Solvent Extraction Of Compounds Research Articles

Bioremediation of Pharmaceutical Wastewater using Oscillatoria subsalsa and Oscillatoria flos-aquae: Efficiency in Contaminant Removal, Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity against Biofilm-Forming Bacteria

This study investigates the potential of cyanobacteria, specifically Oscillatoria subsalsa and Oscillatoria flos-aquae, for the bioremediation of pharmaceutical wastewater and their effectiveness in eliminating biofilm forming, multidrug-resistant bacteria. Cyanobacteria species were collected from the Mandapam coast in India and analyzed for their ability to treat pharmaceutical effluents. Phytochemical compounds in solvent extracts were assessed prior to remediation. The cyanobacteria were evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate levels in wastewater. Antibacterial activity was analyzed against biofilm-forming bacterial isolates from pharmaceutical effluents. Both O. subsalsa and O. flos-aquae demonstrated significant reductions in environmental contaminants. O. subsalsa was more effective in reducing COD, while O. flos-aquae excelled in reducing nitrate and nitrite levels. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, sterols and quinones, indicating a rich profile of bioactive compounds. The antibacterial tests showed that both cyanobacterial species had significant antibacterial properties, with O. flos-aquae displaying stronger and more consistent activity, particularly against Gram-negative bacteria. The study highlights the potential of O. subsalsa and O. flos-aquae in wastewater treatment and their capability to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens. These findings suggest that cyanobacteria offer a promising, sustainable approach for effective bioremediation and management of pharmaceutical wastewater.

PAHs, hydrocarbons, and dimethylsulfides in Asteroid Ryugu samples A0106 and C0107 and the Orgueil (CI1) meteorite

Evaluating the molecular distribution of organic compounds in pristine extraterrestrial materials is cornerstone to understanding the abiotic synthesis of organics and allows us to better understand the molecular diversity available during the formation of our solar system and before the origins of life on Earth. In this work, we identify multiple organic compounds in solvent extracts of asteroid Ryugu samples A0106 and C0107 and the Orgueil meteorite using two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight high resolution mass spectrometry (GC×GC–HRMS). Our analyses found similarities between the molecular distribution of organic compounds in Ryugu and the CI carbonaceous chondrite Orgueil. Specifically, several PAHs and organosulfides were found in Ryugu and Orgueil suggesting an interstellar and parent body origin for these compounds. We also evaluated the common relationship between Ryugu, Orgueil, and comets, such as Wild-2; however, until comprehensive compound-specific isotopic analyses for these organic species are undertaken, and until the effects of parent body processes and Earth’s weathering processes on meteoritic organics are better understood, their parent–daughter relationships will remain unanswered. Finally, the study of organic compounds in Ryugu samples and the curation practices for the future preservation of these unvaluable materials are also of special interest for future sample return missions, including NASA’s OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample return mission.Graphical

Health‐promoting bioactive phenolic compounds in different solvent extracts of Curcuma caesia Roxb. rhizome from North‐East India

Health‐promoting bioactive phenolic compounds in different solvent extracts of <i>Curcuma caesia</i> Roxb. rhizome from North‐East India

HPLC determination of phenolic compounds in different solvent extracts of mulberry leaves and antioxidant capacity of extracts

ABSTRACT The antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of mulberry leave extracts obtained by aqueous mixture of acetone, ethanol and methanol were determined. Both alkaline hydrolysis and acid hydrolysis were used to extract bound phenolics. HPLC was used to determine the profile of the extracted phenolics. Three experimental assays, namely, Fe3+ reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ABTS- and DPPH-radical scavenging activity, were employed to characterize their antioxidant activity. This indicates that acetone was the most effective solvent for extracting free phenolics from mulberry leaves, and the acetone extract exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity. In addition, alkaline hydrolysis was found to be the most efficient method for extracting bound phenolics and produced an extract with better antioxidant properties compared to acid hydrolysis.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-α-glucosidase Activities of Various Solvent Extracts and Major Bioactive Components from the Seeds of Myristica fragrans.

