Compounds In Methanolic Extract Research Articles

Identification of compounds isolated from a methanolic extract of Acanthus ilicifolius leaves and evaluation of their antifungal and antioxidant activity

Abstract. Andriani D, Revianti S, Prananingrum W. 2020. Identification of compounds isolated from a methanolic extract of Acanthus ilicifolius leaves and evaluation of their antifungal and antioxidant activity. Biodiversitas 21: 2521-2525. Acanthus ilicifolius L. (Acanthaceae) is commonly found in mangroves along the east coast of Surabaya. It can be used as an indicator of environmental pollution and damage in mangrove ecosystems. Studies have reported that A. ilicifolius has antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, antileishmanial, and hepatoprotective activity due to the chemical compounds in the plant. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical compounds in methanolic extracts of A. ilicifolius and their antifungal and antioxidant activity. The study involved laboratory experiments with a post-test only control group design. Antifungal activity against Candida albicans biofilm was determined using microtiter plates. Antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Phytochemical screening used colorimetric methods. Methanolic extracts of A. ilicifolius at 16% and 20% concentration had the same inhibitory effect as nystatin against C. albicans (about 70% inhibition of biofilm). Chemical compounds identified in the extract included flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, polyphenols, tannins, and steroids. Methanolic extracts of A. ilicifolius have strong antioxidant and antifungal activity, and the plant’s phytochemical compounds are potential candidates for antifungal therapy.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial/Antioxidant Activity ofCynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. Rhizome Methanolic Extract

A proper use of medicinal plants requires accurate scientific information and understanding of their chemical constituents. The therapeutic effects in the plants are due to the chemical compounds therein.Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. of the family Poaceae is a perennial, pan-tropical species of grass which is a well-known traditional medicine and has a renowned position for treatment of many symptoms and diseases. The chemical composition, free radical scavenging activity, and antimicrobial properties of the methanolic extract ofC. dactylonrhizomes against selected bacterial and fungal strains were investigated using disk-diffusion method. The results indicated that the major fatty acid structures ofC. dactylonmethanolic extract were palmitic acid (36.40%), oleic acid (28.26%), and linoleic acid (17.01%). Alpha-tocopherol (151.39 mg·kg−1) and sitosterol (3199.62 mg·kg−1) were the main tocopherols and sterols, respectively. According to the instrumental analysis, the total phenolic compounds of methanolic extract were equal to 917.08 mg·kg−1and the main compound was hydroquinone (66.89%). Antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract at concentrations of 100–1000 ppm was 9.81–67.87%, which is significantly different from the 200 ppm synthetic antioxidant (BHT) with free radical scavenging activity equal to 48.93% (p<0.05). The antimicrobial study revealed that the methanolic extract ofC. dactylonrhizomes was effective against all of the bacterial pathogens and the antibacterial activity increased with an increase in the concentration of extract. Therefore, the largest zone of inhibition was observed againstBacillus cereus(18.3 ± 0.4 mm) andEscherichia coli(16.8 ± 0.5 mm) at 1000 ppm. The highest resistance was observed withPseudomonas aeruginosa(inhibition zone of 12.8 ± 0.15 mm). Methanolic extract at 200 ppm had no effect against fungusAspergillus niger. However, at 1000 ppm concentration, an inhibition zone with a diameter of 14.4 ± 0.45 mm was formed.

Uji Aktivitas Sitotoksik dan Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Tumbuhan Rengas (Gluta renghas L)

Generally, Gluta renghas L. is known because of its very toxic latex which can cause hard irritations to skin. Although, rengas latex has efficacy as an antibacterial agent. Related to previous research, it has been reported that there are urisol, rengol, glutarengol, laccol, and thitsiol in rengas latex. The woody trunk was reported to contain flavonoid, benzenoid, lipid, and steroid compounds. The leaves, were reported shows that the leaves of G. renghas contain an anticholinesterase substance and can be reduced the rate of hydrolysis of acetylcholine. Extraction of rengas leaves has been carried out. It has been shown phenols, steroids, and coumarins compounds in methanol extract, flavonoids, phenols, saponins and alkaloids compounds in ethyl acetate extract, steroids and alkaloids compounds in hexane extract. In the present, cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity have been tested. The results show that the great cytotoxicity activity by ethyl acetate extracts which have an LC50 value is 123,718 µg/mL (R2 0.9822), while the great antibacterial activity shown by methanol extract 1,000 µg/mL with a diameter of inhibition zone 19.02 mm (S. aureus) and 16.06 mm (E. coli).Â

Zygophyllum album leaves extract prevented hepatic fibrosis in rats, by reducing liver injury and suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and the TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathways. Exploring of bioactive compounds using HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS.

