Comprehension Problems Research Articles

Research on small sample target detection for underwater robot

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a whole set of methods for underwater target detection, because most underwater objects have small samples, low quality underwater images problems such as detail loss, low contrast and color distortion, and verify the feasibility of the proposed methods through experiments.Design/methodology/approachThe improved RGHS algorithm to enhance the original underwater target image is proposed, and then the YOLOv4 deep learning network for underwater small sample targets detection is improved based on the combination of traditional data expansion method and Mosaic algorithm, expanding the feature extraction capability with SPP (Spatial Pyramid Pooling) module after each feature extraction layer to extract richer feature information.FindingsThe experimental results, using the official dataset, reveal a 3.5% increase in average detection accuracy for three types of underwater biological targets compared to the traditional YOLOv4 algorithm. In underwater robot application testing, the proposed method achieves an impressive 94.73% average detection accuracy for the three types of underwater biological targets.Originality/valueUnderwater target detection is an important task for underwater robot application. However, most underwater targets have the characteristics of small samples, and the detection of small sample targets is a comprehensive problem because it is affected by the quality of underwater images. This paper provides a whole set of methods to solve the problems, which is of great significance to the application of underwater robot.

Impaired Cortical Tracking of Speech in Children with Developmental Language Disorder.

In developmental language disorder (DLD), learning to comprehend and express oneself with spoken language is impaired, but the reason for this remains unknown. Using millisecond-scale magnetoencephalography recordings combined with machine learning models, we investigated whether the possible neural basis of this disruption lies in poor cortical tracking of speech. The stimuli were common spoken Finnish words (e.g., dog, car, hammer) and sounds with corresponding meanings (e.g., dog bark, car engine, hammering). In both children with DLD (10 boys and 7 girls) and typically developing (TD) control children (14 boys and 3 girls), aged 10-15 years, the cortical activation to spoken words was best modeled as time-locked to the unfolding speech input at ∼100 ms latency between sound and cortical activation. Amplitude envelope (amplitude changes) and spectrogram (detailed time-varying spectral content) of the spoken words, but not other sounds, were very successfully decoded based on time-locked brain responses in bilateral temporal areas; based on the cortical responses, the models could tell at ∼75-85% accuracy which of the two sounds had been presented to the participant. However, the cortical representation of the amplitude envelope information was poorer in children with DLD compared with TD children at longer latencies (at ∼200-300 ms lag). We interpret this effect as reflecting poorer retention of acoustic-phonetic information in short-term memory. This impaired tracking could potentially affect the processing and learning of words as well as continuous speech. The present results offer an explanation for the problems in language comprehension and acquisition in DLD.

Ecological Restoration and Renovation of Xin River Based on Sponge City Concept

China is currently facing various water problems such as water scarcity, water pollution, floods, and loss of aquatic habitats. These water problem syndromes are systemic and comprehensive problems that urgently require a more comprehensive solution. The proposal of the "Sponge City" theory is based on this background. According to Jiaozuo "7.20 extremely heavy rainstorm Event", based on the sponge city theory, citing ecological principles, and following ecological principles, this paper discusses the ecological transformation of the Xin River to achieve the purpose of artificially rebuilding the river ecosystem.

