Ginger Compounds Research Articles

Analysis of volatile compounds of ginger (Zingiber officinale) during far-infrared combined with hot-air drying by GC-MS and MOS e-nose

Analysis of volatile compounds of ginger (Zingiber officinale) during far-infrared combined with hot-air drying by GC-MS and MOS e-nose

The "root" causes behind the anti-inflammatory actions of ginger compounds in immune cells.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the most well-known spices and medicinal plants worldwide that has been used since ancient times to treat a plethora of diseases including cold, gastrointestinal complaints, nausea, and migraine. Beyond that, a growing body of literature demonstrates that ginger exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer and neuroprotective actions as well. The beneficial effects of ginger can be attributed to the biologically active compounds of its rhizome such as gingerols, shogaols, zingerone and paradols. Among these compounds, gingerols are the most abundant in fresh roots, and shogaols are the major phenolic compounds of dried ginger. Over the last two decades numerous in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that the major ginger phenolics are able to influence the function of various immune cells including macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells and T cells. Although the mechanism of action of these compounds is not fully elucidated yet, some studies provide a mechanistic insight into their anti-inflammatory effects by showing that ginger constituents are able to target multiple signaling pathways. In the first part of this review, we summarized the current literature about the immunomodulatory actions of the major ginger compounds, and in the second part, we focused on the possible molecular mechanisms that may underlie their anti-inflammatory effects.

Identification of putative α-glucosidase inhibitors and antioxidants in Zingiber officinale rhizome using LCMS-based metabolomics and in silico molecular docking

Metabolite profiling is required to reveal bioactive chemicals in ginger rhizome for supporting its traditional claim as anti-diabetic agent. This study aimed to evaluate α-glucosidase inhibitory (AGI) and antioxidant activities of the rhizome, to identify its putative α-glucosidase inhibitors, and to analyse the protein-ligand interaction of the inhibitors. The ginger extracts were tested to in vitro AGI assay and analysed using LCMS-based metabolomics to pinpoint the putative α-glucosidase inhibitors. The methanol extract exhibited the highest AGI activity (IC50 = 185.2 µg/mL) compared to the other extracts. This extract showed antioxidant activities with DPPH-IC50 and FRAP value of 125.0 µg/mL and 16.95 mmol TE/mgDW, respectively. The LCMS-based metabolomics revealed α-glucosidase inhibitors in the extract, namely 7-methoxycoumarin, supinine and 12-hydroxycorynoline. The presence of these compounds in ginger is being reported for the first time in this study. The activity of these compounds was supported by computational study using in silico molecular docking.

The use of chemometrics in combination with molecular spectroscopy and chromatography methods for determining the levels of gingerol compounds in ginger (Zingiber officinale): a review

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), a member of the Zingiberaceae family, is a herb with a global reputation in medicines, food seasonings, beverages and cosmetics. It is rich in antioxidants due to some active components, including gingerol, shogaol and zingerone. These components are reported to have more powerful antioxidants than vitamin E. The phytochemicals and their levels are significantly influenced by environmental factors such as harvesting time, soil condition, and the cultivating place. Therefore, this study highlighted the analytical method to determine the gingerol content in ginger using chemometrics. Several databases including Scopus, PubMed, and Science Direct, were explored to obtain relevant articles using specific keywords related to the reviewed topic. Several chemometrics methods are used for the characterization and profiling of fingerprints, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Fourier-transform near infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), including pattern recognition and multivariate calibration combined with molecular spectroscopy and chromatography. The fingerprint profiling is processed and combined with chemometrics analysis or multivariate data for faster, sensitive and valid results.

Health Benefits of Antioxidant Bioactive Compounds in Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Leaves by Network Pharmacology Analysis Combined with Experimental Validation.

Network pharmacology is an ideal tool to explore the effects of therapeutic components derived from plants on human metabolic diseases that are linked to inflammation. This study investigated the antioxidant effects of ginger leaves (GLs) and predicted targets for antioxidant activity. Quantitative and free radical scavenging analyses were performed to detect the main bioactive compounds of GLs and evaluate their antioxidant activities. Chemical diversity and network pharmacology approaches were used to predict key antioxidant components of GLs and their molecular targets. Nine major bioactive compounds of GLs were quantified using an internal standard method, and the antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging methods. We first built the compound-gene-pathways and protein-protein interaction networks of GLs-related antioxidant targets and then conducted gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. Molecular docking results show that astragalin, a compound isolated from GLs, had the highest level of connectivity in the compound-target network and was involved in inflammation-related biosynthesis by directly impacting cytokine gene expression and PTGS2 inhibition markers. These findings not only suggest that the compounds isolated from GLs can be developed as potential antioxidants, but also demonstrate the applicability of network pharmacology to assess the potential of foods for disease treatment.