Zygophyllum album is traditionally used against many illnesses, such as liver disease. The present study investigated the bioactive compounds in methanol extract of Z. album (MEZA) using HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and explored its possible antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and hepatoprotective effect. Twelve phenolic compounds were identified; isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside being the main one was the main composite (144.6mg/100gdm). Results showed that MEZA reduced significantly the biochemical markers (AST, ALT, LDH and ALP), and the hepatic oxidative stress indicators (MDA, PC, SOD, CAT, and GPx) in deltamethrin (DLM)-treated rats. Moreover, MEZA limited the inflammatory responses through downregulation of NF-κB gene, which suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). Furthermore, Z. album reduced DLM-induced apoptosis by attenuating caspase 3 and p53 mRNA activation. MEZA treatment also alleviated upregulation of α-SMA, type I collagen, and TGF-β1 mRNA in the liver. The possible antifibrotic effect of MEZA was clearly demonstrated by the histopathology examination, using Masson's Trichrome and Sirius Red stainings. Therefore, the current study suggested that the bioactive compounds of Z. album possessed antifibrotic effect against DLM-induced hepatic fibrosis, by protecting liver tissue, and inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and the TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathways.

Chemical composition, antitumor and antioxidant effects of four lebanese plants extracts on human pulmonary adenocarcinoma

Lung cancer leading cause of humans’ cancer-related death remains incurable with current drug therapies having many side-effects. Finding new natural cancer remedies would help design better therapies. This study aims to investigate the anticancer and antioxidant effects of the Levant endemic plants Prango sasperula, Stachys ehrenbergii, Hirtellina lobelia, and Salvia multicaulis on human pulmonary adenocarcinoma. GC/MS and NMR analyzed the bioactive compounds of methanolic extracts of these plants. Their antioxidant effect was measured by ABTS assay. The effect of these extracts on the viability of A549 (Human lung adenocarcinoma cell line) and NHBE (Normal Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells) was examined using MTT and Anchorage-Independent Colony Formation assays. Our findings show an interesting, specific cytotoxic effect of these plant extracts on A549 cells. Additionally, S. ehrenbergii and H. lobelii present a specific high alkylation potential. Data reveal an interesting antitumor potential attributed to their antiproliferative and alkylation actions towards human pulmonary adenocarcinoma.

FORMULASI DAN EFEKTIFITAS SAMPO EKSTRAK BUAH PEDADA (Sonneratia caseolaris L) SEBAGAI ANTIKETOMBE TERHADAP Candida albicans

Half of the world's population has been affected by dandruff, especially those aged 15 to 50 years. Dandruff is one of the problems on the scalp with common symptoms of scales (exfoliation of dead skin), itching of the scalp and redness around the scalp. Dandruff can be caused by an oily scalp, hormones or fungus. One of the fungi that cause dandruff is Candida albicans. Based on research that has been done, secondary metabolite compounds of methanol extract of peada fruit peel which is a pure white compound in the form of powder are identified as alkaloid compounds. In general, alkaloids can be used as an antifungal. Anti-dandruff shampoo is a dosage that is often used daily and can be used to treat and prevent scalp from excessive dandruff where this shampoo contains active antifungal agents which are effective as an anti-dandruff. Pedada fruit was extracted using multilevel maceration method with methanol as a solvent. Pedada fruit extract shampoo is formulated with variations in extract concentration into 3 formulas. Shampoo was tested for physical properties and effectiveness of anti-dandruff using the Kirby-Bauer Diffusion method with PDA media. From the results obtained it can be concluded that the physical properties of the three formulas of pedada fruit extract shampoo (Sonnerratia caseolaris L) include organoleptic, pH , high foam , cycling test, and viscosity produced good physical properties in accordance with the standard test of the physical properties of shampoo, however Homogeneity test results show that formula III shampoo is less homogeneous. All three shampoo formulas are effective as anti-dandruff against the fungus Candida albicans.