Exploring adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 crisis - strengths and difficulties.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has significantly impacted children and adolescents, leading to mental health challenges. Knowledge on their resources and difficulties is crucial and there is a need for valid instruments to assess their psychosocial condition especially in this exceptional situation. We assessed psychopathological symptoms using the SDQ during the pandemic, comparing to pre-pandemic data. Our study aims to understand adolescents' strengths and difficulties amidst COVID-19, evaluating the SDQ's utility in crisis settings. Within the German school-based surveillance study ("B-Fast"), we assessed behavioral strengths and difficulties in 664 adolescents aged 11-17 years during the peak of the German COVID-19 pandemic using the validated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) for both external and self-assessed data collection. Data were collected between November 2020 and April 2021. We compared self-assessed SDQ-scores to pre-pandemic data from a comparable sample and examined adolescent classification as "normal" or "borderline/abnormal" based on both external and self-assessed SDQ subscale scores using established cut-off values. Additionally, we conducted sex and rater-based score comparisons. In our study, we observed a significant worsening of "Emotional Symptoms" compared to pre-pandemic levels, while "Conduct Problems" and "Prosocial Behavior" showed improvement. Variations in classification to "normal" and "abnormal" emerged when applying German versus British cut-off values. Females scored higher on "Emotional Symptoms" while males scored higher on "Hyperactivity Symptoms." Correlations between external and self-assessed SDQ ratings ranged from 0.43 (p < 0.001) for "Prosocial Behavior" among girls to 0.62 (p < 0.001) for "Peer Problems" among boys, indicating moderate to high consistency. Our study contributes to understanding the psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on German adolescents. Compared to other symptoms, we observed a particular worsening in "Emotional Symptoms" based on our data. Despite the moderate correlation between parental and self-reported evaluations, there appears to be a certain discrepancy in the perception of adolescent quality of life. Therefore, it seems prudent to assess both the external and self-reported evaluations and amalgamate the results from both parties to obtain a comprehensive problem profile of the individual. These findings underscore the importance of using country-specific cutoff values and reaffirm the utility of the SDQ as a valuable assessment tool, even within the unique circumstances posed by a pandemic.

Existence and κ-Mittag-Leffler-Ulam-Hyers stability results for implicit coupled (κ,ϑ)-fractional differential systems

In this paper, we delve into the analysis of the existence and stability concerning the κ -Mittag-Leffler-Ulam-Hyers within a particular class of coupled systems related to boundary value problems. These problems entail implicit nonlinear fractional differential equations and κ -generalized ϑ-Hilfer fractional derivatives. To achieve our objectives, we employ the Mönch fixed point theorem, complemented by the application of the measure of noncompactness technique and an extension of the well-established Gronwall inequality. Furthermore, we include an illustrative example to showcase the practical utility of our results. The significance of our research lies in examining a comprehensive problem involving coupled systems, which serves as a generalization encompassing all the works mentioned in the introduction. It is viewed as a logical extension and continuation within the framework of this continually evolving theory.

Using of Morphological Theory to Improve English Reading Comprehension Ability of Buriram Rajabhat University Students

This study aimed to 1) explore the English reading comprehension problems and needs of Buriram Rajabhat University students, 2) construct the English reading comprehension handbook by using morphological theory to improve their English reading comprehension ability, and 3) evaluate the effectiveness of the English reading comprehension handbook that uses morphological theory. The population consisted of 128 first-year students at Buriram Rajabhat University, had taken the BRU English proficiency test and experienced difficulties with English during the 2023 academic year. From this population, a sample of 30 participants was selected using systematic sampling techniques. The study used several research instruments to collect data which included: 1) a questionnaire to identify the problems faced by students in comprehending English reading, 2) an English reading comprehension handbook by using morphological theory, 3) pre-test and post-test, and 4) a students’ satisfaction with the English reading comprehension handbook that uses morphological theory questionnaire. The results revealed that 1) most students at Buriram Rajabhat University acknowledged facing challenges in English reading comprehension, with vocabulary knowledge receiving the highest, followed by fundamental knowledge, and knowledge of sentence structure, respectively. Moreover, the students express a high-level need to improve their English comprehension using morphological theory. 2) The handbook is structured into five chapters, each rooted in morphological theory to offer through assistance for students facing challenges in English reading comprehension. 3) The English reading comprehension handbook, which utilized morphological theory, received the highest level of student satisfaction and students demonstrate higher English proficiency test scores after utilizing the English.

English as Second Language Challenge Faced by Students: Comparative View of Public and Private Sector Students

The present study diagnosed English reading difficulties faced by students among primary school learners in public and private sector schools. To investigate the problem, teachers' perceptions were taken to find out the prevailing situation. A survey study was conducted using a rating scale instrument. Data analysis highlighted significant differences in pronunciation problems, with public school learners encountering more problems. On the other hand, public school learners also experience more problems regarding speed, but the difference between both sectors was not significant. Comprehension problems are comparable between the two groups. Gender-based disparities show that male students in public schools encounter more pronunciation challenges, though overall reading problems are significant for both genders in public schools. Recommendations include targeted programs for pronunciation improvement and enhanced comprehension instruction. This study contributes valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and curriculum developers aiming to address English reading challenges in diverse school settings.

