Comprehensive Defence Research Articles

Астрент и прогибиторный иск

The article is devoted to solving the problem of the correlation between astrente and prohibition action by highlighting the common and different features of these legal institutions. It is argued that astrent can be indirectly used for the protection of the owner's rights, but for initial prevention astrent is not identical to a prohibition action. It is concluded that there is a need for a comprehensive defence of the right in rem by preventing infringement through a prohibition action and an application for the appointment of an astrente to guarantee the enforcement of the court's decision on the prohibition action. Such a combination of astrente and prohibition action was reflected in Article 35 of the Draft Civil Code of the Russian Empire, therefore, astrente cannot be considered a novelty for the Russian law, it is prescribed from the above norm.

Cultivating Collective Armor: Towards a Collaborative Cybersecurity Resilience Framework for SMEs

As Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) increasingly integrate digital technologies into their operations, they face escalating cybersecurity threats that challenge their limited financial and human resources. Historically, cybersecurity was not a primary concern for many SMEs due to their minimal reliance on cyberinfrastructure. However, the growing dependency on digital systems has exposed them to significant risks, necessitating robust cybersecurity measures. This research introduces a cybersecurity resilience framework specifically designed to enhance the cybersecurity posture of SMEs through collaborative efforts. Drawing upon principles of collective intelligence, shared resources, and shared responsibility, the proposed framework promotes a holistic approach that merges advanced technological solutions with collaborative practices among SMEs, industry stakeholders, and governmental entities. By enabling SMEs to pool their cybersecurity resources and capabilities, the framework aims to provide a comprehensive defence against cyber threats that could not be achieved by individual entities alone. The research delves into key collaborative literature to ground the framework in proven strategies and existing successful models of collaboration. It highlights how collective action can be a powerful tool in overcoming the inherent vulnerabilities of SMEs to cyber threats. To validate the effectiveness and applicability of the framework, it went through an expert review process involving cybersecurity professionals and stakeholders in the SME sector. This study not only underscores the necessity for SMEs to adapt to the evolving cybersecurity landscape but also provides a practical blueprint for collective defence. The framework’s emphasis on shared responsibility and mutual aid presents a shift from traditional, isolated cybersecurity approaches to a more integrated and cooperative strategy. This has the potential to significantly enhance the resilience of SMEs against cyber threats, safeguarding their operations and contributing to the overall stability of the digital economy. Future research directions include the application of the framework across various industries and global contexts to evaluate its versatility and impact under different regulatory and threat environments.

Multi-Key Asymmetric Cryptography: A Model for Preserving Privacy in Work-from-Home Environments

In the contemporary landscape of work, the transformative shift towards remote work has necessitated an investigative analysis of the privacy and security challenges associated with the exchange of sensitive information. This research paper responds to this imperative by introducing a pioneering privacy-preserving model, specifically tailored for Work-from-Home (WFH) environments, leveraging the capabilities of Multi-Key Asymmetric Cryptography. The model's innovation lies in its strategic synthesis of the efficiency inherent in symmetric encryption with an unwavering emphasis on the preservation of privacy. This nuanced approach positions the model as a robust solution to the dynamic and evolving cybersecurity threats faced by remote workers, offering a comprehensive defence mechanism against potential breaches and unauthorised access to sensitive data. The paper conducts a comprehensive analysis, delving into the foundational principles, distinct advantages, implementation considerations, and real-world benefits of the proposed privacy-preserving model. The examination of foundational principles elucidates the theoretical underpinnings, establishing a clear conceptual understanding of the model's architecture and functionality. The exploration of advantages underscores how the model not only addresses existing concerns but also provides additional layers of protection and adaptability to future cybersecurity challenges. The implementation considerations delve into practical aspects, discussing the feasibility and potential challenges of seamlessly integrating the privacy-preserving model into existing WFH infrastructures. Extending the analysis to real-world benefits, the research paper highlights the possible tangible impact and value the proposed model brings to organisations and remote workers. This encompasses enhanced data security, improved privacy compliance, and increased confidence in the integrity of remote work systems.

