Comprehensive Guidelines Research Articles

Connecting the Dots: Bridging Innovation Management and Technology Transfer Through ISO 56002

This paper highlights the significance of centralising innovation within organisations to gain a competitive edge in a rapidly changing world. It emphasises the pivotal role of ISO 56002, a standardised innovation management system, in fostering innovation capacity through diffusion, certification and development. By establishing innovation standards, organisations can consistently generate successful innovations, leveraging their resources and knowledge capital. However, technology transfer faces trust and inter-organisational cooperation barriers. ISO 56002 provides comprehensive guidelines to overcome these challenges and bridge standardisation and innovation perspectives. The proposed framework integrates technology transfer with the ISO 56002 system, consisting of five phases: engagement in innovation processes, certification of technology transferors, overcoming barriers, technology transfer agreements and analysing effectiveness. ISO 56002 facilitates collaboration, resource allocation, strategic planning and adopts a customer-centric approach. This framework fills a literature gap, offering organisations a competitive advantage in technology transfer. The study explores the relationship between ISO 56002 guidelines and technology transfer, emphasising collaboration, leadership, planning, support, operation, performance evaluation and improvement. ISO 56002 aligns with various aspects of technology transfer, emphasising sustainability, connectivity and competitiveness. Implementing ISO 56002 drives organisational growth and successful technology transfer.

Novel Insight into the Association between Balneotherapy and Functional State and Health Perception in Chronic Low Back Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Epidemiological data indicate that low back pain (LBP) affected 619 million people globally in 2020, representing a significant health and economic burden. Additionally, chronic LBP (cLBP) strongly impairs quality of life and leads to disability and premature retirement, thus emphasizing the need for providing deeper insight into the factors that affect treatment outcomes and for offering thorough guidance for the assessment and management of this condition. Taking into consideration the rising prevalence of cLBP and the knowledge gap referring to the overall health benefits of balneotherapy (BT), the aim of this study was to assess the effects of BT on functional status, quality of life, and psychological symptoms in patients with cLBP. Methods: Among 220 patients from the database, two groups were retrospectively identified: patients receiving conventional pharmacological therapy (CT) and patients receiving BT. The effectiveness of the treatment was assessed through a visual analog scale for pain intensity, EuroQol (EQ-5D), and the Work Ability Index Questionnaire. In order to provide deeper insight into the quality of life and also factors associated with functional status and mental health affected by BT, we also used the Short Form Health Survey Questionnaire and the Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Results: Both age and treatment protocol were found to have a significant impact on all observed parameters, i.e., older patients and those receiving CT tended to report lower overall health and physical functioning. On the other hand, BT was associated with better functionality and disability perception status. Conclusions: Understanding the association between individual perceptions of functionality and its emotional and social elements provides a basis for providing comprehensive guidelines and recommendations for cLBP management.

The effects of built environments on bicycle accidents around bike-sharing program stations using street view images and deep learning techniques: The moderating role of streetscape features

With the global rise of bike-sharing programs (BSP), planners and traffic experts have raised concerns as to whether the rapid growth of BSP ensures cycling safety. Despite numerous studies on built environments encouraging bike usage, there is limited knowledge whether streetscape environments around BSP stations affect bicycle accidents. We address this gap by investigating the relationships between various built environments and bicycle accidents around BSP stations, with a particular focus on the moderating effects of comprehensive streetscapes. Streetscape environments, estimated through semantic segmentation and k-means clustering, were used in two-level negative binomial regression models to clarify how street- and station-level environments affect different types of bicycle accidents. The findings indicate increased crash likelihoods on higher-speed roads, streets with traffic facilities, in proximity to public transportation infrastructure, and specific streetscape types. In particular, streetscape features like green oasis streets and open-sky roadways positively contribute to mitigating the negative effects of traffic facilities, such as bike networks and crosswalks, on cycling safety. This study aids in developing comprehensive strategies and guidelines to retrofit built environments for better traffic safety and thereby promote urban cycling.

Obstetric management for pregnant women with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: A UK case report and review of the literature.

Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital vascular disorder characterized by extensive capillary and venous malformations that pose unique challenges during pregnancy. This case report discusses the successful management of a 34-year-old pregnant woman with KTS who had two caesarean sections, resulting in the birth of two healthy babies. Despite the lack of evidence-based guidelines for obstetrical management in KTS, a multidisciplinary team collaborated to devise a high-risk thrombosis management plan, involving the use of compression stocking and low molecular weight heparin prophylaxis. The patient's elevated risk of thrombosis, exacerbated during pregnancy, informed the decision of caesarean sections, aligning with finding that in most KTS pregnancies, this method of delivery based on obstetric indications and arteriovenous malformations is chosen. This case highlights the importance of systematic and patient-centered care, advocating for comprehensive obstetric management guidelines to address the unique challenges posed by KTS during pregnancy. Further research is warranted to enhance our understanding and refine guidelines for individuals with vascular abnormalities linked to KTS.

23: Optimizing Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) Circuit Change Process: A comprehensive Guideline and Practice Revision for Improved Patient Care and Safety

23: Optimizing Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) Circuit Change Process: A comprehensive Guideline and Practice Revision for Improved Patient Care and Safety

Practices of Informed Written Consent for Elective Urological Procedures at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Sudan.

Objective This study aimed to assess informed consent practices in elective urological surgeries at a tertiary care facility. Materials and methods A retrospective cross-sectional survey was carried out between March 1, 2023and April 1, 2023, at the Department of Urology, Omdurman Military Hospital, Sudan. We included all patients who had undergone elective urological procedures under local, spinal, or general anesthesia. The medical records were accessed to analyze the consent forms' standards. A total of 42 consent forms were included and analyzed. We use the General Medical Council's (GMC) Guidance on Professional Standards and Ethics for Doctors: Decision Making and Consent, and the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) of England's Consent: Supported Decision-Makingas the standard for our study. The GMC and the RCS of England have provided comprehensive and standardized guidelines for obtaining informed written consent, including indications, benefits, risks involved, and alternatives in addition to demographics, patient details, responsible consultant, diagnosis, and title of the surgery, intended benefits, probable risks, type of anesthesia, consenting doctor's name, designation, and signature, and the patient's signature and name. Results A total of 42 consent forms were included. The diagnosis and the intended surgical procedure were mentioned in all consents. The potential benefits and risks were discussed in 36 (85.7%) and 18 (42.9%) cases, respectively. The type of anesthesia was discussed in 39 (92.9%) of cases. The likely result of not having the procedure and the alternative treatment: Recorded completion rates of 10 (23.8%) and 12 (28.6%), respectively. Patient demographics were completely documented in 41 (97.6%) forms. Senior doctors were only involved in 14 (33.3%) of the consents. Details of the consenting doctor, including name, title, and signature, were present in 30 cases (71.4%), and the date of signing the consent was documented in 38 cases (90.5%). The completeness of the consent form correlated with the level of the doctor obtaining it, with consultants achieving the highest completion rates (100%), followed by registrars (66.7%) and medical officers (35.7%). Conclusion The current practices of informed consent were found to be substandard. Handwritten consent forms do not adhere to the recommended guidelines for informed consent in elective urological procedures. It is preferable to utilize a pre-designed consent form, allowing for personalized additions based on the patient's specifics. Our recommendation is to organize an educational session for junior doctors to emphasize proper consent procedures, and deepen their knowledge of common urological elective procedures, and associated risks. This approach promotes adherence to best clinical practices and minimizes the risk of legal challenges.

Exploring the Impact of Fasting and Fasting-Mimicking Diets on Type 2 Diabetes Management in Adults: A Systematic Review.

Type 2 diabetes poses significant global health challenges, affecting both the quality of life and healthcare systems. This systematic review evaluates the efficacy of fasting and fasting-mimicking diets (FMD) in managing type 2 diabetes, with a focus on their effects on glycemic control, lipid profiles, and overall metabolic health in adult patients. A comprehensive search of PubMed and Cochrane Library databases identified several studies utilizing various fasting protocols, including intermittent fasting and FMD. Data synthesis and bias assessment were conducted using established methodologies, including the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tool. The review found that fasting interventions significantly improve glycemic control and reduce body weight, with some protocols notably lowering HbA1c levels (p<0.05), highlighting the strong potential of fasting in diabetes management. However, the results varied, suggesting that individual differences in metabolic responses and adherence levels influence outcomes. In conclusion, while fasting and FMD show promise for improving metabolic health and managing diabetes, more standardized research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms, optimize protocols, and confirm long-term benefits. Future research should prioritize larger sample sizes and extended follow-up periods to inform comprehensive clinical practice guidelines.