Uso de las macrorreglas para mejorar la comprensión de textos en estudiantes universitarios

This study was conducted to address the problems of reading comprehension faced by students in the first cycle of the Art Program at the National University of the Altiplano, in Puno - Peru. The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of macro-rules in improving academic text comprehension among students in the aforementioned program. Regarding the methodology, an experimental approach with a quasi-experimental design was used, and the Student's T-test was applied. Data were collected through written tests with open and closed questions. The results show a significant improvement, with Tc = 7.1 and Tt = 1.6 (α = 0.05), and a p-value of 0.000 &lt; 0.05, indicating a notable difference after the experimental treatment. It was concluded that the application of macro-rules effectively improves academic text comprehension in university students in the Art Program at the National University of the Altiplano. This is because the results showed a statistically significant improvement in reading comprehension after the implementation of the macro-rules.

A Descriptive Study of the Students' Problems in English Reading Comprehension of X grade at SMAS AMKUR Sungai Pinyuh in the Academic year 2021/2022

This study investigates the problem of student English reading in the Senior High School of SMAS AMKUR Sungai Pinyuh in terms of types of material, reading tasks, and cognitive level of reading tasks. The participant of this study consists of 23 students of grade X Social Studies. The researchers used descriptive qualitative research to develop the material in teaching reading, especially for English subjects. Not only for the texts, vocabulary, and the information but also to build students’ critical thinking in reading comprehension. The book used as the instrument is Bahasa Inggris SMA/MA/SMK/MAK Kelas X Edisi Revisi 2017 published by Pusat Kurikulum dan Perbukuan, Balitbang, Kemendikbud. The findings based on the teacher’s observation from the students showed that some texts are too long and most of the time the readers do not suitable to the local contexts, the text used unfamiliar words to the students, and the books do not provide the list of vocabularies, used direct information to the answers of the questions after reading the text. Based on the research findings, the recommendation to improve students' reading comprehension is that the teacher needs to be more selective to know that the material is suitable for the students.

Factors nd Problems Affecting English Listening Comprehension Skills of Eic Undergraduate Students at Rmutl Tak, Thailand

Purpose: This quantitative research is to investigate the significant factors and to discover the existing problems affecting English listening comprehension skills of EIC undergraduate students at RMUTL Tak, Thailand. Method: This is survey research. The participants were 46 students who were the 3rd and 4th year students selected by purposive method. The research instrument was an online questionnaire which was gathered and analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results and Conclusion: The findings reveal that factors affecting English listening comprehension skills compose of (1) Factors relating to text, (2) Factors relating to linguistic features, (3) Factors relating to speakers, and (4) Factors relating to listeners. The problems affecting English listening comprehension skills compose of (1) Speaker accent, (2) Speaker speed of speaking, (3) New vocabulary and (4) English knowledge of the listeners respectively, and overall, it was found that students had listening comprehension problems at high level (x ̅ = 3.80, S.D. = 0.763). Furthermore, both the factors and the problems highlighted were crucial information required to remedy and improve the students' English listening comprehension skills. Research Implications: Therefore, those who want to improve their English listening comprehension should be aware of these factors and problems; however, others factors and problems must be considered when developing English listening comprehension as well. Furthermore, listeners should be aware of all factors and problems that affect their intelligibility and should develop their own listening more or practice listening more for solving the factors and problems exploring in this study, practicing listening to a variety of listening media, such as the news, music, movies, talk shows, speeches or talks: Ted Talks as one of the listening strategy applied, to become accustomed to and learn more about the various accents and speaker speeds and listener can practice their own listening skills further outside the classroom. Originality/Value: Teachers can use these to solve problems for students to practice listening skills in the classroom, and those who want to practice listening skills can apply these methods or practice themselves to improve their listening skills. Nevertheless, this research still has some weaknesses.