Role of the private sector within Latvia’s strategic defence documents: Dimensions of psychological resilience and strategic communication

The comprehensive defence framework introduced in 2019 in Latvia has the potential to accelerate the implementation of national defence priorities, thus strengthening Latvia as one of NATO’s external border states. In a time of geopolitical turbulence and increasing hybrid threats, a whole-of-society approach is required and work in ever-new directions. As dimensions of psychological resilience and strategic communication are becoming an important part of the defence studies debate, the study focuses on the role of the private sector within Latvia’s strategic defence documents and aims to investigate where these dimensions are situated and how they have evolved in the strategic landscape. To study the role and evolution of the private sector within Latvia’s strategic defence documents, quantitative content analysis and qualitative text analysis were used for in-depth analysis of the documents. The study finds that the role of the private sector in the strategic defence documents has generally increased over the years and there has not been a significant change regarding private sector involvement in dimensions of psychological resilience and strategic communication. The long-term pattern indicates that dimensions of psychological resilience and strategic communication appear rare in strategic documents, suggesting that the private sector is not seen as a significant actor in achieving defence goals. Meanwhile, in more practical dimensions,an upward trend towards strengthening ties and sharing responsibilities is identified. The study therefore opens up a discussion regarding the need for a more institutionalised framework for psychological and strategic communication dimensions in order to achieve the strategic goals of comprehensive defence.

Assessing Economic Resilience in NATO Countries: A Comprehensive Defence Perspective

Economic resilience, considered in this paper as the ability to withstand and recover from economic shocks and disruptions, has become a linchpin of ensuring national security and stability. As demonstrated by conflicts such as the one in Ukraine, where economic sanctions were deployed to diminish an adversary’s capacity to sustain its war efforts, it has become evident that military power alone is insufficient in today’s complex security landscape. A comprehensive approach to defence must incorporate economic considerations, as the economic well-being of a nation is intrinsically linked to its overall security. The main research objectives of this paper are to investigate the concept of economic resilience, from the perspective of the concept of comprehensive defence and the ways it is interconnected with other resilience domains, through the development of an economic resilience index outlining the relative economic resilience of the 29 European countries that are NATO members and to propose a methodology for identifying the main factors that influence the economic resilience from a comprehensive defence point of view.

Evaluarea rezilienței economice în țările membre ale NATO din perspectiva conceptului de apărare comprehensivă

Economic resilience, considered in this paper as the ability to withstand and recover from economic shocks and disruptions, has become a linchpin of ensuring national security and stability. As demonstrated by conflicts such as the one in Ukraine, where economic sanctions were deployed to diminish an adversary’s capacity to sustain its war efforts, it has become evident that military power alone is insufficient in today’s complex security landscape. A comprehensive approach to defence must incorporate economic considerations, as the economic well-being of a nation is intrinsically linked to its overall security. The main research objectives of this paper are to investigate the concept of economic resilience, from the perspective of the concept of comprehensive defence and the ways it is interconnected with other resilience domains, through the development of an economic resilience index outlining the relative economic resilience of the 29 European countries that are NATO members and to propose a methodology for identifying the main factors that influence the economic resilience from a comprehensive defence point of view.

Measuring economic resilience for the CEE and Black Sea countries in the framework of comprehensive defense

The main research objective of this paper is to identify key factors influencing economic resilience from the perspective of comprehensive defence. This involves developing a composite economic resilience index (Ericda) that outlines the relative economic resilience of countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the Black Sea regions, within the comprehensive defence framework. The paper employs qualitative research methods, focusing on an analysis of specialist literature pertaining to economic resilience. Quantitative methods are also used for developing the Economic Resilience Index from the Comprehensive Approach to Defence (Ericda) perspective. This includes using data on selected resilience indicators in Central and the Eastern European and Black Sea region countries to generate rankings. The results of the study reveal strong positive correlations between the economic resilience index and various factors, such as logistics and infrastructure, economic complexity, foreign trade vulnerabilities and dependence, economic stability and development, governance effectiveness, military, and human capital. Additionally, a negative correlation was observed with the resilience index. The research findings suggest that to ensure effective comprehensive defence, isolated measures targeting individual pillars are inadequate. Economic resilience requires a collaborative approach, extending beyond the purview of the finance ministry and involving a broader range of stakeholders.

