Ginger Compounds Research Articles

Muscarinic, Ca(++) antagonist and specific butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of dried ginger extract might explain its use in dementia.

Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) has been used for centuries to treat dementia in South Asia. This study was undertaken to possibly justify its use. A 70% aqueous/methanolic extract of dried ginger (Zo.Cr) was used. Zo.Cr tested positive for the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, secondary amines, phenols, alkaloids and saponins. When tested on isolated rat stomach fundus, Zo.Cr showed a spasmogenic effect (0.03-5.00 mg mL(-1)); it relaxed the tissue at concentrations > or =5 mg mL(-1). The stimulant effect was resistant to blockade by hexamethonium and methysergide, but sensitive to atropine, indicating activity via muscarinic receptors. In atropinized (0.1 microM) preparations, Zo.Cr (0.3-3.0 mg mL(-1)) relaxed high K(+) (80 mM)-induced contractions, indicating Ca(++) antagonism in addition to the muscarinic effect. This possible Ca(++) antagonist activity was investigated in Ca(++)-free conditions, with the inhibitory effect of the extract tested against contractions induced by externally administered Ca(++). Zo.Cr (0.1-0.3 mg mL(-1)), similar to verapamil (0.03-0.10 microM), shifted the contractions induced by externally administered Ca(++) to the right, thus suggesting an inhibitory interaction between Zo.Cr and voltage-operated Ca(++) channels. Zo.Cr (0.1-3.0 microg mL(-1)) also potentiated acetylcholine peak responses in stomach fundus, similar to physostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor. Zo.Cr, in an in-vitro assay, showed specific inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) rather than acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Different pure compounds of ginger also showed spasmolytic activity in stomach fundus, with 6-gingerol being the most potent. 6-Gingerol also showed a specific anti-BuChE effect. This study shows a unique combination of muscarinic, possible Ca(++) antagonist and BuChE inhibitory activities of dried ginger, indicating its benefit in dementia, including Alzheimer's disease.

Antibacterial activity of [10]-gingerol and [12]-gingerol isolated from ginger rhizome against periodontal bacteria.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) has been used widely as a food spice and an herbal medicine. In particular, its gingerol-related components have been reported to possess antimicrobial and antifungal properties, as well as several pharmaceutical properties. However, the effective ginger constituents that inhibit the growth of oral bacteria associated with periodontitis in the human oral cavity have not been elucidated. This study revealed that the ethanol and n-hexane extracts of ginger exhibited antibacterial activities against three anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 53978, Porphyromonas endodontalis ATCC 35406 and Prevotella intermedia ATCC 25611, causing periodontal diseases. Thereafter, five ginger constituents were isolated by a preparative high-performance liquid chromatographic method from the active silica-gel column chromatography fractions, elucidated their structures by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and their antibacterial activity evaluated. In conclusion, two highly alkylated gingerols, [10]-gingerol and [12]-gingerol effectively inhibited the growth of these oral pathogens at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 6-30 microg/mL. These ginger compounds also killed the oral pathogens at a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) range of 4-20 microg/mL, but not the other ginger compounds 5-acetoxy-[6]-gingerol, 3,5-diacetoxy-[6]-gingerdiol and galanolactone.

Pro-apoptotic effects of 1′-acetoxychavicol acetate in human breast carcinoma cells

The tropical ginger compound, 1′-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) possesses cancer chemopreventive properties in several models but its effects on breast cancer have not been fully evaluated. In this study, the effects of ACA on human breast carcinoma-derived MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell viability were assessed using trypan blue exclusion analysis. ACA significantly decreased cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with effective concentrations 10–50 μM. Apoptosis was confirmed by morphological examination of cells through light microscopy, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride staining, and annexin V/Alexa Fluor 488 staining visualized using flow cytometry. ACA also increased protein expression of the activated form of caspase-3 in MDA-MB-231 cells. Addition of antioxidants N-acetylcysteine, ascorbic acid, or trolox prevented the loss of viability caused by ACA using trypan blue uptake as a marker. These results suggest ACA may have potential anticancer effects against breast carcinoma cells by inducing apoptosis.