Network pharmacology, molecular docking, and dynamics analyses to predict the antiviral activity of ginger constituents against coronavirus infection.

COVID-19 is a global pandemic that caused a dramatic loss of human life worldwide, leading to accelerated research for antiviral drug discovery. Herbal medicine is one of the most commonly used alternative medicine for the prevention and treatment of many conditions including respiratory system diseases. In this study, a computational pipeline was employed, including network pharmacology, molecular docking simulations, and molecular dynamics simulations, to analyze the common phytochemicals of ginger rhizomes and identify candidate constituents as viral inhibitors. Furthermore, experimental assays were performed to analyze the volatile and non-volatile compounds of ginger and to assess the antiviral activity of ginger oil and hydroalcoholic extract. Network pharmacology analysis showed that ginger compounds target human genes that are involved in related cellular processes to the viral infection. Docking analysis highlighted five pungent compounds and zingiberenol as potential inhibitors for the main protease (Mpro), spike receptor-binding domain (RBD), and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Then, (6)-gingerdiacetate was selected for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations as it exhibited the best binding interactions and free energies over the three target proteins. Trajectories analysis of the three complexes showed that RBD and ACE2 complexes with the ligand preserved similar patterns of root mean square deviation (RMSD) and radius of gyration (Rg) values to their respective native structures. Finally, experimental validation of the ginger hydroalcoholic extract confirmed the existence of (6)-gingerdiacetate and revealed the strong antiviral activity of the hydroalcoholic extract with IC of 2.727 . Our study provides insights into the potential antiviral activity of (6)-gingerdiacetate that may enhance the host immune response and block RBD binding to ACE2, thereby, inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Targeting phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase enzyme using ginger compounds to suppress thyroid cancer progression

Targeting phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase enzyme using ginger compounds to suppress thyroid cancer progression

Molecular Docking and Zone Inhibition Analysis of Fractionated Ethanol Extract of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Against Candida albicans as Oral Antifungal

Ginger is a herb that can be used as an alternative medicine because it has anti-bacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antifungal properties. This study aims to identify the potency of red ginger ethanol extract against Candida albicans protein by using in silico and in vitro approaches. Several ginger-derived compounds were obtained from PubChem, while the target protein 4J14 was obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) database. Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) Online was used to predict each compound’s biological function. Before molecular docking analysis, the 3D ligand site web server determined the binding site coordinates. PyRx was then used to perform molecular docking analysis on ginger compounds and the target protein 4J14, with fluconazole and posaconazole serving as controls. Additional analysis was used to identify amino acid residues in the complexes. The Chimera software was employed to describe protein compound complexes. The inhibitory zones of red ginger and fluconazole on fungal growth were determined in vitro. The molecular docking results showed that gamma-sitosterol had a more negative binding affinity (−9.6 kcal/mol) than fluconazole (−8.7 kcal/mol). Moreover, it affected the biological response of the target protein 4J14 or cytochrome 450, which is an essential protein in the fungal infection process. In vitro tests proved that a red ginger extract concentration of 15 mg/mL had antifungal potential. In silico and in vitro studies revealed that red ginger extract has the potential to be an antifungal agent. HIGHLIGHTS Since there have been numerous studies on the content of red ginger compounds with essential oils that have been shown to have antifungal potential, the fractionation approach was used to extract active compounds in red ginger that are devoid of essential oils in order to determine the antifungal potential The biological response of cytochrome 450, also known as target protein 4J14, is impacted by gamma-sitosterol. This protein is crucial for the mechanisms involved in fungal infection An extract from red ginger exhibited the same antifungal potential as fluconazole, according to in vitro experiments GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Kinetic optimization of angkak – red ginger extraction and its impact on antioxidant activity