Authentication in Peer-to-Peer Cloud using AES and SRP

The system focuses on proposing a robust authentication framework based on these Secure Remote Password (SRP) protocol to enhance the security of data exchange in Peer-to- Peer (P2P) cloud environments. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm provides encryption and the SRP protocol leverages cryptographic primitives to establish mutual authentication between cloud servers and users, ensures that data, remains protected against any vulnerabilities. The system encompasses various stages, including user registration, key establishment, and secure data transmission. After user registration, the SRP protocol employs a zero-knowledge proof mechanism to maintain the security of data available on cloud servers, mitigating the risks associated with password leaks and unauthorized access. Furthermore, the protocol facilitates secure key exchange to establish a confidential communication channel between peers, enabling encrypted data transmission. The system integrates SRP protocol and AES encryption, fortifying data security in P2P cloud environments through robust authentication, ensuring a comprehensive defence against potential vulnerabilities.

Civil Preparedness in Malaysia’s Total Defence (HANRUH) Policy: A Critical Evaluation

Total Defence or known as Pertahanan Menyeluruh (HANRUH) is one of the core principles of Malaysia's National Defence White Paper (DWP) in pursuit of acquiring national resilience and comprehensive defence capacity. However, due to lack of awareness and promotion, has garnered less attention among Malaysian citizen as the fundamental basis outline in the principle that includes the civil preparedness approach is vital to deter unexpected war threats as well as to maintain sustainable peace and security in every aspect of national concern. This study employs a qualitative method through interview subject-matter expert on the field and analyses on sources such as books, journals, theses and websites. The study found effort and cooperation are very important in empowering everyone to involve in HANRUH implementation. All parties, including the public, among the civil preparedness in the HANRUH policy for the sake of country peace and prosperity. People could also comprehend the concept of HANRUH by using approaches and action plans that have been done and will be implemented soon.

Wrangling about Innate Ideas? Reflections on Locke and Cudworth

Locke contended that knowledge is learned from experience, taught from without rather than innately known from within. The notion of innate ideas has since been seen by many as innately ridiculous, as a battle long ago waged and won in the first book of Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding. However, there was no fight in the first place, for the most comprehensive defence of innate ideas in the 17th century was not published until the 18th century. Ralph Cudworth’s Treatise Concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality was published posthumously nearly fifty years after its writing, and while Locke and Cudworth wrote on similar subjects—and around the same time and place—the fates never aligned for them to meet and ‘have it out’. This paper places Locke and Cudworth into conversation on this question of innate ideas. Such analysis will reveal that Cudworth sidestepped much of Locke’s critique by hanging his argument not on universal consent but on the Platonic principle of like-knows-like. In the process, Cudworth anticipated many of the responses to Locke that would come in the next century from Berkeley, Hume, and Kant. Thus, his forgotten role in this narrative in the history of philosophy cries out for reappraisal, along with the renewed insights he might bring to the on-going contemporary discussion.

Putting Comprehensive Defence to Work: What Can Poland Learn from the Baltic States?

The article analyses Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian developments in the implementation of comprehensive defense concepts. The analysis is intentionally limited to post-2014 period, when efforts by the Baltic States intensified in response to Russian aggression against Ukraine and the illegal annexation of Crimea. The article begins with a brief review of national perspectives on total and comprehensive defense. Then, it discusses the factors that prompted the Baltic States’ adoption of comprehensive defense. A comparative analysis of the concepts developed and actions taken by Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania serves as a starting point for a discussion on development and implementation of comprehensive defense for Poland. The research uses a critical analysis of publicly available governmental documents synthesized with academic and think tank research on the subject. The article purposefully concludes before 24 February 2022 and Russian aggression against Ukraine in order to avoid unsupported speculation on decisions and actions taken by the Baltic States in response to the war.