Guideline for the extraction of nanocellulose from lignocellulosic feedstocks

AbstractNanocellulose, derived from renewable plant sources, has emerged as a popular material due to its excellent properties and versatile applications across diverse industries. This guideline presents a comprehensive operational guideline designed to facilitate the efficient extraction of nanocellulose from lignocellulosic feedstocks. Beginning with a foundational overview of nanocellulose and the types of lignocellulosic feedstocks, this guideline firstly proceeds to discuss the pretreatment process prior to nanocellulose extraction, which mainly involves alkali treatment and bleaching to purify cellulose from lignocellulosic feedstocks. The guideline then delves into various extraction methods for nanocellulose, including mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic methods along with the detailed procedures, highlighting key factors such as method selection, processing conditions, and important considerations to keep in mind. Furthermore, the guideline emphasizes the specific steps for preparing cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). By conducting a systematic review of current research, this guideline may provide helpful insights for researchers and practitioners engaged in nanocellulose production.

INTIMASY-TBI Guideline: Optimization of INTIMAcy, SexualitY, and Relationships Among Adults With Traumatic Brain Injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can negatively impact intimacy, relationships, and sexual functioning through changes in physical, endocrine, cognitive, behavioral, and emotional function. Without intervention, diminished intimacy and/or sexual functioning in individuals with TBI may persist. Although most health care professionals agree that sexuality and intimacy in relationships are significant concerns and should be addressed in rehabilitation, these concerns are not typically discussed during rehabilitation and discharge planning for people with TBI. To address this gap, an expert panel of North American clinicians and researchers convened to develop evidence-informed recommendations to assist clinicians in providing a framework and guidance on how clinicians can support individuals after TBI. A systematic search of multiple databases was conducted to identify relevant evidence published from 2010 to 2023. The INTIMASY-TBI Expert Panel developed recommendations for optimizing discussions and interventions related to intimacy and sexuality for people with TBI in rehabilitation and community-based programs. For each recommendation, the experts evaluated the evidence by examining the study design and quality to determine the level of evidence. A total of 12 recommendations were developed that address the following topic areas: (1) interprofessional team training, (2) early education on the effects of TBI on intimacy, relationships, and sexuality, (3) creating individualized interventions, (4) education, assessment, and management of the causes of sexual dysfunction, and (5) providing written materials and relationship coaching to persons with TBI and their partners. Two recommendations were supported by Level A evidence, 1 was supported by Level B evidence, and 9 were supported by Level C (consensus of the INTIMASY-TBI Expert Panel) evidence. A decision algorithm was developed to assist clinicians in navigating through the recommendations. The INTIMASY-TBI Guideline is one of the first comprehensive clinical practice guidelines to offer strategies to trained clinicians to discuss the physical, psychosocial, behavioral, and emotional aspects of intimacy and sexuality with persons with TBI.

Mitigating the Adverse Effects of Night Shifts: A Review of Strategies for Enhancing Health Outcomes in Shift Workers

Introduction and PurposeShift work, essential for continuous operation in industries like healthcare, transportation, and security, disrupts circadian rhythms and adversely affects health. This review consolidates findings on the multifaceted impacts of night shift work, emphasizing interventions to mitigate these effects and improve worker health and well-being. Brief Description of the State of KnowledgeNight shift work disrupts circadian rhythms, leading to cognitive decline, sleep disorders, mental health risks, cardiovascular issues, metabolic disturbances, and cancer susceptibility. Effective interventions include limiting shift lengths and frequency, incorporating rest breaks and napping, aligning meal times with circadian rhythms, using melatonin supplementation and light therapy to improve sleep quality, engaging in regular aerobic exercise, and employing stress management techniques. Summary Implementing proposed interventions can mitigate the adverse health effects of night shift work, enhancing worker well-being, efficiency, and job satisfaction. Tailoring strategies to different age groups optimizes effectiveness, with structured approaches beneficial for older workers and flexible options suitable for younger workers. Further research should explore long-term intervention effects and develop personalized strategies for diverse populations. This review provides comprehensive guidelines for managing the health impacts of night shift work, supporting improved patient safety, reduced accidents, and enhanced work performance across various industries.

Public Health Reporting in the China’s TV News: A Case Study of Early Stage of COVID-19 Outbreak

initial outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan in December 2019 prompting swift nationwide measures. Amidst the escalating crisis has contribute to China enforced temporary closures and exit controls in Hubei province, a pivotal move in curbing the virus's spread on January 23, 2020. This paper aims to explore the role of CCTV News, as the "mouthpiece" of the Party and the government in shaping public opinion during the COVID-19 epidemic. This preliminary study utilizes content analysis methods to examine the framework of COVID-19 news coverage, with a focus on a specialized TV news program aired between January 20 and February 20, 2020. The findings show how positive publicity and humanistic care initiatives have been instrumental in stabilizing public sentiment and effectively conveying China's perspective amidst the crisis. Subsequently, on January 28, 2020, the Publicity Department of the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television coordinated the programming of national satellite TV programs prioritizing epidemic prevention and control coverage, curtailing entertainment programming, and issuing comprehensive programming guidelines to all 36 satellite TV stations. This concerted effort is seen as a strategic shift that has significantly increased the dissemination of information, addressed public concerns, and steered public opinion in support of the nation's fight against the epidemic.

Neural Cyber Augmentation (NCA): A Future Frontier in Public Health

Neural Cyber Augmentation (NCA) is a groundbreaking interdisciplinary field that integrates neuroscience, cybernetics, and biotechnology to enhance human cognitive and physical capabilities. This technology holds transformative potential for public health, enabling advancements in cognitive enhancement, disease management, and human-machine interaction. Early research in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) demonstrated the feasibility of using neural signals to control external devices, laying the foundation for more complex applications such as advanced prosthetics and cognitive training. Subsequent developments in cybernetic implants have significantly improved the quality of life for individuals with sensory and motor impairments by providing enhanced capabilities beyond natural limits. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with neural interfaces has further propelled the field, enabling personalized cognitive training and adaptive therapies. Despite these advancements, the ethical and social implications of NCA, such as privacy concerns, informed consent, and equitable access, must be addressed. Future research should focus on improving neural interfaces, integrating AI for personalized interventions, establishing comprehensive ethical guidelines, conducting longitudinal studies on long-term effects, and developing strategies to ensure accessibility for all. By addressing these challenges, NCA has the potential to revolutionize public health and usher in a new era of human enhancement and well-being.

Electrolyte Imbalance in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury: Insights from the First 24 h.

Electrolyte disturbances are common in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly affecting sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium levels. This study aims to provide insights into these disturbances within the first 24 h post-injury. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 50 TBI patients, excluding those with conditions affecting electrolyte balance. Electrolyte levels were measured, and correlations with demographic data, trauma mechanisms, imaging findings, and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores were analyzed. The results indicated that chloride levels inversely correlated with GCS scores (ρ = -0.515; p = 0.002), suggesting that elevated chloride may indicate severe neurological impairment. Potassium levels were significantly associated with subdural hematoma (p = 0.032) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (p = 0.043), highlighting their potential as markers for severe brain injuries. No significant associations were found between sodium or calcium levels and the studied variables. These findings underscore the importance of early monitoring of chloride and potassium levels in TBI patients to improve management and outcomes. Future research should focus on larger, multi-center studies to validate these findings and develop comprehensive guidelines for managing electrolyte imbalances in TBI patients.

Enhancing life cycle assessment methodologies for carbon capture and utilization technologies: A comprehensive guideline for improved decision-making

Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is an emerging technology that aims to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from industrial processes and power generation. This paper presents a comprehensive Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of CCUS, evaluating its environmental impacts from cradle to grave. The LCA includes the stages of CO₂ capture, transportation, utilization, and storage. The goal is to provide a holistic understanding of the potential benefits and drawbacks of CCUS, guiding policymakers and industry stakeholders in decision-making processes. Although LCA is a standardized method, there is significant variability in current LCA practices due to differing methodological choices, which limits their effectiveness for decision support. Applying LCA to CCU technologies introduces additional challenges, particularly because CO₂ serves both as an emission and a feedstock. The guidelines aim to enhance the comparability of LCA studies by providing clear methodological directions and predefined assumptions regarding feedstock and utilities. Increased transparency is achieved through detailed interpretation and reporting guidance. By improving comparability, the guidelines support more informed decision-making, enabling more efficient allocation of research funds and time towards the development of technologies for climate change mitigation and negative emissions.

Iterative printing of bulk metal and polymer for additive manufacturing of multi-layer electronic circuits

In pursuing advancing additive manufacturing (AM) techniques for 3D objects, this study combines AM techniques for bulk metal and polymer on a single platform for one-stop printing of multilayer 3D electronic circuits with two novel aspects. The first innovation involves the embedded integration of electronic circuits by printing low-resistance electrical traces from bulk metal into polymer channels. Cross-section grinding results reveal (92 ± 5)% occupancy of electrically conductive traces in polymer channels despite the different thermal properties of the two materials. The second aspect encompasses the possibility of printing vertical bulk metal vias up to 10 mm in height with the potential for expansion, interconnecting electrically conductive traces embedded in different layers of the 3D object. The work provides comprehensive 3D printing design guidelines for successfully integrating fully embedded electrically conductive traces and the interconnecting vertical bulk metal vias. A smooth and continuous workflow is also introduced, enabling a single-run print of functional multilayer embedded 3D electronics. The design rules and the workflow facilitate the iterative printing of two distinct materials, each defined by unique printing temperatures and techniques. Observations indicate that conductive traces using molten metal microdroplets show a 12-fold reduction in resistance compared to nanoparticle ink-based methods, meaning this technique greatly complements multi-material additive manufacturing (MM-AM). The work presents insights into the behavior of molten metal microdroplets on a polymer substrate when printed through the MM-AM process. It explores their characteristics in two scenarios: When they are deposited side-by-side to form conductive traces and when they are deposited out-of-plane to create vertical bulk metal vias. The innovative application of MM-AM to produce multilayer embedded 3D electronics with bulk metal and polymer demonstrates significant potential for realizing the fabrication of free-form 3D electronics.

Colorectal Leiomyosarcoma: Demographics Patterns, Treatment Characteristics, and Survival Analysis in the U.S. Population.

Colorectal leiomyosarcoma (CR-LMS) is a rare neoplasm arising from smooth muscle cells. It accounts for less than 0.1% of all colorectal malignancies. In this population-based study, we aim to understand the demographics, treatment characteristics, and pathologic factors associated with survival in CR-LMS. Data from the SEER Program (2000-2018) were analyzed using SEER*Stat and SPSS. Statistical methods included descriptive analysis, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazards regression to assess the impact of various factors on disease-specific and overall survival. A total of 191 cases of CR-LMS were identified. Most patients were 60-69years of age (median: 64years) and Caucasian (78%). There was nearly the same distribution in sex (M:F ratio; 1:1.2). The overall 5-year observed survival was 50.3% (95% C.I., 46.3-54.2). The 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) was 66.1% (95% C.I., 62.0-70.1). The 5-year overall survival after resection was 60.8% (95% C.I., 56.3-65.3). Multivariable analysis identified grades III and IV (p = 0.028) as negative predictors of overall survival. Regional spread and distant stage are negative predictors of overall survival (p < 0.01). Our data reveals that colorectal leiomyosarcoma (CR-LMS) often presents in patients around 64years old with advanced stages and poor differentiation. Key adverse prognostic factors include older age, high tumor grade, large tumor size, and distant metastases, with surgical resection showing the best survival outcomes. To improve outcomes, further research and consolidation of data are essential for developing targeted therapies and comprehensive guidelines.

Management of chronic kidney disease: a Hong Kong consensus recommendation.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) imposes a significant burden on healthcare systems worldwide, and diabetes is a major risk factor for CKD. There is currently no consensus in Hong Kong regarding the prioritisation of early identification and intervention for CKD. A comprehensive and Hong Kong-specific diabetes and CKD treatment guideline is also lacking. A multidisciplinary group of experts discussed issues surrounding the current management of CKD and reviewed evidence in the context of local experience to support recommendations. The experts used a modified Delphi approach to finalise recommendations. Consensus was regarded as ≥75% acceptability among all expert panel members. The panel members finalised 14 CKD-focused consensus statements addressing disease definition, screening, disease monitoring, lifestyle management, and treatment strategies. The recommendations provided are relevant to the Hong Kong healthcare setting and can be used as a guide by physicians across various specialties to facilitate the appropriate management of CKD.

Exploring social and computer science students’ perceptions of AI integration in (foreign) language instruction

Artificial intelligence (AI) has gained acceptance in the field of education. Nevertheless, existing research on AI in education, particularly in foreign language (FL) learning and teaching, is notably limited in scope and depth. In the present study, we addressed this research gap by investigating social and computer science students' perceptions of the integration and use of AI-based technologies in education, focusing specifically on foreign language teaching. Using an online questionnaire, we analysed factors such as students' field of study, gender differences, and the type of AI used. The questionnaire included statements categorised into thematic clusters, with responses measured on a five-point Likert scale. Statistical analysis, including chi-square tests and Cohen's d, revealed that individuals studying computer science, males, and supporters of generative AI are more likely to use AI tools for educational purposes. They perceive fewer barriers to the integration of AI into FL education. Social science students and women are less likely to use AI tools in FL education and express scepticism about their potential to improve academic outcomes. They tend to be more critical or cautious regarding the role of AI in FL education. They view AI as a valuable tool that enhances the learning experience but, at the same time, recognise the irreplaceable role of human teachers. The study highlights the need for targeted educational initiatives to address gender and disciplinary gaps in AI adoption, promote informed discussions on AI in education, and develop balanced AI integration strategies to improve FL learning. These findings suggest educators and policymakers should implement comprehensive AI training programs and ethical guidelines for responsible AI use in (FL) education.

Evolving Pattern of Human Cystic Echinococcosis: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction Cystic echinococcosis (CE) poses a considerable public health challenge in many countries. Due to the absence of comprehensive CE surveillance and management guidelines and varying demographic and geographical factors across countries, examining the disease's epidemiology and clinical manifestations within specific regions is essential. The current study aims to investigate CE trends, clinical features, and patient complaints in an endemic area of Iraq. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Smart Health Tower in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, from May 2020 to May 2024. It involved patients diagnosed and treated for CE. Data was collected using detailed case forms covering patient demographics, cyst location, presentation, medical and surgical history, and recurrence. Results The study involved 605 CE patients with nearly equal gender distribution and a mean age of 40.1 ± 18.6 years. Most patients, 217(35.9%), were aged 31-50 and lived in urban areas 505(83.5%). The majority, 382(63.1%), were asymptomatic, with liver cysts being the most common 361(59.7%). Single cysts were more prevalent in 513(84.8%) cases, with surgery performed in 222(36.7%) of cases, and recurrence was rare 8(1.3%). Conclusion This study highlights a significant burden of CE in urban areas, where asymptomatic cases often lead to delayed diagnosis. The high prevalence of liver and lung cysts underscores the necessity for targeted public health strategies and enhanced control measures for free-roaming dogs.

Commentary: A Data‐Driven Analysis of Recent Job Posts to Evaluate the Foundational Competencies

AbstractThe Focal Article (Ackerman et al., 2024) provides a comprehensive framework and detailed guidelines to faculty, students, and measurement professionals. We used a data‐driven approach that examines recent job posts (including full‐time positions at academic institutions, nonprofit organizations, and for‐profit companies, as well as internship positions) to evaluate the match between the skills required by the jobs and the Foundational Competencies and provide summaries and recommendations thereof.