Myristica fragrans is a well-known species for flavoring many food products and for formulation of perfume and medicated balm. It is also used to treat indigestion, stomach ulcers, liver disorders, and, as emmenagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, nervine, and aphrodisiac. We examined antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds in various solvent extracts from the seeds of M. fragrans. Methanol, ethanol, and acetone extracts exhibited relatively strong antioxidant activities by 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), superoxide radical, and hydroxyl radical scavenging tests. Furthermore, methanol extracts also displayed significant anti-α-glucosidase activity. Examined and compared to the various solvent extracts for their chemical compositions using HPLC analysis, we isolated the ten higher content compounds and analyzed antioxidant and anti-α-glucosidase activities. Among the isolates, dehydrodiisoeugenol, malabaricone B and malabaricone C were main antioxidant components in seeds of M. fragrans. Malabaricone C exhibited stronger antioxidant capacities than others based on lower half inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, and it also showed significant inhibition of α-glucosidase. These results shown that methanol was found to be the most efficient solvent for extracting the active components from the seeds of M. fragrans, and this material is a potential good source of natural antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitor.

Phenolic Contents, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of the Algerian Genista saharae Solvent Extracts

ABSTRACTThe phenolic compounds in solvent extracts of Genista saharae were analyzed by Reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography equipped with photodiode array detector (RP-HPLC-PDA) technique and evaluated for their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using hydrogen atoms transfer methods (DPPH, total antioxidant capacity, and reducing power assays) and single electron transfer (ABTS and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity assays). The antibacterial activity of extracts was tested against different strains using the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Four phenolic acids (gallic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and sinapic acid), one flavonoid (quercetin), and one flavanone (naringenin) were identified with RP-HPLC. The chloroform extract exhibited antioxidant potential (IC50 = IC50 = 4.03 ± 0.0200 and 35.63 ± 1.42 µg L−1) and antibacterial activity against the bacterial stains with MICs of 20 µg mL−1. These results suggested a high contribution of quercetin and naringenin in the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities assessed.

The Relationship between Main Polyphenol Components and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants

This study investigates the relationships between the main polyphenols and DPPH radical scavenging activity (RSA) in extracts from some of the most common wild and cultivated species from the Achillea millefolium group, Mentha, Chenopodium botrys, Clinopodium vulgare and Artemisia vulgaris. Another aspect of the study is the effects of choosing an extraction solvent, highlighting the importance of selecting an appropriate one for obtaining extracts with maximum manifested bioactivity. Chemical characterization of compounds is performed. It is based on HPLC-PDA fingerprint profiles, obtained from 70% aqueous methanol extracts. Hydroxycinnamic acids, glycosides of luteolin (LG), apigenin (AG), their aglycones and methoxyflavones are found to be the most abundant components, which have the highest impact on radical scavenging activity (RSA) of the extracts. The data allow supposing high correlation relationships between caffeoylquinic acids and RSA of extracts from four A. millefolium group species and cv. Proa. Cl. vulgare methanol extract, rich in rosmarinic acid, LG and AG, showed the highest RSA with IC50 10.37μg.mL-1. In contrast, extracts of Ch. botrys which lack phenolic acids, contain low amount of glycosides and are rich in methoxyflavone aglycones, possess very weak RSA. For multicomponent analysis, our data suggest 70% methanol as the most appropriate solvent for extraction of compounds belonging to the polyphenol complex. Based on the high quantities of rosmarinic acid, luteolin and apigenin glycosides, 66% ethanol solvent is found to be the best choice for medicinal consumption extracts.