OP BENTENG: MEDIA PLANNING BY THE NATIONAL TASK FORCE OF MALAYSIA IN CREATING PEOPLE AWARENESS INERADICATING CRIME

The Government of Malaysia established the National Task Force (NTF) led by the Malaysian Armed Forces in collaboration with other enforcement agencies as an effort to restrain various threats and crimes especially non-traditional security threats which can threaten national security. Nineteen agencies join forces in a joint operation named,OP BENTENG (Benteng Operation), at once realizing a comprehensive defence approach pertahanan menyeluruh (HANRUH, or total defence) which has been introduced by the government earlier on. The objective of this study is to explain the organisational roles of NTF, clarify the implementation and media planning in creating awareness among citizens to eradicate crime and analyse the effectiveness of the media planning in OP BENTENG. Bibliographic study, document analysis, interviews, survey and observation were employed in obtaining and analysing the data. Results of the study show that there are constructive efforts and approaches by the National Task Force in constructing awareness of the people to be together with the government in eradicating security threats, be they traditional or non-traditionalthreat.

A Model to Evaluate the Effectiveness of the Maritime Shipping Risk Mitigation System by Entropy-Based Capability Degradation Analysis.

Accurate evaluation of the risk mitigation status of navigating ships is essential for guaranteeing navigational safety. This research mainly focuses on the feasibility and accuracy of evaluating the real effectiveness of a risk mitigation system for navigating ships, including addressing the problem of immeasurableness for risk mitigation capability and determining the degradation regulation of risk mitigation capability over time. The proposed method to solve the problem is an effectiveness evaluation model based on the capability perspective, composed of a capability measurement algorithm based on entropy theory and capability degradation regulation analysis based on numerical process fitting. First, combined with the theoretical framework of a comprehensive defence system, the risk mitigation system designed for navigating ships is reconstructed based on capability building. Second, using a numerical fitting method, the degradation regulation of risk mitigation capability with time is obtained to improve the accuracy of the dynamic evaluation. Finally, referring to entropy theory, the uncertainty of capability is calculated, and then the model is constructed based on this uncertainty to realize the effectiveness evaluation from a capability perspective. The results obtained in an application test of the proposed model indicate that using the entropy of capability can realize an accurate effectiveness evaluation of a risk mitigation system for navigating ships, with a 9% improvement in accuracy, and the Weibull curve fitting is more consistent with capability degradation regulation, with a signification level of 2.5%. The proposed model provides a new path for evaluating the effectiveness of a risk mitigation system for navigating ships from the entropy of capability, and compared with the traditional probabilistic method, the model is more realistic and accurate in actual applications.

VIII—Intrinsically Desiring the Vague

Abstract If there are vague propositions, then the question arises whether it is rational to care intrinsically about the vague. This paper argues—contraBacon (2018), the most comprehensive defence of vague proposition to date—that it is. Some things, such as pain, may be rational to care intrinsically about only if precise, but some things, such as truth, are rational to care intrinsically about even if vague.

A broad learning-based comprehensive defence against SSDP reflection attacks in IoTs

The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) rapidly increases the possiblities of Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP) reflection attacks. Most DDoS attack defence strategies deploy only to a certain type of devices in the attack chain,and need to detect attacks in advance, and the detection of DDoS attacks often uses heavy algorithms consuming lots of computing resources. This paper proposes a comprehensive DDoS attack defence approach which combines broad learning and a set of defence strategies against SSDP attacks, called Broad Learning based Comprehensive Defence (BLCD). The defence strategies work along the attack chain, starting from attack sources to victims. It defends against attacks without detecting attacks or identifying the roles of IoT devices in SSDP reflection attacks. BLCD also detects suspicious traffic at bots, service providers and victims by using broad learning, and the detection results are used as the basis for automatically deploying defence strategies which can significantly reduce DDoS packets. For evaluations, we thoroughly analyze attack traffic when deploying BLCD to different defence locations. Experiments show that BLCD can reduce the number of packets received at the victim to 39 without affecting the standard SSDP service, and detect malicious packets with an accuracy of 99.99%.