Total phenolic, total flavonoid contents and antioxidant potential of Common Bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) in Vietnam

In this study, the antioxidant properties of total phenolics and flavonoids extracts from different parts (leaves, pods, and seeds) of common bean were evaluated. Specifically, the highest total phenolic content was recorded with methanol extracts of pods (95.41 ± 1.18 mg GAE/g), whereas methanolic extract of seeds contained the lowest content of phenols (6.87 ± 1.45 mg GAE/g). The highest total flavonoid content was found in methanol extracts of leaves (44.59 ± 2.15 mg RE/g). Meanwhile, the methanol extract of seeds and pods contained less flavonoid content (9.29 ± 1.65 mg RE/g and 3.64 ± 0.87 mg RE/g, respectively). The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 29, 18 and 29 different plant compounds in methanol extracts of leaves, seeds and pods, respectively. The methanol extracts of leaves showed the highest antioxidant capacity with an inhibitory percentage of 48.74 ± 0.32% at a concentration of 100 μg/mL and the EC₅₀ value of 137.4 μg/mL. The methanol extracts of seed had the lowest antioxidant capacity with an inhibitory percentage of 13.99 ± 1.22% at a concentration of 100 μg/mL and the EC₅₀ value of 486.2 μg/mL. The results showed that the extract from leaves of common bean had the highest antioxidant activities as well as total contents of flavonoid in comparison with an extract from seeds and pods and the positive relationship between total flavonoids content and antioxidant activities in this plant.

Secondary metabolites and Biological activities of Allium porrum L. attack Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice

The aim of the study is to investigate the phenolic compounds of methanol extract of Allium porrum L. Aerial parts (MEAP) and introducing the methanolic extract as a candidate for the treatment of cancer in vivo as well as exploring its anti-tumor mechanisms in attacking tumor cells at the molecular level. Isolation of phenolic and flavonoid compounds by column chromatography has been carried out, purified by sephadex LH-20 and their structures were established with the aid of spectroscopic metheods (UV, EI/MS, ESI/MS,1H-NMR and13C-NMR spectroscopy). Eleven phenolic and flavonoid compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of MEAP, and characterized as (quercetin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside-7-O-α-rhamnpyranoside, quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside, quercetin-4’-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, quercetin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and gallic acid. Forty five female Swiss albino mice were divided into five groups. One group represents the normal control. The four remaining groups were divided as follows: Two groups were injected with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells intraperitonially the other two were injected intramuscularly (to form solid tumor) representing the positive non treated groups. One group from each model administrated orally the extract at a dose of 300mg/kg b. wt. three days weekly for twenty-one days after 24 hrs from the intraperitonial or intramuscular injection of EAC cells. The influence of the extract on the apoptotic proteins was tested in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells and in solid tumor of the treated groups compared to the non-treated ones. The gene expression of caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2 proteins and DNA fragmentation test were performed in the EAC cells. Hematological profile was conducted on mice's blood in addition to the immunohistochemical determination of P53 protein in solid tumors.

Antimicrobial Activity of Hand Lotion of Flower Mimusops elengi.

BACKGROUND:Aceh is a tropical region that is very many overgrown by various plants that have medicinal properties; one of them is M. elengi. M. elengi flower extract has the main content of triterpene and alcohol, that have antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and antineoplastic activity. Extraction of chemical compounds containing essential oils generally uses distillation, and get the small amounts of chemical compounds, while the maceration with n-hexane solvent, producing less active nonpolar compounds against S. aureus bacteria.AIM:Isolating the methanol extract from M. elengi flowers and test its antibacterial and antifungal activity. Furthermore, extracts with active concentrations are made into a lotion.METHODS:Methanol extract from M. elengi flower was characterised by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, then tested for antibacterial and antifungal, then made into the lotion. The lotion was tested again for its antimicrobial activity, physical and organoleptic properties.RESULTS:The most abundant chemical compounds in an extract of M. elengi based on characterisation with GC-MS is Borneol L; (Bicyclo [2.2.1] heptane-2-ol, 1,7,7-trimethyl, as much as 82%). The methanol extract of M. elengi flower can inhibit the growth of S. aureus bacteria and C. albicans fungi, and also the lotion from methanol extract can inhibit the growth of S. aureus bacteria, but the M. elengi flower extract lotion cannot inhibit the growth of C. albicans fungi. The lotion inhibits the growth of S. aureus bacteria, from a concentration of methanol extract of 8% and 16%. Lotion with 16% methanol extract has 81.33% in activity power compared with positive control. The results of physical and organoleptic properties test, with the concentration of methanol extract of M. elengi 1, 2, 8, and 16%, have pH in the range of 6.6-8 (still in a safe range, 4.5-9 according to SNI 16-4399-1997). The lotion type is m/a, the spreading capacity of the lotion is 18.8 - 39.5 cm2. The power of adhesive at skin ranges from 1 minute 27 seconds to 3 minutes 7 seconds. The viscosity of the lotion ranges from 23,670-24,400 cP, this range is in the range based on SNI 16-4399-1996 (2000-50,000 cP), so the lotion is in a good category. The preferred lotion is at a concentration of 2%, in fragrance.CONCLUSION:Antibacterial activity of the lotion of methanol extract of M. elengi flower against S. aureus bacteria was the best at 16%, but could not inhibit the growth of C. albicans fungi. The most abundant compounds in methanol extract are Borneol L compounds; (Bicyclo [2.2.1] heptane-2-ol, 1,7,7-trimethyl. In general, the physical properties of this lotion meet the requirements of SNI16-4399-1996, SNI 16-4399-1997, and lotions which are preferred at a concentration of 2% in fragrance.

Characterization of Phenolic Compounds and Antiproliferative Effects of Salvia pomifera and Salvia fruticosa Extracts.

The phenolic compounds of methanolic extracts of Salvia pomifera and Salvia fruticosa were identified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Carnosic acid and its metabolite carnosol were the most abundant terpene phenolic compounds of S. fruticosa, while they were completely absent in S. pomifera. The main terpene phenolic constituent of S. pomifera was 12-O-methylcarnosic acid and its mass/mass fragmentation pathway was explained. The detailed mechanism of carnosic acid oxidation to carnosol was suggested. The effects of Salvia extracts and/or carnosic acid, the main diterpene phenolic component of S. fruticosa, on the proliferation and cell cycle of two melanoma cell lines (A375, Mel JuSo) and human fibroblast cell line (HFF) were investigated by MTT assay, PI-exclusion assay and flow cytometry cell cycle analysis. Extract of S. fruticosa more efficiently than S. pomifera extract reduced the proliferation of the human melanoma cells. Carnosic acid showed the most significant effect. The first evidence that carnosic acid affects microtubule dynamics and arrests the cell cycle in the G2/M phase was provided. Collectively, our results demonstrate that these two Salvia species are plants of medicinal interest with perspective for further investigation. Carnosic acid could be the compound responsible for the biological activities of S. fruticosa extracts.

Gas Chromatographic Study of Bio-active Compounds in Methanolic Extract of Leaf of Crateva adansonii DC

This study investigates the volatile bioactive components in Crateva adansonii plant that has been applied in the treatment of diverse ailments in the Western part of Nigeria and in Africa. The methanolic leaf extract of Crateva adansonii was subjected to analysis using gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique. The mass spectra of the compounds were analysed and identity of the compounds confirmed using the data base of the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) library. The compounds identified includesn-Hexadecanoic acid; 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z); 9-Octadecenoic acid; (Z,E)-2,13-Octadecadien-1-ol; 9,17-Octadecadienal; cis-9-Hexadecenal; cis-Vaccenic acid; Z,Z-10,12-Hexadecadienal; 13-Octadecenal; Hexadecanoic acid 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester; E-11-Hexadecenal. Most of the compounds identified have antibacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypocholesterolemic properties, which affirms the therapeutic applications of Crateva adansonii as a medicinal plant.

Estudio de inhibición de la corrosión del cobre en agua de mar sintética por Equisetum arvense como inhibidor verde de la corrosión

Extract of the stems of Equisetum arvense was studied as a natural corrosion inhibitor (NCI) in synthetic seawater exposing samples of copper. To determine the protection of the metal by the NCI, electrochemical tests using potentiodynamic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and linear polarization resistance were performed at room temperature. The morphological characterization of the material with and without NCI was carried out by scanning electron microscopy. The chemical composition of the NCI was determined by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that Equisetum arvense acts as a mixed-type NCI, achieving an inhibition efficiency of 53.78% when using 1000 ppm of NCI. From EIS the charge transfer resistance increased in the first 21 h, obtaining an inhibition efficiency of 87.5%. LPR results showed similar behavior than EIS at the same concentration. FTIR revealed that the chemical structure of the compounds of methanol extract of Equisetum arvense have functional groups such as: -OH, C-H, C=O and C-O, whereas GC-MS showed that eight compounds are present in the NCI.

A Study on Phytochemical and Anticancer Activities of Epiphytic Orchid Aerides odorata Lindl.

Aim: The present study was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical composition and anticancer activities of leaf extract of Aerides odorata Lour., a widely distributed epiphytic herb found in the Eastern Ghats of Vizianagram district.
 Methodology: The solvents like n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol were used to extract dried leaf material of A. odorata. These extracts were analysed for phytochemical constituents by GC-MS analysis and in vitro anticancer activity was done against two cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and HeLa cell line) by using MTT assay.
 Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, and terpenoids. GC-MS analysis determines presence of 15 compounds in ethyl acetate and 14 compounds in methanol extracts respectively. Among two extracts a total 13 compounds have anticancer activity. Both the solvent extracts exhibit significant cancer cell growth inhibition with IC50 value ranging between 26.211 µg/mL to 59.061 µg/mL.
 Conclusion: Methanol about the best solvent and its activity. Our result showed A. odorata is a promising source of anticancer drugs.

Assessment of camel thorn (Alhagi maurorum) as new sources of bioactive compounds using GC-MS technique

Alhagi maurorum (A. maurorum) is one of the medicinally important plants belonging to the family leguminasae, commonly known as camel thorn. This research was amid to identify the chemical compounds in the aerial part of A. maurorum using GC-mass analysis. Three solvents with different polarities were used for the extraction of chemical constituents (water, methanol and petroleum ether). The results of GC-MS analysis led to identification of various compounds. In total, thirty-nine compounds from petroleum ether extract, thirty-two compounds in methanolic extract and seventeen compounds in aqueous extract were identified. Majority of the identified compounds have been reported to possess many biological activities. Among them, we reported 10 new anticancer compounds (Vitamin E; Hexadecanoic acid; Stigmast-5-en-3-ol; Phytol,2-hexadecen-1-ol,3,7,11,15-tetramethyl; Squalene; Hexadecanoic acid; 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester; Oxime,methoxy-phenyl,methyl N-hydroxyben-zenecarboximidoate; Ergost-5-en-3-ol; 9,12- Octadecad-ienoic acid and Farnesol) from A. maurorum using three solvent, while the best effective solvent was petroluem ether. Therefore, we report that A. maurorum has great potential to be developed into anticancer drugs.

Towards the use of Cupressus sempervirens L. organic extracts as a source of antioxidant, antibacterial and antileishmanial biomolecules

Cupressus sempervirens L. is largely used in traditional medicine as an antimicrobial agent. The present study investigated the antioxidant, antibacterial and antileishmanial activities of C. sempervirens organic extracts at different phenological stages. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylradical) scavenging assay, ferric reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. The antibacterial activity was evaluated against five clinical strains by disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The antileishmanial activity was determined against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania (L.) infantum and L. major. Results of antioxidant activity showed that methanolic extract from vegetative stage had the most important activity. The ethyl acetate extract of C. sempervirens from flowering stage was the most active against Bacillus cereus (ATCC 14579) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) with MIC of 100 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, this extract exhibited high antileishmanial activity against promastigote form of L. infantum and L. major (IC50 = 1.47 and 2.8 μg/mL, respectively) and amastigote form (IC50 = 3.61 and 5.42 μg/mL, respectively). Furthermore, ethyl acetate extract showed low cytotoxicity on macrophage cells Raw264.7 with selectivity index of 34.15 and 17.93 for L. infantum and L. major, respectively. The identification by HPLC and HPLC-MSn of active extracts of C. sempervirens revealed that major compounds of methanolic extract from vegetative stage and ethyl acetate extract from flowering stage were cupressuflavone and amentoflavone. Based on these results, C. sempervirens extracts could be used as an alternative to chemical drugs for the treatment of oxidative stress and infectious diseases.

ACUTE LARVICIDAL TOXICITY AND REPELLENCY EFFECT OF OCTOPUS CYANEA CRUDE EXTRACTS AGAINST THE FILARIASIS VECTOR, CULEX PIPIENS

This study evaluated the acute larval toxicity and repellent effect of solvent extracts of the big blue octopus, Octopus cyanea on the mosquito, Culex pipiens. Results showed that the highest effect of the acute larvicidal activities was recorded for ethanol extract (LC50=24.57ppm), followed by methanol extract (LC50=35.85 ppm). The repellency percentages increased with the increase of concentration producing the highest at 200 ppm and 50 ppm for methanol and ethanol extracts, respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 19 compounds in ethanol extract and 5 compounds in methanol extract with insecticidal activities. The major identified bioactive compounds are Eugenol; Furoscrobiculin B; Hexadecanoic acid, methylester; Hexadecanoic acid, 1(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediylester; Octadecanoic acid, methylester; Oleic acid, eicosyl ester; 2-Methyl-5H-dibenz [b, f] azepine and many polysiloxanes compounds. Generally, results obtained indicated that O. cyanea ethanol extract induced remarkable effects on both acute larvicidal and repellent activities.

Algicidal properties of extracts from Cinnamomum camphora fresh leaves and their main compounds

Plant allelochemicals are considered as the source of effective, economic and friendly-environmental algaecides. To uncover the anti-algal activities of Cinnamomum camphora fresh leaves and their main algicidal agents, we investigated the inhibitory effects of water and methanol extracts from C. camphora fresh leaves on Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cell growth, analyzed the composition of the water and methanol extracts, and determined the main compounds in extracts on the growth of the two algae and their anti-algal mechanism from photosynthetic abilities. Water and methanol extracts from C. camphora fresh leaves can inhibit M. aeruginosa and C. reinhardtii cell growth, and methanol extracts showed stronger inhibitory effects, due to their more compounds and higher molar concentration. There were 23 compounds in the water extracts, mainly including terpenoids, esters, alcohols, and ketones. Compared to the water extracts, 9 new compounds were detected in the methanol extracts, and the molar concentration of total compounds in methanol extracts increased by 1.3 folds. Camphor, α-terpineol and linalool were 3 main compounds in the water and methanol extracts. Their mixture (1: 3: 6) and individual compound showed remarkable inhibition on M. aeruginosa and C. reinhardtii cell growth. The degradation of photosynthetic pigments and the reduction of maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry, coefficient of photochemical quenching as well as apparent electron transport rate in C. reinhardtii cells aggravated gradually with increasing the concentration of the mixture and individual compound, while the non-photochemical dissipation of absorbed light energy increased gradually, which led to the decline of photosynthetic abilities. This indicated that camphor, α-terpineol and linalool were 3 main algicidal agents in C. camphora fresh leaf extracts, and they inhibited algal growth by inducing photosynthetic pigment degradation and declining PSII efficiency. Therefore, C. camphora fresh leaf extracts and their main components have potential utilization values as algaecides.

Phytochemical Diversity Among Parts of Zingiber roseum Rosc. Extracts With Their Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity

The present study focussed on phytochemical analysis of Zingiber roseum through GC & GC-MS, antifungal and antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts of seed, rhizome and perianth of the plant. GC-MS analysis was done by using GC MS-QP 2010 Plus equipment revealed diverse chemical make-up of the constituents. Among identified constituents ascorbic acid 2, 6-dihexadecanoate, 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dimethoxy-4h-chromen-4-one, hexadecanoic acid metyl ester, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) and β-citronellal were found as major compounds in methanolic extracts from seeds, rhizome and petals respectively. The antifungal activity was done by disc diffusion methods for which extracts were tested against Fusarium accuminata. Among them the extracts were found to be remarkable fungicide according to its inhibition action against Fusarium accuminata. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the methanol extracts were evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging, FRAP assay and metal chelating activity. The antioxidant assay revealed good to moderate antioxidant potential with different IC50 values with respect to Fe3+ reducing power (200.34-438.79 μg/ml), Fe2+ metal chelating ability (310.80-469.69 μg/ml) and DPPH anion scavenging activities (215.99-884.40 μg/ml) in comparison to known standards. Based on present findings it has been concluded that this herb can be a good source to develop a safe, eco-friendly and sustainable natural, food preservative.

PEST CONTROL POTENTIAL OF CYCLOSOROUS INTERRUPTUS, CHRISTELLA DENTATA AND NEPHROLEPIS CORDIFOLIA ON THE BIOLOGY OF SPODOPTERA LITURA (FAB.)

The present experiment was designed to investigate the pesticididal property of the chosen ferns viz., Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) H.Itô (Theylepteridaceae), Christella dentata (Willd.) (Forssk.) Brownsey et Jermy (Theylepteridaceae), and Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) Presl. Phytochemical analysis carried out using methanol extracts of the experimental ferns revealed the presence of the secondary metabolites like alkaloids, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and phenolic compounds in methanolic extracts of the experimental ferns. The nano particles of chosen fern extracts synthesized using silver nitrate (AgNO3) showed the characteristic colour change from pale yellow to dark brown indicated the synthesis of silver based nano particles. The UV- Visible spectrum obtained for the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of the experimental ferns confirmed the synthesis of nanoparticles (433.50 nm, 447.00 nm and 444.00 nm for C. interruptus, C. dentata and N. cordifolia, respectively). Bioassay on the pesticidal property of the methanol extracts and ferns-AgNP were evaluated against third instar larvae of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The results of the bioassay revealed the impact of methanolic extracts and their AgNP particles on the developmental period, pupal weight, percentage of pupation and adult emergence and also caused larval, pupal and adult deformities that confirm the insecticidal activity of the experimental ferns.

Comprehensive analysis of links between diabetes and pancreatic cancer: A bioinformatical approach

Cupressus sempervirens L. is largely used in traditional medicine as an antimicrobial agent. The present study investigated the antioxidant, antibacterial and antileishmanial activities of C. sempervirens organic extracts at different phenological stages. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylradical) scavenging assay, ferric reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. The antibacterial activity was evaluated against five clinical strains by disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The antileishmanial activity was determined against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania (L.) infantum and L. major. Results of antioxidant activity showed that methanolic extract from vegetative stage had the most important activity. The ethyl acetate extract of C. sempervirens from flowering stage was the most active against Bacillus cereus (ATCC 14579) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) with MIC of 100 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, this extract exhibited high antileishmanial activity against promastigote form of L. infantum and L. major (IC50 = 1.47 and 2.8 μg/mL, respectively) and amastigote form (IC50 = 3.61 and 5.42 μg/mL, respectively). Furthermore, ethyl acetate extract showed low cytotoxicity on macrophage cells Raw264.7 with selectivity index of 34.15 and 17.93 for L. infantum and L. major, respectively. The identification by HPLC and HPLC-MSn of active extracts of C. sempervirens revealed that major compounds of methanolic extract from vegetative stage and ethyl acetate extract from flowering stage were cupressuflavone and amentoflavone. Based on these results, C. sempervirens extracts could be used as an alternative to chemical drugs for the treatment of oxidative stress and infectious diseases.