Rapid characterization of nonpolar or low-polarity solvent extracts from herbal medicines by solvent-assisted electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

The direct detection of nonpolar and low-polarity solvent extracts of herbal medicine is difficult by conventional electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). This problem can be solved by solvent-assisted electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (SAESI-MS). With the help of assisted solvents (ESI-friendly solvents) at the tip of the spray needle, compounds (especially the low-polarity compounds) in nonpolar and low-polarity solvent extracts can be ionized directly. Herbal medicines were ultrasonically extracted with nonpolar or low-polarity solvents, such as petroleum ether. Thereafter, the extracts were analyzed by conventional ESI-MS, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) and SAESI-MS. The mass spectra obtained from these three methods were compared and analyzed. Unstable ion signals, and even no ion signals, were observed when the nonpolar and low-polarity solvent extracts were detected directly by conventional ESI-MS. Better specificity, higher sensitivity or cleaner spectra were acquired from SAESI-MS by comparing with the performance of conventional ESI-MS. The ion signals generated by SAESI-MS and APCI-MS were observed in clearly different m/z ranges. A variety of potential compounds were detected in the petroleum ether extracts of Pogostemon cablin and Ligusticum chuanxiong. The relative abundances and signal intensities of the same ion signals from the stems, leaves and decoction pieces of Pogostemon cablin were significantly different by SAESI-MS. As a convenient and efficient method, SAESI-MS can be used to directly detect compounds (especially the low-polarity compounds) in nonpolar or low-polarity solvent extracts of herbal medicines, providing abundant chemical information for pharmacological studies. SAESI-MS allows the simultaneous qualitative analysis of multiple compounds in the same complex samples and is thus particularly suitable for the preliminary screening of compounds in complex samples. SAESI-MS can be used to differentiate the different parts of herbal medicines.

Simultaneous determination of multiclass emerging contaminants in aquatic plants by ultrasound-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion and GC-MS.

A multiresidue method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 31 emerging contaminants (pharmaceutical compounds, hormones, personal care products, biocides, and flame retardants) in aquatic plants. Analytes were extracted by ultrasound-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion (UA-MSPD) and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after sylilation, The method was validated for different aquatic plants (Typha angustifolia, Arundo donax, and Lemna minor) and a semiaquatic cultivated plant (Oryza sativa) with good recoveries at concentrations of 100 and 25ngg-1 wet weight, ranging from 70 to 120%, and low method detection limits (0.3 to 2.2ngg-1 wet weight). A significant difference of the chromatographic response was observed for some compounds in neat solvent versus matrix extracts, and therefore, quantification was carried out using matrix-matched standards in order to overcome this matrix effect. Aquatic plants taken from rivers located at three Spanish regions were analyzed, and the compounds detected were parabens, bisphenol A, benzophenone-3, cyfluthrin, and cypermethrin. The levels found ranged from 6 to 25ngg-1 wet weight except for cypermethrin that was detected at 235ngg-1 wet weight in O. sativa samples.

Identification of volatile compounds in solvent extracts of honeys produced in South Africa

Volatile organic compounds in honey are derived from numerous biosynthetic pathways and contribute in the organoleptic and aromatic properties of honey as well as aid in its floral and geographical origin determination. They are usually extracted from the sugar matrix using various methods associated with varying degree of selectivity and effectiveness. In this study, the volatile composition of three local South African honeys was explored by solvent extraction and identified by a gas chromatograph equipped with a mass spectrometry detector. Thirty-two volatile compounds were identified and classified as hydrocarbons (3), acids (3), aldehydes (3), ketones (3), benzene derivatives (4), terpenes and its derivatives (3), alcohols (6), furans (2) and pyran (1) derivatives and others (4). The compounds found in the relatively highest percentage of area were hexane, methanamine hydrochloride, butanal and acetic acid. Astoundingly, thiophene and N-methyl-D3-Aziridine, essential precursors used for the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceuticals with vital biomedical properties, plus methanamine hydrochloride were the additional compounds identified in these honeys. However, the botanical identification of a honey is based on plant-derived metabolites such as norisoprenoids, terpenes, benzene compounds and their derivatives. Further studies are needed to characterize the aroma constituents as well as to determine the botanical and geographical origins of these honeys in a bid to standardize their quality, to avoid fraud and to authenticate them. Key words: Solvent extraction, volatile compounds, honey, South Africa.