Comparison of Measurements for Enhanced Diffusion Problem in Chemical Reaction Systems

Comprehensive SummaryThe problem of molecular diffusion in the soup of chemical reactions attracts mounting interest across fields ranging from chemistry to biophysics to material science. Chemical reactions involve bond breakup and formation, whose time scale is typically on the orders of fs to ps, while molecular diffusion occurs at time scales of μs to ms. The two processes are often considered orthogonal, given the vastly different scales. The serial results show that the enzyme's diffusion is enhanced in a substrate‐dependent manner, which was further extended to small molecule reaction systems, challenging this classical paradigm. However, the results from different groups using different techniques do not quantitatively agree, and a general mechanism is yet to be understood. We summarize experimental studies on diffusion problems and seek to reconcile the interpretation with understanding the limits of measurement tools and the chemical nature of reaction systems. Understanding molecular diffusion in chemical reactions will provide fresh thoughts in designing chemical systems such as molecular machines that harvest work at the nanoscale in a controllable manner.

Using different digital tools in designing and solving mathematical modelling problems

While existing studies acknowledge the importance of using technology in the mathematical modelling process, questions about how to integrate digital tools into mathematical modelling are not still answered. This study aims to examine pre-service mathematics teachers’ designing and solving mathematical modelling problems by using different digital tools through the collaboration of two different courses in their education program. The GeoGebra-supported modelling cycle was adopted as the conceptual framework of the study. The case study was used to design the research. The participants of the study were three volunteer pre-service secondary mathematics teachers, who were able to use and integrate digital tools in mathematics education. The pre-service teachers were asked to design a mathematical modelling problem by integrating different digital tools as the final assignment in both courses. The designed mathematical modelling problem, the video records of pre-service teachers’ explanations including the designing and solving process, and the video records of the focus group interview were the data of the study. The results showed that the pre-service teachers were able to design and solve an effective and comprehensive mathematical modelling problem using technology by combining their skills that they had learnt through different courses. In particular, they were able to use different digital tools in both designing and solving a mathematical modelling problem. Their solution also led to the extension of the adopted framework by adding new technological actions into the modelling stages.

Research on car-following control and energy management strategy of hybrid electric vehicles in connected scene

To address the comprehensive optimization problem of driving performance and fuel economy in the driving process of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) in the car-following scene in the connected environment, an energy management strategy (EMS) based on front vehicle speed prediction and ego vehicle speed planning is designed by combining intelligent transportation system (ITS) technology. The front vehicle speed predictor is first established based on the long short-term memory neural network (LSTM). Then, based on the predicted speed of the front car, the predictive cruise control (PCC) strategy is designed for realizing the speed control in the car-following scene by combining it with the adaptive cruise control (ACC). Finally, based on the planned vehicle speed, deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based EMS is used to optimize the power distribution among different power components of HEVs. The analysis of simulation results under the SUMO-Python joint simulation platform verifies the proposed strategy.

Towards enhanced heat and mass exchange in adsorption systems: The role of AutoML and fluidized bed innovations

The selection of optimal design and the most efficient operational parameters for energy devices constitute a priority task for sustainable development and increasing energy efficiency within the net-zero emissions strategy. This is particularly important in adsorption cooling and desalination systems with poor performance due to unfavourable heat transfer conditions in conventional packed beds of adsorption chillers (ACs). Therefore, looking for additional ways of performance improvement is still challenging, especially covering different design variants and operational strategies. The existing complex, time-consuming and costly analytical, numerical and experimental methods, usually focused on a specific design and operating parameters of conventional packed adsorption beds, cannot tackle these comprehensive problems. Since artificial intelligence (AI) based models are considered tools that sometimes may overcome the shortcomings of the programmed computing approach and the experimental procedures, the paper introduces automated machine learning (AutoML) as a general approach for the design and optimization study of adsorption cooling and desalination systems. The double-effect, i.e. specific cooling capacity (SCP) and specific daily water production (SDWP) of various adsorption chillers (ACs) operating in large-, pilot- and small-scale adsorption cooling and desalination systems, is considered in the study. The paper also presents a novel big data optimization procedure for selecting the best operating and design strategy in adsorption cooling and desalination technology. Finally, a new concept of fluidized bed-type application in adsorption chillers is proposed, which allows for enhancing the performance of ACs.The presented approach can be referred to as a complementary design technique in adsorption cooling and desalination systems, besides the existing complex analytical and time-consuming numerical methods and expensive experiments.

The role of different types of knowledge in the text comprehension when reading (experience of experimental interpretative observation)

The article discusses the problem of studying knowledge, as well as the role of different types of knowledge in the text comprehension. In terms of theory, the purpose of this paper is to review the scientific literature on the problem of knowledge, their classification. On the practical side, the purpose of the article is to analyze the role of different types of knowledge in the process of the comprehension of a particular text when reading by a study population, as well as to identify some strategies and principles that students could be guided by when faced with the problem of adequate perception and comprehension of foreign-language texts.The paper applied the method of experimental interpretative observation using a private psycholinguistic empirical questionnaire method, involving interviewing and conversation with subjects under study, during which actual data were obtained. On the basis of these empirical data, the main theoretical and practical conclusions were builtThe article analyzed a certain amount of scientific literature on the problem of knowledge and its classification.It was found out that the problem of knowledge had been dealt with for a long time and there are quite a lot of controversial and unresolved issues in this area: problems of storing, using and acquiring knowledge. It was also found in the work that there are quite a large number of classifications of knowledge, the bases for these classifications, which often overlap.Based on the results of the practical study, some conclusions were drawn. Those conclusions imply that in the process of semantic perception and comprehension of the text when reading, which is an active process, the study population activate and apply numerous knowledge. In the process of reading the text, they also resort to certain strategies and principles of working with it. This allowed us to develop certain recommendations that students could apply when comprehending foreign-language text information. This problem is highly relevant due to the fact that the problem of adequate perception and comprehension of the text is important as one of the problems that determine the effectiveness of both teaching and learning a foreign language in an educational institution. In addition, knowledge of strategies and principles of understanding textual information could facilitate communication in a foreign language in real speech situations.

The Cognitive Activity of the Forensic Expert: Basic Forms of Thinking and the Problem of Comprehension

The essence of the forensic activities is the research performed by a knowledgeable person. The basis for such research is his process of thinking. The article addresses the main forms of thinking which are involved in the professional training of an expert and his subsequent practice: analytical, synthesizing, logical, theoretical, empirical, intuitive irrational, rational and comprehension. The application of various forms of thinking is analyzed using examples from the work of forensic construction experts.The author demonstrates that a forensic expert should have a clear idea of how to consciously organize his ideas related to professional activity applying some self-control. This is necessary to ensure a clear structure and a strict, logically verified sequence of mental operations performed during research and within the framework of forensic activities. Higher level thinking paves a shorter and more reliable path to understanding the cognitive problems an expert is facing.

Analyzing the Paraphrasing Techniques in Academic Writing Skills and the Paraphrasing Challenges Across Gender

Gender differences is assummed as the general individual’s differences that exists and catches an attention of many aspects in ELT. Writing techniques could have examined and yielded the potential facts in gender differences on the development of writing proficiency in English language learning. The study aims at identifying paraphrase techniques in gender differences and to explore the challenges the students encountered. A Mixed method research design was carried out. The participants of this study were 33 male students and 34 female students for writing test and 5 male students and 5 female students for interview. Data collection invloved the distribution of writing tests to the participants and doing interview. The findings showed that the frequency pertentages for male students NC 14%, Mi.R 27%, Mo.R 28%, SR 31% &amp; for female students NC 31%, Mi.R 21%, Mo.R 29%, SR 37%. The most frequent paraphrase technique employed by male and female students is moderate revision (SR). Then, male students (57,73%) are more dominant than female students (41.32%) in using syntactical paraphrase, male students (37,65%) more frequent than female students (32,62%) in using semantic paraphrase, female students (26.06%) are more frequent than male students (4.62%) in using organizational paraphrase. The paraphrase challenges found on how to organize the ideas, problems of source text comprehension, problems of stylistic styles of writing, grammar or rules of sentences and vocabulary knowledge (Language Proficiency-Based Problems).

«Конец я себе придумал»: мортальное моделирование в литературном творчестве В. М. Шукшина

The paper examines how V. M. Shukshin portrays death and uses the technique of mortal modeling in his literary works. Both fiction and non-fiction works, such as letters and working notes, are carefully examined for their depiction of hero deaths and, in some cases, the writer’s own death. In this context, mortal modeling refers to the portrayal of death-related scenes, the dying process, funerals, and the playful reinterpretation or personal experience of these events by the characters or the writer. The theme of death is prominently featured in the late artistic works of Shukshin. During the writer’s final years (1973–1974), seventeen out of twenty-two published stories portrayed death. In his correspondence with friends and relatives between 1972 and 1974, Shukshin also focuses on the theme of death. Moreover, in the letter to V. I. Belov (winter of 1969), Shukshin announces his decision to commit suicide. The problem of creative comprehension of the phenomenon of death by Shukshin is analyzed in the context of philosophical ideas of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The conclusion is drawn that mortal modeling in the literary work of Shukshin functions as a replacement for traditional rites of dying and burial. It also serves to reduce the fear of death, particularly in hospital settings. In the 20th century, this type of death became extremely technological, in isolation from relatives and friends. The departure from traditional patriarchal death rituals emphasizes the shifting comprehension of death during the 20th century.

Impacts of Combined Reading Strategy Instruction on Ethiopian Students’ Strategy Use and Perception

The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of combined reading strategy instruction on reading strategy use and perception of Ethiopian secondary school English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. Using a quasi-experimental pre-test-post control group design, eighty-seven students were selected from two intact classes that were assigned to the control and experimental groups. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect the data. After identifying students' level of reading strategies, students in the experimental group were explicitly taught a combination of reading strategies. The training took four months and at the end of which, a questionnaire was administered to both groups, whereas the interview was conducted only with the experimental group. ANCOVA and interview findings indicated that students in the treatment group greatly benefited from the training. Hence, it was concluded that combined reading strategy instruction is vital for EFL students to increase their reading strategy use and awareness which in turn helps them to improve their reading comprehension problems. Finally, it was recommended that EFL teachers should consider the role of combined reading strategies during teaching reading.

Ways of Genesis for an Individual's Ontological Status in an Archaic Culture (on Ukrainian Folklore Materials)

The problems of philosophical comprehension of the spiritual aspect of the culture of this ethnic group at the archaic stage of its development are among the least studied. The article examines the important and practically untouched issue in our literature of identifying the stages of the genesis of the collective self-consciousness of the ancestors of Ukrainians through their understanding of their ontological status. Cognition of this aspect of the spiritual world of ancestors is carried out through the analysis of the most archaic genres in our folklore—spells and ritual actions. The logical stages of a person's understanding of their place and purpose in the world are distinguished through the analysis of their awareness of relations with the highest spiritual forces. In the context of the pagan worldview, the earliest form of self-awareness of an individual through their relationship with the highest spiritual beings was the position of subjection, worship to these beings, as evidenced by the texts of spells that have reached our time and fragments of rituals. By dominating over nature and mastering social relations, a person begins to realise themselves as a being stronger than evil spiritual forces, and in healing magic (in the texts of spells) appear motives of threats to evil spirits, orders to them, and this is a manifestation of a new stage of awareness by a person about their ontological status. In the process of the cultural-historical transition of the ancestors of Ukrainians from paganism to Christianity, there can be distinguished several stages of awareness of changes in the ontological status of the individual. Christianity in the spiritual world of the individual initially appears only as an external surround of the pagan worldview paradigm – Christian characters appear in the form of altered pagan spirits and gods, while the ontological status of a person remains unchanged. At the next stage, Christianity absorbs pagan plots and characters, filling them with Christian values. Later in the spells, the subject weakens his participation in the fight against evil forces, giving this role to the Christian characters. The genesis of the ontological status here is contradictory: a person feels under the care of powerful Christian forces, which strengthens the processes of historical self-affirmation, and at the same time is completely dependent on these forces, weakening the feeling of being an autonomous being.