A mixture of angkak and red ginger is a Chinese herbal concoction with potential as an antioxidant. This herbal combination can be extracted using the kinetic hot maceration method by optimizing the stirring speed to be more efficient. Previous studies have shown that using 400, 600, and 800 rpm stirring speeds provides the best IC50 and yield. Based on these problems, this research aims to determine the effect of increasing stirring speed on IC50 and % yield in the extraction of angkak and red ginger, as well as prove the benefits of this herbal combination through the IC50 value. The method used is extracting a mixture of angkak and red ginger at kinetic variations of 400, 600, and 800 rpm using a magnetic hotplate stirrer at a temperature of 60ºC for 2 hours; determination of % yield; determining the chromatogram profile using TLC; determination of antioxidant activity using DPPH; as well as data analysis of percentage yield and IC50 using SPSS. Analysis using SPSS shows that the stirring speed significantly affects the % yield, where increasing the moving speed above 400 rpm results in a decrease in the % yield. However, the moving speed does not affect the IC50. The TLC chromatogram profile shows the presence of 6-gingerol compounds in angkak and red and yellow pigment compounds in red ginger, which have potential as antioxidants. The optimization results in this study obtained optimal % yield and IC50 at 400 rpm with average values, respectively, namely 15.933 ± 3.4771% and 103.76 ± 10.032 ppm, and the combination of angkak and red ginger ingredients can work synergistically to increase yield and antioxidant.

Molecular docking of gingerol and shogaol for immunomodulatory effect in lupus disease

Background: One of the autoimmune diseases associated with high mortality is lupus or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). In addition to symptomatic therapy, the treatment management of this condition includes immunomodulatory therapy. Various studies have been carried out on immunomodulators from natural products. Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roxb.) is a plant with potential immunomodulatory activity. Shogaol, which gives a spicy taste, is a metabolite of gingerol, a marker compound in ginger. Both of these compounds become important components of pharmacological activity. Objective: This study aimed to determine the in silico immunomodulatory activity of gingerol and shogaol compounds contained in ginger against S100A9, CTLA-4, SRSF1, JAK3, and MYD88 receptors. Method: In silico, a test was carried out using Pymol and PyRx applications, and receptors were involved in developing the immune system and SLE disease. Result: Docking results showed negative binding affinity and an RMSD of 2˚Angstroms. The shogaol, gingerol, and tofacitinib had several amino acid residues in common. Conclusion: In-silico analysis suggests that shogaol and gingerol could modulate the immune response against lupus. The resulting protein residues were similar between shogaol, gingerol, and the control, supporting their potential for immunomodulatory activity against lupus disease.

The Effectiveness of Aqueous Extract of Ginger on Some Sex Hormones and Biochemical Parameters in Female Laboratory Mice (Mus Musculus L.)

Objective: Ginger is a flowering tropical plant that commonly used as a spice and flavoring having various pharmacological properties, several phytochemical compounds which has biological activity. The main bioactive compound in ginger is gingerol, have a powerful anti-inflammatory effect will greatly affect on fertility. Also, it has an effective role in many laboratory experiments to study the physiological activities of ginger extract on these functions. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of ginger extract on some sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in female mice, also its effect on total protein, albumin and globulin Methods: Thirty adult female mice of (Mus Musculus L.) weight (22-24g) were derived into three groups one control and two treated. Ginger water extract be ready to prepare with affecting doses according to experimental test on mice (3.5 and 7 mg body weight/mice). The concentration of serum female sex hormones (FSH, LH, progesterone and estrogen) were measured. Results: Ginger water extract caused a significant increase in the level of estrogen in both doses and significant increase in the level of FSH and LH in high dose only (P less than 0.01). While progesterone level show no significant changes. On the other hand, the serum total protein, albumin and globulin shows a significant increase only in total protein and globulin levels (P less than 0.01) in turn albumin level show no significant changes in comparison to control. Conclusion: The results of this study, ginger extract could increase the level of female sex hormones (estrogen, FSH and LH) and conceder as adjunctive natural therapy for improvement of female sex hormones as well as lead to increase in total protein and globulin level which is essential for boosting the immunity.

Supercritical fluid extraction of ginger herbal dust bioactives with an estimation of pharmacological potential using in silico and in vitro analysis

Extensive filter tea production in the last decade has increased the amount of generated waste. Due to the particle size (less than 0.315 mm), this material, also known as herbal dust, cannot be packed into the filter tea bags. According to previous studies, valuable bioactive compounds have been recovered from herbal dusts. Therefore, this study is focused on the valorization of ginger (Zingiber officinale) herbal dust, which is commonly used for the treatment of digestive disorders, colds, and various health issues. To obtain highly valuable extracts rich in non-polar and low-polar bioactive compounds novel Supercritical carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2) extraction was applied. As a reference technique, Soxhlet extraction (methylene chloride) was employed. The chemical profiles of all extracts were determined by GC-MS. The most dominant compounds, according to the results, were hydrocarbon sesquiterpene zingiberene (7.51%–14.28%), sesquiterpenes β-sesquiphellandrene (3.70%–7.34%), β-bisabolene (3.54%–6.93%), ar-curcumene (3.02%–6.19%) and non-volatile phenolic compounds 6-gingerol (25.33%–31.11%), 6- shogaol (12.21%–14.91%). Based on the chemical profile of the extracts, the in silico study was carried out where the effects of ginger compounds with a focus on diabetes were specified. Besides, the most potential SFE-CO2 extract was selected for the investigation of effects on short- and long-term cell viability on liver cancer cells.