Phytochemical compounds and antibacterial activity of Jatropha curcas Linn. extracts

The present study was conducted to determine the phytochemical compounds in different solvent extracts of Jatropha curcas Linn. plant and antibacterial activity of crude extracts. Aqueous, methanolic and hexane extracts of various plant parts were analysed for phytochemical compounds by spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS). Antibacterial activity was studied by paper disc diffusion assay against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by micro-broth dilution. The root bark methanolic extract contained high phenolics (11.51 mg gallic acid equivalents/g DW) and flavonoids (0.94 mg rutin equivalents/g DW). Kernel meal aqueous extract contained high saponins (0.65 mg diosgenin equivalents/g DW) and the methanolic extract contained 1.13 mg/g DW phorbol esters. Phytochemicals detected by RP-HPLC were pyrogallol, gallic acid, naringin, rutin and vanillic acid. The main compounds detected by GC-MS were oxalic acid (root bark), acetic acid and oleic acid (stem bark). Inhibition zones ranged from 8.0 to 17.7 mm. Low MIC (1.2 to 2.3 mg/ml) and MBC (0.4 to 6.3 mg/ml) values were observed in methanolic extract of all plant parts. The present study showed that stem bark, root bark and kernel meal of J. curcas contained compounds with antibacterial activities. The results indicate the potential of J. curcas as a source of antibacterial compounds.

Antibacterial activity of cyanolichen and symbiotic cyanobacteria against some selected microorganisms

Lichen (Collema auriforme) collected from Kolli Hills of Tamil Nadu, India and two symbiotic cyanobacteria (Aphanocapsa sp. NTK28, and Nostoc sp. NTK29) were taken for screening antibacterial activity. Alcohol and acetone were used as solvents for extraction of compounds from lichen and symbiotic cyanobacteria. Four clinical isolates of Pseudomonas sp., Escherischia coli, Klebsiella sp., and the Gram positive organism Staphylococcus sp. were used as test organisms. Solvent extracts of lichen showed antibacterial activity against three test organisms. Alcohol extract of lichen showed no inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas sp. Other organisms like E. coli, Klebsiella sp. and Staphylococcus sp. were highly susceptible to alcoholic extract even at low concentration. Solvent extracts (alcohol and acetone) of cyanobacteria did not show any significant effect on the selected bacterial strains. Key words: Lichens, cyanolichens, cyanobacteria, antibiotic, antibacterial activity.

Non-volatile components of the essential oil secretory cavities of Eucalyptus leaves: Discovery of two glucose monoterpene esters, cuniloside B and froggattiside A

The essential oils extracted from the embedded foliar secretory cavities of many Eucalyptus species are of economic value as pharmaceuticals and fragrance additives. Recent studies have indicated that Eucalyptus secretory cavities may not be exclusively involved in the biosynthesis and storage of essential oils. Therefore, we selected three species upon which to perform an examination of the contents of foliar secretory cavities: Eucalyptus froggattii, E. polybractea and E. globulus. This paper describes the isolation and structural characterization of two non-volatile glucose monoterpene esters, which we have named cuniloside B and froggattiside A, from within the secretory cavities of these species, and shows the presence of these compounds in solvent extracts of the leaves from two other species of Eucalyptus. Both compounds were found in high proportions relative to the essential oils extracted from the leaves. We propose that many other carbohydrate monoterpene esters previously isolated from bulk leaf extracts of various Eucalyptus species may also be localized within the non-volatile fraction of foliar secretory cavities.

Aromatic compounds in molecular phase of Baltic amber—synchronous luminescence analysis

Synchronous luminescence analysis was performed in order to identify aromatic compounds in solvent extracts of Baltic amber. The investigated extracts were obtained, for comparisons, as products of extraction by various techniques and solvents. Methylene chloride and ethanol were applied independently for extraction at the ambient temperature (conservative extraction), as well as at the temperature of solvent boiling (extraction in Soxhlet apparatus). Ethanol, as the solvent, was also used for extraction in an ultrasonic bath and for the decoction process. The extraction, by techniques mentioned, of the analysed amber has resulted in products generally containing the same groups of aromatics: mainly naphthalenes, phenanthrenes and anthracenes. Among phenanthrenes, in all samples the retene was also identified, being one of the characteristic links of the diagenetic chain of chemical transformations of vegetal precursors. The identification of a series of individual compounds made, using the synchronous luminescence technique, was verified by the record of conventional emission and excitation spectra. Presented identified compounds were also confirmed by the results of GC-MS analysis. The luminescence analysis was also performed comparatively for fossil resin from Galicia, Spain ( Cretaceous) older than Baltic amber ( Tertiary, Eocene). The obtained preliminary results of synchronous luminescence analysis suggest the possibility of diversification in this manner of fossil resins of various ages by characterisation of aromatisation degree and alkyl substitution of aromatic rings. It is since well known that aromatisation progress is an indicator of a natural process of maturation of fossil organic matter. However, a greater number of samples should be taken to further testify to the investigations.

Fate of semivolatile organic compounds during heat drying of mixed primary and waste‐activated sludge

The fate of semivolatile organic compounds was studied during heat drying of mixed primary and waste‐activated sludge. Selected organic compounds were spiked in the sludge collected from a wastewater treatment plant. The thickened sludge samples were heat dried in a tube furnace at different temperatures with a constant airflow rate. The exhaust air from the furnace was condensed in a glass condenser. Methanol was used as the solvent for extraction of compounds from both the dried sludge and the condensate. The concentrations of the organics were determined from high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The selected semivolatile organic compounds showed a high affinity to remain adsorbed in the thickened sludge. Drying sludge to more than 90% solids content caused complete removal of all of the organic compounds. The removal of organics took place in three distinct phases: a high removal in the initial phase, a sudden drop in the intermediate phase, and an increase in the final phase. Removal of phenol was approximately proportional to moisture removal from the sludge. For 4‐nitrophenol and nitrobenzene, the removal rate decreased as the amount remaining in sludge diminished. The removal pattern of the individual organics correlated with their respective Henry's law coefficients. At higher temperatures, a faster removal rate was observed for all the compounds.

Optimal procedure for combined high-performance thin-layer chromatography/high-sensitivity liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry

An optimized procedure is reported for the analysis of non-volatile compounds from the surface of silica gel high-performance thin-layer chromatography plates. Following chromatography individual compound bands, excised from the plate with their aluminium support and attached to the normal probe target with an electro-conducting adhesive, were ionized by liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS). Several compound types were analysed to assess sensitivity and specificity of detection. Urinary porphyrins provided molecular weight information from subnanomolar amounts. The detection sensitivities of free, glycine-conjugated and taurine-conjugated bile acids were approximately 125 pmol, 100 pmol and 20 pmol, respectively. A 21-component mixture containing oligosaccharide derivatives was used to evaluate the retention of spatial resolution and specificity achievable by the method. Prevention of diffusion with optimal definition of sample bands, avoidance of electrical insulation between matrix and target probe (particularly in negative ion mode) and matrix conditions were important determinants of sensitivity for in situ LSIMS analysis. Irreversible adsorption levels on the silica gel plate were shown to be greater using solvent extraction of compounds from silica removed from the plate than from in situ LSIMS detection.

Sewage Sludge Components Extractable With Nonaqueous Solvents

AbstractOrganic components in sewage sludges were extracted with nonaqueous solvents (hexane and methanol) and characterized by chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. On the average, nonaqueous solvent soluble compounds represented 10.6% of sludge dry weight (24.8% of ash‐free dry weight) and contained 36% of the total organic C in sludge. Major compounds in nonaqueous solvent extracts included two different waxes, one phenolic fatty acid ester, and a glyceride fatty acid. Significant amounts of dibutyl phthalate, di(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate, and butyl benzyl phthalate were also present in sludges. The presence of fats, waxes, and oils was expected; however, the presence of phthalate esters in sludges has apparently not been previously reported. The types of phthalate esters in sludge suggest that they are derived from industrial inputs to the municipal sewage treatment system. Polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated biphenyls, or chlorinated hydrocarbons were not detected in any of the sludges examined.