Air-Fuel Mixture Temperatures with Light and Heavy Fuels for Effective Spark Ignition Engine Work

This research resulted from military interest in finding methods to provide distributed electricity generation in order to support comprehensive state defence measures. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a heated air-fuel mixture on the combustion process of a spark ignition (SI) engine, and to highlight the maximum temperatures to be applied to air-fuel mixtures with different fuel fractions in order to avoid any detonation of the fuel mixture in the engine. Tests were carried out with a petrol engine generator (GENSET) so that an investigation could be conducted into the effect of the air-fuel mixture on the engine’s combustion. It turned out that heating the air-fuel mixture permits the use of heavier fraction fuels than engine petrol in SI engines does, including diesel fuel and biodiesel fuel, and also that the use of heavy fraction fuels in SI engines is effective mainly under low and middle loads.

Air-Fuel Mixture Temperatures with Light and Heavy Fuels for Effective Spark Ignition Engine Work

This research resulted from military interest in finding methods to provide distributed electricity generation in order to support comprehensive state defence measures. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a heated air-fuel mixture on the combustion process of a spark ignition (SI) engine, and to highlight the maximum temperatures to be applied to air-fuel mixtures with different fuel fractions in order to avoid any detonation of the fuel mixture in the engine. Tests were carried out with a petrol engine generator (GENSET) so that an investigation could be conducted into the effect of the air-fuel mixture on the engine’s combustion. It turned out that heating the air-fuel mixture permits the use of heavier fraction fuels than engine petrol in SI engines does, including diesel fuel and biodiesel fuel, and also that the use of heavy fraction fuels in SI engines is effective mainly under low and middle loads.

Comprehensive Defence: Challenges Faced by Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) in Operationalisation of HANRUH

Comprehensive Defence: Challenges Faced by Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) in Operationalisation of HANRUH

Exploring Resistance Operating Concept. Promises and pitfalls of (violent) underground resistance

Abstract The paper aims to contribute to discussion on comprehensive defence development by looking into Resistance Operating Concept and Comprehensive Defence Handbook. These two documents are designed as a guide for the countries facing a formidable adversary to help them develop resistance (including violent) infrastructure before the potential invasion. After discussing the main tenets of the concept and suggesting a wider engagement with case studies and scientific literature on this and similar topics, the paper addresses the pitfalls and considerations of preparing such resistance in peacetime, focusing on five areas: C2, legitimacy, recruitment, potential problems in long-term and communication.

Nonviolent civil resistance against military force: The experience of Lithuania in 1991

Evolving threats to national security have resulted in the adoption of comprehensive (total) defence concepts by a number of small and medium states. Civil resistance constitutes a considerable part of such concepts, complementing military defence. The historical experience of Lithuania proved the value of nonviolent resistance between 1988 and 1991 for regaining independence, and defending it in January 1991. The aim of this article is to analyse the role of non-violent civil resistance in the national defence system, based on the experience of 13 January 1991 in Lithuania and develop further discussion about the concept of civil resistance. The methodological approach of the article is based on historical and theoretical analysis. This allows the experience of Lithuania to be assessed on the basis of Lithuanian National Security and Defence Strategy and scientific research. Lithuanian non-violent civil resistance in 1988–1991 was successful in terms of strategy, leadership, organisation, planning, non-violence priorities and the number of citizens involved. The leaders of the movement were able to mobilise people into a widespread movement based on their moral authority and value orientations, strongly appealing to different groups in society. Lithuania’s independence was achieved with minimal human sacrifice, preserving the country’s resources and infrastructure. This experience of non-violent civil resistance came to be used by modern state institutions to create strategic documents of the state. In the current situation, it is necessary to focus not only on the knowledge required for state defence and civil resistance, but also on its moral aspects such as values, ethical behaviour, civic and human maturity.