6-Gingerol attenuates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury through regulating MKP5-mediated P38/JNK pathway

6-Gingerol, the main bioactive compound of ginger, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and neuroprotective effects. However, it is unclear whether 6-Gingerol has protective effects against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In this study, the mouse liver I/R injury model and the mouse AML12 cell hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model were established by pretreatment with 6-Gingerol at different concentrations to explore the potential effects of 6-Gingerol. Serum transaminase levels, liver necrotic area, cell viability, inflammatory response, and cell apoptosis were used to assess the effect of 6-Gingerol on hepatic I/R or cell H/R injury. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blotting were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression. The results show that 6-Gingerol decreased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, liver necrosis, inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α expression, Ly6g+ inflammatory cell infiltration, protein phosphorylation of NF-κB signaling pathway, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) positive cells, cell apoptosis rate, the protein expression of pro-apoptotic protein BAX and C-Caspase3, increased cell viability, and expression of anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2. Moreover, 6-Gingerol could increase the mRNA and protein expression of mitogen activated protein kinase phosphatase 5 (MKP5) and inhibit the activation of P38/JNK signaling pathway. In MKP5 knockout (KO) mice, the protective effect of 6-gingerol and the inhibition of P38/JNK pathway were significantly weakened. Therefore, our results suggest that 6-Gingerol exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects to attenuate hepatic I/R injury by regulating the MKP5-mediated P38/JNK signaling pathway.

Proximate, total phenolic, carotenoid, antioxidant activity, color, and FTIR analysis of red ginger powders (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) through the evaporation-crystallization process

Red ginger is a plant that is rich in antioxidants and is easily available in Indonesia. So far, red ginger has been used with various extraction methods by previous researchers, but the application of this process has not been able to be used by independent economic MSMEs. This research took place using evaporation-crystallization equipment as the main tool, accompanied by temperature variations (80 and 90°C) and granulated sugar as a crystallization agent (60 and 100%). The quality of the powdered red ginger product analyzed in this study showed good stability values for the fresh red ginger raw material before processing. The average value of the proximate content of red ginger products is 7.668; 12.116; 5.225; 0.422-1.708; 73.960% for moisture, ash, fat, protein, and carbohydrate content, respectively; and total glucose of 63.768 ppm. Meanwhile, the results of the phenolic and carotenoid content provide a significant reduction of up to 50%. The average content is 42.459 mg gallic acid/g; and 5.480 g respectively (including color - also a decrease in L, a, and b values) compared to the red ginger pulp raw material. The opposite value occurred in the DPPH antioxidant activity of red ginger pulp, the content of which was 2-3 times higher than fresh red ginger. These findings not only have an impact on the development of more health-beneficial food and beverage products but also encourage further understanding of the potential of bioactive compounds in ginger to support human well-being.

A New Insight Into Toxicity of Database Compounds from Ginger (Zingiber officinale) by Modelling Study

Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is an infectious disease caused by the dengue virus. The dengue virus is transmitted through female mosquitoes, especially Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Indonesia is a dengue endemic country, and almost all provinces in Indonesia are infected with dengue. However, targeted antiviral drugs against dengue virus (DENV) are not yet available. This study aimed to determine the potential of three compounds isolated from ginger (Zingiber officinale) as dengue NS2B/NS3 inhibitors, and to predict the physicochemical properties (drug-likeness) and potential toxicity of drug candidates. Ginger isolates in the form of [8]-gingerol, [6]-paradol, shogaol were obtained from the Natural Discovery Database (NADI). Toxicity and drug-likeness predictions were performed using ProTox-II and SwissADME, and Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) 2022.0901 was used for the molecular docking process. Results: The results showed that the ginger compound (Zingiber officinale), [8]-Gingerol, [6]-Paradol, and Shogaol, had binding free energy of -7.18, -7.10 and -6.88 kcal/mol, respectively. It is indicated that three compounds had potentiality to inhibit the NS2B/NS3 protein complex with a binding free energy that was almost equivalent to that of the positive control, panduratin A, and similar to that of the positive control, which can be seen in superimposition. In addition, three compounds isolated from ginger met the drug-likeness parameters. Based on the analysis of in silico toxicity studies, the three compounds isolated from ginger showed different levels of toxicity. Therefore, based on the safety level of oral use, the [8]-gingerol compound is safer to develop as a dengue antiviral drug, where the LD50 value of [8]-gingerol is 2.580 mg/kg with a class V toxicity level that is practically nontoxic.

