, attitude, and practices toward CVL and possible risk factors. The study included a total of 400 participants, and the results indicated that 77.25% had good knowledge, 60.5% had a favorable attitude, and 59.25% had good practices toward CVL. The town of Ejaji and dog ownership were significantly associated with good knowledge (p = 0.001), and attitude (p = 0.001) towards CVL, while having a dog (p = 0.001), having a diploma (p = 0.019) or degree and above (0.018), being divorced or widowed (0.012), and being Oromo (p = 0.013) were all significantly associated with good CVL practice. Most participants in both study areas had good knowledge but moderate attitudes and practices toward CVL. Therefore, it is crucial to undertake comprehensive community health education and awareness programs of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis and its vectors based on the One Health concept through various means.

Children’s health-related experiences in India: A scoping review

Background &amp; Objectives: The perspectives of children have becoming increasingly emphasized in healthcare research and practice in order to facilitate children’s inclusion, participation, and decision-making in matters related to their health. In India, however, little is known about children’s views regarding their health despite the various health challenges and ethical concerns they may face, such as poverty, malnutrition, and gender inequalities. The aim of this scoping review is to explore children’s health-related experiences from their own perspectives in India from 2000 to 2020. Methods: Five online databases were searched. Three independent reviewers screened articles for inclusion. Included texts were analyzed using thematic synthesis, which involved extracting and descriptively coding data, categorizing/grouping codes by similar topics, and comparing and contrasting topics to generate descriptive themes. The scoping review was reported using the PRISMA-ScR checklist. Results: Fifty-two articles were included, and five descriptive themes were identified. The articles typically overlapped in themes, which related to children’s health-related experiences (n=38), emotions (n=19), and knowledge (n=15); the impact of illness on children’s lives (n=41); and children’s ability to communicate their needs (n=12). Interpretation &amp; Conclusions: We identified the need to tailor research designs to better elicit children’s perspectives and provide comprehensive health education for children and families in India. This scoping review helped to highlight gaps in healthcare policy, practice, and research, providing a starting point for more focused investigation into children’s health-related experiences in India.