Development of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with microwave distillation and simultaneous solid-phase microextraction for rapid determination of volatile constituents in ginger

In this study, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) following microwave distillation and solid-phase microextraction (MD–SPME) was developed for the analysis of essential oil compounds in fresh ginger. In the proposed method, the isolation, extraction and concentration of volatile components in ginger were carried out in one single step, using the MD–SPME technique, and the analytes on the SPME fiber were analyzed by GC–MS. Some parameters, including SPME fiber coating, microwave power and irradiation time, were optimized. The optimal experiment parameters obtained were: 65 μm PDMS/DVB SPME fiber, a microwave power of 400 W and an irradiation time of 2 min. To demonstrate its feasibility, MD–SPME was compared with conventional SPME for the extraction of essential oil compounds in fresh ginger. Using MD–SPME followed by GC–MS, 54 compounds were separated and identified in ginger, which mainly included geranial (5.25%), zingiberene (15.48%), β-sesquiphellandrene (5.54%) and β-phellandrene (22.84%), whereas only 39 compounds were separated and identified by conventional SPME followed by GC–MS. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) values of less than 10% show that the proposed method has good repeatability. The result show that MD–SPME, followed by GC–MS, is a simple, rapid, solvent-free method for the determination of volatile compounds in ginger.

Superoxide Scavenging and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Active Compound in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

Superoxide Scavenging and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Active Compound in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

Anthocyanin Compounds in Japanese Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and Their Quantitative Characteristics

Two types of anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (cyanidin 3-glucoside) and peonidin 3-O-(6-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) (peonidin 3-rutinoside) were isolated from ginger rhizomes by various chromatographic methods. A comparison of the content of these compounds showed their presence in many kinds of Japanese ginger, but not in Chinese ginger. In particular, peonidin 3-rutinoside, which we identified for the first time in the ginger rhizome, was the main anthocyanin constituent at 0.67–2.38 mg/100 g of fresh ginger rhizome, and its concentration was 2.0–43.4 times higher than that of cyanidin 3-glucoside. These two anthocyanins were only present in the lower stem and rhizome in the ginger plant, and their proportions in the lower stem were different from those in the rhizome, cyanidin 3-glucoside being much more abundant than peonidin 3-rutinoside in the lower stem. These results suggest that the anthocyanin formation in ginger varies according to its variety, the part of the plant, and the place of cultivation.

Geraniol dehydrogenase activity related to aroma formation in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe).

Geranial is one of the potent odor compounds in fresh ginger. To clarify the generation of geranial in ginger, the alcohol dehydrogenase activity was measured in a crude enzymatic system of ginger. This enzyme solution was found to contain geraniol dehydrogenase (GeDH) specifically acting on geraniol as a substrate with NADP as a coenzyme. Geranial generation and GeDH activity were investigated for different maturity stages and storage periods of ginger. Both were at maximum levels from just after harvesting to initial storage. The GeDH activity subsequently dropped, and the generation of geranial also stopped. These results suggest that the GeDH activity in ginger is related to the generation of geranial.

Estimation of Pungency in Fresh Gingers: A New Fluorimetric Assay

A method based on the measurement of fluorescence at 481.6 nm was developed for the estimation of gingerols, the major pungent compounds of fresh ginger. This procedure was used for monitoring changes, if any, in the pungency of fresh ginger rhizomes during storage. Good correlation between the fluorimetric method presently developed and the routinely used standard thin-layer chromatographic-densitometric method was noted at each of the time points analyzed. Use of fluorimetric assay for routine and rapid estimation of gingerols in ginger is proposed.

Effects of drying on flavour compounds in Australian-grown ginger (Zingiber officinale)

The volatile compounds responsible for the flavour of Australian-grown ginger have been extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide. Both fresh and dried ginger samples have been examined and the major effects of the drying process are a reduction in gingerol content, an increase in terpene hydrocarbons and the conversion of some monoterpene alcohols to their corresponding acetates. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry

Identification of the Characteristic Odorants in Fresh Rhizomes of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Using Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis and Modified Multidimensional Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy

An oxygenated hydrocarbon fraction of the extract from the fresh rhizomes of ginger was analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and eluate sniffing. The application of this technique to stepwise diluted extracts of the volatile compounds allowed the determination of the flavor dilution (FD) factor, which reveals the most intense flavor compounds of the extract. Twenty-two positions with a high FD factor were detected and further analyzed by GC-mass spectroscopy (MS) and/or a modified multidimensional GC-MS system. 2-Pinen-5-ol was tentatively identified as a new compound. Compounds with high FD factor were linalool, geraniol, geranial, neral, isoborneol, borneol, 1,8-cineol, 2-pinen-5-ol, geranyl acetate, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-decenal, and (E)-2-dodecenal. In addition, (E)-2-alkenals, 2-octyl acetate, 2-pinen-5-ol, 2-(2',3'-epoxy-3'-methylbutyl)-3-methylfuran, and (E)- and (Z)-3,7-dimethyl-3,6-octadienal were newly identified compounds in ginger.

A new method for the determination of pungent compounds in ginger (Zingiber officinale)

AbstractThe compound responsible for the pungency of Australian‐grown ginger has been extracted using supercritical CO2. Methods for analysis of gingerols and shogaols by electrospray—MS have been developed and direct analysis of crude extracts without previous chromatographic separation is shown to be possible by negative ion electrospray—MS. The extracts produced by this procedure are shown to contain about 70 g kg−1 6‐gingerol and less than 2 g kg−1 6‐shogaol. The low concentration of shogaols, which are degradation products of gingerols, attests to the mild nature of both the extraction and the analytical procedures.

Glycosidically bound aroma compounds in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGlycosidically bound aroma compounds in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)Ping Wu, May Chien Kuo, and Chi Tang HoCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1990, 38, 7, 1553–1555Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1990https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00097a027RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views366Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (415 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Pungent compounds of ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) extracted by liquid carbon dioxide

Isolement et identification, par chromatographie en couche mince, en phase liquide et spectrometrie de masse, des constituants au gout piquant dans un extrait au CO 2 : le gingerol-6 est quantitativement le plus important, a cote d'autres homologues

Chromatographic analyses of gingerol compounds in ginger ( zingiber officinale roscoe) extracted by liquid carbon dioxide

The gingerol compounds of freeze-dried ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe) were extracted by liquid carbon dioxide (600–700 p.s.i.), isolated by thin-layer chromatography and fractionated into individual gingerol compounds by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Two homologous series, 6-, 8-, 10-, 12-, 14-gingerols and methyl-6-, methyl-8-, methyl-10-, methyl-12-gingerols were identified by the combined results of (1) high-performance liquid chromatographic retention in analytical column; (2) molecular ion determination of isolated gingerol compounds by fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry; (3) gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of aldehydes and ketones formed from the thermal degradation of the corresponding gingerol compounds. This is the first report of the presence in ginger of 14-gingerol and gingerols with methyl sidechains.

Chromatographic analyses of isomeric shogaol compounds derived from isolated gingerol compounds of ginger ( zingiber officinale roscoe)

Isomeric shogaols were derived by thermal dehydration of isolated gingerols of ginger ( Zingiber officinale Rescoe), isolated by thin-layer chromatography and fractionated by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Two homologous series of isomeric shogaol compounds, cis- and trans,-6-shogaol, 8-shogaol, 10-shogaol, 12-shogaol and syn- and anti-methyl-6-shogaol, methyl-8-shogaol, methyl-10-shogaol, were identified by the combined results of analytical high-performance liquid chromatography, fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy. This is the first report of the presence of cis and trans isomers of shogaols and shogaols with methyl side-chains.

Evaluation of spices and oleoresin‐VI‐pungency of ginger components, gingerols and shogoals and quality

SummaryThe pungent compounds of ginger had earlier been shown to be homologous gingerols, the dehydration product shogaols and the degradation product zingerone. The changes in these compounds are reported to affect quality with reduction in pungency and formation of off‐flavour. Contrary to earlier assumptions, careful threshold tests for pungency of different oleoresins and purified pungent isolates, gingerols and shogaols established that shogaols are twice as pungent as gingerols. With this ratio of pungency of gingerols and shogaols, the calculated values agreed well with the estimated values of pungency in different ginger oleoresin samples. Occurrence of other non‐pungent phenolics with close Rf values to the pungent compounds have been confirmed.