The effect of ginger extract on expression of Gli1 and Patched-1 genes involved in breast cancer signaling pathway under in vitro condition

Introduction and Aim: Breast cancer ranks among the leading causes of death in women worldwide. Ginger has shown potential efficacy against certain cancer types, surpassing conventional therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation. However, its molecular mechanisms remain less understood. Materials and Methods: In this study, MCF-7 cancer cells were cultured and treated with various concentrations of aqueous ginger extract (20, 30, 45, 65 microgram/mL) for 12, 48, and 72 hours. The effects were assessed through gene expression analysis and cell vitality assays (MTT). Results: The cell vitality test revealed a direct correlation between cytotoxicity and extract concentration. Concentrations exceeding 30 microgram/mL exhibited significant cell death (IC50 of 104.03 microgram/mL). Gene expression analysis demonstrated an increase in Patched-1 and a decrease in Gli1 expression with rising extract concentrations. The maximum Patched-1 expression occurred at 65 microgram/mL after 72 hours. Patched-1 (oncogene) and Gli1 (tumor suppressor) are pivotal genes in the hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway associated with breast cancer. Conclusion: It appears that ginger compounds play a substantial role in regulating cancer progression by influencing key components of the hedgehog signalling pathway.

Active Compounds of Red Ginger as Antioxidant Activity in the Supplementation and Treatment of Depression

This study examined compound active of red ginger related for supplementation and treatment of depression. Depression prevalence in Indonesia from the national population survey 6.9% had severe depression symptoms, 21.8% moderate to severe. Red ginger provided gold potential and demonstrated prominent natural phenomena and coexistence, abundant benefits. Standard herbal medicine and phytopharmaceuticals as one effort in dealing with depression disorder. Problem Statement. The use of medicines for depression disorder in the long term becomes a serious problem affecting various sectors and needs to be thought of side effects and complications. Objective. Antioxidants in red ginger (Zingiber Officinale Rosc. Var Rubrum has a secondary metabolite considered for treatment or supplementation in depression disorders. This study was experimental analytical study for analyzing secondary metabolism using phytochemical screening tests and examining active compounds with the combination of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS).Red ginger extracts contain secondary metabolic flavonoids of 48.79 mgQE/g, phenol 92.73 mgGAE/G and antioxidants of 39.96 ppm. Establishment of the active compound that has an effect as an antioxidant α-Eleostearic acid (C18 H30 O2) chemspider result 10, mzcloud 96, L Histidine (C6 H9 N3 O2) chemspiders result 6, mzcloud 94,8. Tetrahydrocurcumin (C21 H24 O6) chemspider result 41, mzcloud 92,5. Active compounds of red ginger antioxidants are diarylheptanoid, phenylbutenoid, flavonoid, diterpenoide, sesquiterpenoid, gingerol and shogaol. Red ginger extract content of active flavonoid compounds and has an effect as an antioxidant is potentially used as a supplement in the treatment of depression disorders.

Therapeutic evaluation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles based herbal dental varnish derived from rosemary and ginger extracts:A comprehensive investigation into anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Titanium nanoparticles (NPs) offer promising applications in the treatment and prevention of inflammatory disorders due to their unique physicochemical characteristics. However, additional research is necessary to attain a thorough comprehension and validate the efficacy of this approach in dental practice. This study scrutinizes the anti-inflammatory properties of a dental varnish infused with ginger and rosemary extracts mediated by titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. A herbal dental varnish was formulated by integrating ginger and rosemary extracts with titanium dioxide nanoparticles at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50μL. Anti-inflammatory properties were assessed through Bovine Serum Albumin denaturation and membrane stabilization assays, comparing results with a control group. The results reveal concentration-dependent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in the test group when compared to the control group. The BSA assay corroborates increased percent inhibition with rising titanium dioxide nanoparticle concentrations. In line with existing literature, titanium dioxide nanoparticles enhance dental material properties. The bioactive compounds in ginger and rosemary, such as phenolic compounds and terpenes, contribute to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of the varnish. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in addressing inflammatory diseases underscores their significance in this formulation.

An in-silico investigation of volatile compounds in Tulsi and Ginger as a potent inhalant for SARS-CoV-2 treatment

An in-silico investigation of volatile compounds in Tulsi and Ginger as a potent inhalant for SARS-CoV-2 treatment

Quantitative analysis of curcumin compounds in ginger by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry

Quantitative analysis of curcumin compounds in ginger by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry