Comprehensive Environmental Policy Research Articles

Evaluating ecological impacts through geospatial analysis of land use land cover dynamics in Jarmet wetland ecosystems in Western Ethiopia

Biodiversity is crucial for maintaining ecological balance and fostering complex relationships among plant and animal species. The global decline in wetlands due to human activities significantly impacts biodiversity and ecosystem stability, highlighting the urgent need for effective conservation. This study utilizes satellite remote sensing to monitor land use changes in the Jarmet wetlands over 29 years, analyzing their effects on ecosystem dynamics. It examines the relationship between biodiversity and the ecological stability of wetland ecosystems, aiming to identify key factors behind land use and cover changes (LULCC) and their impact on biodiversity. To investigate the impact of LULC dynamics on wetlands, this study employed Landsat imagery with a spatial resolution of 30 m. The dataset included Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery from 1986, Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images from 2000 and 2005, and Operational Land Imager (OLI) data from 2015. Using multi-source satellite imagery, maximum likelihood algorithms, and advanced spatial tools within a Geographic Information System (GIS), LULCC was mapped. The analysis indicates a substantial 45.9% increase in agricultural areas and a 4.1% rise in built-up and plantation areas, signifying habitat degradation and altered hydrological patterns resulting from drainage and land use changes. Conversely, grasslands, forested areas, wetlands, and shrublands experienced reductions of 21.3%, 14.7%, 7.2%, and 6.8%, respectively. These LULCCs, driven primarily by human activities, threaten the ecological integrity of the Jarmet wetland. The study offers recommendations for sustainable conservation and management, emphasizing the need for comprehensive environmental policies to prevent further ecological degradation.

Optimal environmental policy and business cycles: An analysis using an E2-DSGE model

What are the effects of adopting a comprehensive environmental policy that considers, in addition to taxes on emissions, taxes and subsidies in the energy sector? This paper answers that question using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model augmented to include environmental issues and an energy sector featuring non-renewable and renewable energy production. The model is used to find the optimal trajectories of the environmental policy instruments and to analyze the dynamic behavior of the model variables in response to productivity shocks. First, we show that tax and subsidy rates are procyclical. Second, we show that having access to alternative sources of (renewable) energy allows households and firms to replace non-renewable (polluting) energy sources with renewable (cleaner) energy sources in response to productivity shocks. Finally, a welfare analysis of different policy alternatives shows that a broad environmental policy is welfare superior to policies that do not include a full set of taxes and subsidies in the energy sector.

A real-time assessment of hazardous atmospheric pollutants across cities in China and India

China and India are two of the fastest-growing developing economies covering about 35 % of the world’s population. Due to the extensive prevalence of air pollution across cities in China and India, contemporary assessment of atmospheric pollution through real-time and remote sensing observations is inadequate. The study aims to determine the spatial distribution and temporal variation of hazardous atmospheric pollutants across cities in China (Shanghai, Nanjing, Jinan, Zhengzhou and Beijing) and India (Kolkata, Asansol, Patna, Kanpur and Delhi). Ground observation data on CO, O3, PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and SO2 along with remote sensing data on AOD, CO, O3, BC, NO2, SO2 and dust surface mass concentrations are used to assess atmospheric pollution. This study examines daily, zonal and longitudinal pollutant distributions using Sentinel-5 P data and surface mass concentrations over the vertical column evaluated from NASA satellite data. The Mann-Kendall test and relative change methods have been implemented to assess pollutant trends while Sen’s Slope identifies the magnitude of change. The similarity test and data validation methods including NRMSE, PC and MBias have been employed to ensure consistency in analysing annual trends for each air pollutant in the datasets. Additionally, multiple correlation matrix analysis has been used to examine the associations among different pollutants from both datasets based on their annual averages. Remote sensing data reveals that eastern China and north-eastern India have the highest aerosol, BC, CO, NO2 and SO2 while western China and southern India lowest. Dust peaks in the west while O3 levels are highest in the northern part of China and India. Ground observation data indicates that Chinese cities have higher annual mean SO2 and O3 concentrations with yearly declines in PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2 and CO notably SO2. Indian cities witnessed overall increases in PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and SO2 from 2012 to 2019 with a slight decline in 2020 followed by a resurgence in 2023. The findings provide insights for implementing regional policy measures to reduce air pollution based on changes in pollutant behaviour. The study suggests that addressing atmospheric pollutants, particularly NO2, CO, PM2.5, PM10, and SO2 requires a comprehensive environmental policy framework involving central and state governments and enforcing stringent environmental protection laws.

Dynamic interplay of soil parameters and CO2 sequestration in Solanku-runi Freshwater Pond Wetland, Tamil Nadu, India

This study investigates the dynamic interplay between soil temperature, pH levels, and CO2 sequestration across ten sample sites over a four-month periods from January to April 2018 in Solankuruni freshwater pond wetland in Madurai District, Tamil Nadu, India. The soil temperature fluctuations, ranging from 31°C to 44°C, reveal distinct site-specific patterns, with sample site six consistently exhibiting the highest temperatures. Soil temperature exhibited notable variations, influenced by factors such as soil composition, and microclimate variations. Regarding pH level, the range between 6.23 to 8.1 display variability influenced by factors like soil composition and anthropogenic influences, study site five consistently leading in pH levels. Soil CO2 sequestration varying from 1517.857 g/m² to 3357.143 g/m², highlight the influence of soil microbial activity, vegetation cover, and soil moisture content, ninth site consistently showing the highest sequestration rates. The findings reveal substantial variations in factors such as soil composition, vegetation type, microclimate, and anthropogenic activities, prominence the intricate nature of soil dynamics. These results stress the importance of understanding the interconnections among soil properties to create effective climate change mitigation strategies. Moreover, the research provides valuable understanding of the intricate connections between soil properties, emphasizing the necessity for region-specific studies to inform comprehensive environmental policies. Understanding these dynamic soil processes is crucial for advancing sustainable land management practices and boosting soil carbon sequestration in wetland ecosystems.

The impact of low-carbon city pilot on carbon emissions of high-polluting enterprises − Based on financing constraint perspective

As the major contributor to climate change, enterprises in high-polluting industries have a large deal of potential to reduce their carbon emissions, and the efficacy of that reduction is correlated with the nation's overall environmental pollution and climate change. As a comprehensive environmental regulation policy, whether the low-carbon city pilot (LCCP) can promote the carbon emission reduction of high-polluting enterprises remains to be verified. Based on the data of all high-polluting listed companies in China during the period of 2010–2020, this study evaluates the implementation effect of the LCCP through the multi-period difference-in-differences model, and conducts a series of robustness tests. In addition, the implementation path, heterogeneity and industry spillover effects of the policy are also studied. The study shows that the LCCP policy significantly reduces the growth rate of carbon emissions of enterprises in high-polluting industries by 1.06 percentage points on average. Financing constraints play a negative moderating role between the LCCP and the growth rate of carbon emissions. The mechanism test demonstrates that the LCCP reduces the carbon emission growth rate of enterprises in high-polluting industries through enterprise technological innovation and increasing environmental protection investment level. Further analysis can also find that the LCCP has a more obvious emission reduction effect on state-owned enterprises and enterprises in areas with lax environmental law enforcement. And there is an economic spillover effect but no industrial spillover effect. In view of this, local governments should play a guiding role in the policy, continue to expand the scale of the LCCP and focus on non-state-owned enterprises to promote the green transformation of high-polluting enterprises. This study offers significant theoretical and practical reference value for the further implementation of environmental regulation in the field of environmental governance and the reduction of enterprise carbon emissions.

The case for longtermism: concern for the far future as a catalyst for pro-climate action

Amid escalating climate challenges, we examine relationships between longtermism beliefs with policy-level and grassroots climate-protective attitudes and actions. Across four primary pre-registered studies (N = 4451) and two supplementary pilots (N = 1858), we find that a significant portion, approximately 25% of our participants, who endorse the longtermism ethical philosophy, report heightened climate change concerns. Furthermore, longtermists show stronger support for pro-climate policies, advocate for initiatives in line with climate justice for future generations and present-day minoritized groups and make proactive contributions to environmental causes and initiatives. Moreover, we find that responsibility to distant future generations drives these associations. Through a targeted intervention, we boosted intergenerational responsibility and increased donations to an environmental charity. These findings highlight how longtermism beliefs shape pro-environmental attitudes and actions, offering valuable insights for climate advocacy strategies and cultivating more widespread support for comprehensive environmental policies.

Environmental law, environmental policy stringency, and development of environmental technologies in China.

China's fast industrialization and economic expansion has led to environmental degradation, prompting the government to implement a slew of environmental regulations and laws. This article examines how China's stringent environmental policies and legislation have impacted the development of environmental technology. The study's panel of Chinese companies confirmed that more stringent regulations really spurred innovation in green technology. This research lends credence to the premise that stricter environmental regulations are helpful in inspiring the development of cleaner technology that may help mitigate environmental issues. Research also shows that tighter environmental legislation increases environmental policy's effect on technological development. According to these results, environmental law may improve the efficiency of environmental policy by providing a hospitable framework for the application of technological innovation. The findings of this research have significant implications for Chinese policymakers committed to fostering sustainable development. The need of rigorous environmental rules to support comprehensive environmental policies that promote the development of greener technology is emphasized. The results shed even more light on how crucial it is to enforce environmental laws in order to ensure that environmental policies are effectively implemented. In essence, this study contributes to the expanding body of knowledge on the link between environmental policy and technical advancement by illuminating the potential for China's environmental policy and law to work together to encourage sustainable development. China's investment in green tech research and development may mitigate the environmental damage caused by its rapid economic growth.

Environmental regulation and entrepreneurial activity: Evidence from the low-carbon city pilot policy in China

The low-carbon city pilot (LCCP) policy is a city-level environmental regulation policy proposed by China to implement climate action goals and achieve sustainable development, and has received widespread attention since the first batch of pilots was presented in 2010. This study systematically examines the causal effect of the LCCP policy on entrepreneurial activity by constructing a difference-in-differences (DID) model using panel data for 186 cities in China over the period 2008–2017. We found that the LCCP policy significantly promoted entrepreneurial activity and this effect gradually strengthened over time during the study period. A series of robustness tests support this finding. The results of the mechanism test suggest that the LCCP policy can discourage entrepreneurial activity by increasing production costs and also promote entrepreneurial activity by increasing human capital accumulation and promoting technological innovation. The results of the heterogeneity analysis indicate that non-command-and-control policy instruments can better promote entrepreneurial activity in the context of a comprehensive environmental regulation policy such as the LCCP policy. The results of the spatial spillover effects test show that the LCCP policy can significantly promote entrepreneurial activity in the neighboring areas, and this effect is greater than that of the pilot areas. This study provides empirical evidence and policy implications for how to better utilize the positive effects of the LCCP policy on economic development and provides a basis for policy makers to formulate environmental regulatory policies that balance environmental protection and economic development.

Towards environmental sustainability in E−7 countries: Assessing the roles of natural resources, economic growth, country risk, and energy transition

Achieving carbon neutrality and reducing global temperature rise below 2 °C necessitates shifting from conventional energy to renewable energy and ensuring sustainable use of natural resources. However, economic, political, and financial risks significantly impact renewable energy investments and natural resources' sustainable utilization. Thus, it is necessary to understand the roles of political, economic, and financial risk when assessing the impacts of natural resources, green energy use, and economic growth on pollutant emissions. In this context, the current study used panel data of emerging nations over the period from 1990 to 2018 and utilized some advanced econometric methodologies to assess the influence of green energy transition, economic growth, and natural resources on CO2 under the changing condition of political, economic, and financial risks. The outcomes revealed that natural resource rents enhance CO2 emissions while green energy use decreases CO2 emissions. Limiting political and financial risk lessens CO2 and boosts environmental quality. Besides, economic growth after reaching a high-level curbs CO2, and thus, the inverted U-shaped connection between economic growth and CO2 is found to be valid. The results of the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test unfold that changes in natural resources and energy transition can influence CO2 emissions. Also, country risk Granger causes energy transition. Given these results, comprehensive environmental and natural resources policies are directed to achieve environmental sustainability.

Research on environmental regulation, environmental protection tax, and earnings management

After the Chinese government put forward carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, the intensity of environmental regulation has reached an unprecedented height. Using a sample of heavily polluted A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2012 to 2018, we discuss the influence mechanism of environmental regulation and environmental tax on corporate earnings management in this study. We use multiple regression models to empirically verify the impact of environmental regulation, environmental tax, and their combined effect on corporate earnings management. We find that environmental regulations promote enterprises’ upward real earnings management and inhibit enterprises’ upward accrual earnings management. However, environmental taxes discourage firms from upward accrual earnings management. Moreover, environmental regulations and environmental tax jointly promote enterprises’ upward accrual earnings management and real earnings management. And there is heterogeneity among different enterprise natures, different enterprise sizes, enterprises in regions with different degrees of marketization, different intensities of government investment in environmental protection, and whether enterprises disclose their environmental protection concepts. The contribution of this paper is to put environmental regulation, environmental protection tax, and earnings management in the same analytical framework. We aim to combine the government’s macro policy with the enterprise’s micro behavior and to deeply analyze the impact and mechanism of environmental regulation, environmental protection tax, and their combined effect on enterprise earnings management. By analyzing the heterogeneity of these impacts from multiple dimensions, this study tries to expand the research horizon, fill the research gap, and provide theoretical support for the government to formulate comprehensive environmental regulation policies.

Progress and prospects of international carbon peaking and carbon neutral research –based on bibliometric analysis (1991–2022)

Carbon peak and carbon neutrality is an important strategic measure to tackle climate change and is of great significance to global climate governance, human development, and scientific and technological progress. In this paper, we used 3,824 papers in the core collection of Web of Science from 1991 to 2022 as a sample, and used bibliometric analysis and CiteSpace, a visual knowledge network analysis tool, to sort out the current status of international carbon peak and carbon neutrality research in terms of publication trends, temporal distribution, spatial distribution, keyword co-occurrence mapping, and research basis. And then the current hot topics of research are explored,including carbon neutralization technology, climate policy impact and performance evaluation, carbon pricing and carbon finance, citizen participation attitude and behavior, and climate governance and global cooperation. Research prospects have been presented in terms of four aspects: building the integrated research framework of carbon peak and carbon neutral research, establishing a comprehensive and efficient environmental policy system, expanding research cooperation, deepening research and application of carbon peak carbon-neutral technology.

The Impact of Air Pollution on the Protection of World Cultural Heritage in China.

The damage of air pollution to cultural heritage is widely known. However, the quantitative effects still need to be explored at a holistic level. Different from existing research which focuses on the “model calculation” methods, this paper uses an econometric approach to assess the overall impact of air pollution on the sustainable protection of world cultural heritage in China. Based on the data of the annual monitoring report from 2014 to 2020 released by the China World Cultural Heritage Monitoring Platform, this paper uses the thermal inversion as an instrument variable of air pollution to estimate the overall effects of air pollution on all world cultural heritage sites in China. The results indicate that almost all the air pollutants (except for CO) have significantly negative effects on heritage. The damaging effects of gaseous pollutants including SO2, NO2 and O3 is greater than that of particulate pollutants such as PM2.5 and PM10. Rainfall can exacerbate the worsening effects of gaseous pollutants, but will mitigate the negative effects of particulate pollutants; the windy weather may weaken the negative impact. In addition, environmental regulations from the local government can also alleviate the negative influence of air pollution on heritage protection. This research can provide a more comprehensive environmental prevention policy reference for the protection of world cultural heritage.

Development and Economy in Mongolia through a Human Rights Law Lens

Abstract This article studies the Mongolian economic and development policies implemented in recent years until March 2020, including its revenue matrix sustainability, from an international human rights law perspective. Policy and legal recommendations for discussion are also presented. Based on a United Nations mission the author conducted to Mongolia in 2019, this country study examines the macroeconomic policies, including debt issues, from a human rights perspective; the extent to which mineral rents are translated into inclusive and comprehensive social and environmental policies, focusing on the mining project Oyu Tolgoi; the impact of illicit financial flows on human rights; and the effects of lending for infrastructure and mining projects and other foreign direct investments. The study concludes that economic diversification and conducting effective gender-sensitive, participatory human rights and environmental impact assessments of economic reforms and mining and infrastructure projects are the main challenges Mongolia faces.

The Emergence of Environmental Policy in China: Multiple Streams and the Shaping of a Technocratic Bias

Was it a result of domestic political changes or of developments in international environmental politics? While the decision to introduce comprehensive modern environmental policies in China has had arguably a long-term impact on environmental governance, few studies have scrutinised the early decision-making process. This article attempts to address the void in scholarship. Adopting the multiple streams framework, the authors argue that the origins of environmental policy in China arose from the confluence of three streams—problem identification, political tensions and policy choices—under Premier Zhou Enlai's sponsorship. The new ecological perspective arising from the environmental policy emphasises scientific principles and technocratic solutions, lending a contrast to an ideological approach that had characterised the previous decades. This process was accompanied by the new political role of an environmentalist group consisting primarily of bureaucrats and scientists who mobilised international experience to identify appropriate technological solutions. This article analytically traces the historical context, problem identification, policy entrepreneurship and key policy instruments that characterised the first phase of Chinese environmental policies. The authors discuss the extent to which key elements of China's environmental policies today may still be shaped by the technocratic approach in the initial phase.

Data-driven comparative analysis of national adaptation pathways for Sustainable Development Goals

Since the declaration of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, countries have begun developing and strategizing their national pathways for effective implementation of the 2030 Agenda. The sustainable development targets set out how the world’s nations must move forward so that sustainable development is not an ideal vision but a workable, comprehensive environmental, economic, and social policy. This work aims to analyze the state of progress towards achieving sustainable development goals for each country. In addition to the static presentation of the achievements that countries can present, the changes over time are also compared, allowing countries to be grouped according to the current states. A sophisticated SDG performance measurement tool has been developed to support this analysis, which automatically processes the entire UN Global SDG Indicators database with exploratory data analysis, frequent item mining, and network analysis supported. Based on the trend analysis of the percentiles, the values of the indicators achievable by 2030 are also derived. The analyzes were performed based on the time-series data of 1319 disaggregated official SDG indicators.Most of the world countries have achieved the greatest success in SDG12 and SDG10 since the declaration of the 2030 Agenda. In the field of climate change (SDG13), 26 countries can count on significant achievements. However, SDG6, SDG2, and SDG1 face significant challenges globally, as they have typically seen minor progress in recent years. Examined at the indicator level, indicators 1.4.1, 5.6.2, 6.b.1, 10.7.2, and 15.4.2 improved in all countries of the world, while indicators 2.a.1, 9.4.1, 2.1.1, 2.1. and 12.b.1 have deteriorated predominantly. According to the forecast for 2030, Australia and the United States can reduce their per capita CO2 emissions, while some countries in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East are expected to increase their emissions.

Change from Within: Exploring Transformative Literacy in Public Administrations to Foster Sustainability Transitions

Public administrations are designed towards efficient and effective problem solving. A division of work along the various issues of public policy-making is constitutive for most administrations. With the recent demands to develop comprehensive transformative environmental policies, new tasks and requirements arise, both for individual officers as well as administrative organizations. Two central questions emerge in this context: How do officers and public policy administrations cope with transformation processes and what competencies are needed for shaping transformations? Based on a comprehensive literature review on policies for transformation, organizational learning, and education for sustainable development, we present a concept for transformative literacy. We explored how this concept resonates with officers from the Ministry for the Environment and from the Environmental Protection Agency in Germany. To this end, we conducted 17 qualitative interviews with officers from various departments and levels of hierarchy. The analysis reveals four different types of actors with distinct perspectives regarding their own role and theories of societal and political change. We conclude that a collaborative mode among these types of actors to address the challenges of shaping transformations to sustainability can mobilize additional capacities by making use of their complementary skills and resources. The article suggests that this should be reflected in organizational reforms and in training programs for political administration.

The Causality between Urbanization, Industrialization and Co2 Emissions in Nigeria: Evidence from Toda and Yamamoto Approach

The main objective of this paper is to inspects the causal relationship between urbanization, industrialization and CO2 emissions in Nigeria using the technique of Modified Toda and Yamamoto causality for the period spanning 1982 -2018. The long run causality result indicates that there is bidirectional causality running from economic growth to CO2 emissions and from industrialization to economic growth. This suggests that higher economic growth is linked with CO2 emissions and the growth of industries is related with higher economic growth. Again, unidirectional causality also exists running from urbanization to economic growth, urbanization to CO2 emissions, urbanization to industrialization. Based on these findings, it is therefore recommended that Nigerian government should strategies comprehensive environmental policy in the coming years that would make the environmental rules and regulations more severe to dodge any inconveniences that is associated with urbanization and industrialization in the near future for the purpose of maintaining the quality of the environment.

Integrating support vector machine and cellular automata for modelling land cover change in the tropical rainforest under equatorial climate in Ghana

Unsustainable anthropogenic activities such as indiscriminate logging of trees, mineral exploitation, conversion of forest into agricultural lands are known to cause major environmental changes, thereby triggering a chain of irreversible forest depletion. This has called an urgent need by government and private agencies to institute policies and programs to curtail the destruction of the ecosystem due to the pressure on the available land. In this study, the Land use/land cover changes between the period of 1986 and 2020 in the tropical rainforest of Ghana was considered. A combination of machine learning and Markov chain approach was adopted to project future LULC for 2040 and 2060.The results showed that area covered by Open Forest declined from 21,531.87 km2 to 14,518.82 km2 and Dense Forest also declined from 14,313 km2 to 8202.98 km2 over a period of 34 years. The CA-Markov model was used to predict the future land use land cover, and it was observed that the total forest cover could decline to 15,551.79 km2 in 2040 and further decrease to 13,401.79 km2 in 2060. It was also found that settlement, mining and agricultural land, which is be driven by rapid population increase, has contributed significantly to the rapid declining forest cover. The results of this study have demonstrated the impact of unsustainable use of natural resources in these three regions. It also highlights the need for concerted effort to develop comprehensive environmental policies to encapsulate sustainable conversion and utilisation of natural resources by focusing on water-energy-food nexus.

Evaluating the Relationship between Freight Transport, Economic Prosperity, Urbanization, and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea

This paper analyzes the relationship between freight transport, economic prosperity, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, energy consumption, and urbanization for three top Asian economies, namely, Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea during 1995–2017. For this purpose, we use the augmented Dickey-Fuller test for the stationary of the series, Johansen co-integration approach, and fully modified ordinary least squares and Granger causality model to infer the causal relationship between the study variables. The results show that economic prosperity (GDP) and energy consumption (EC) have a significant impact on freight transport (FT) for all three economies. In addition, the results also manifest the existence of bidirectional causality between GDP and FT in Singapore but a unidirectional causality running from GDP to FT in the case of Hong Kong and South Korea. As a quick policy option, controlling fossil fuel energy consumption in the transport sector may result in a remarkable reduction in CO2 emissions. The present study provides new insights to decision-makers for designing comprehensive energy and environmental policies for future sustainable freight transport growth in the long run.

Sustainable Tourism Business Promotion in Pakistan: A Descriptive Analysis of Logistics and Environmental Agreements

The tourism industry is considered most important aspect for the progress of the economy as well as enhancing employment rate of the country. Tourism sector comprises on different activities such as, hotels, restaurants, tour operators, transportation management and providing services to the local and foreign clients at their destinations. Furthermore, tourism industry is also very important to bring foreign currency in the country through the visitors which consequently enhance the foreign reserves. However, there is deficiency of prescribed rules and regulations for Pakistan tourism sector particularly environmental agreements and their enforcement consequently it creates many operational as well as market-based issues, hence drops the progress rate of this sector. Pakistan is also one of those countries where tourism business and services are being dealt without any proper regulatory system and it can further disturb the tourism investment by the Chinese or domestic investors under CPEC projects. There is strong connection between tourism business development and better logistics infrastructure and facilities of roads and railway sectors. This research article provides an analysis of tourism development in Pakistan through well planed physical infrastructure in order to get better results from tourism investments. In this article, authors adopt descriptive approach while providing the information and also explore the benefits and utilisation of CPEC overland logistics investment by the Chinese companies in tourism industry. There is an analytical jurisprudence approach is applied to highlight logistics benefits and preferences between China and Pakistan as well as the changes in environmental agreements. This study concludes that better logistics and transport infrastructure along with comprehensive environmental policies further accelerates tourism business with major trade markets in the country. Positive rearrangement of environmental agreements as well as logistics and transport is helpful to attract foreign investment in the tourism industry and particularly in areas which probably would have capacity to generate revenue. In this manner, tourism sector through developed connectivity and growth of infrastructure creates employment opportunities in the country.