Compounds In Ethyl Acetate Fraction Research Articles

Identification of anti-fibrotic and pro-apoptotic bioactive compounds from Ganoderma formosanum and their possible mechanisms in modulating TGF-β1-induced lung fibrosis

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe Compendium of Materia Medica and the Classic of Materia Medica, the two most prominent records of traditional Chinese medicine, documented the therapeutic benefits of Ganoderma sinense particularly in addressing pulmonary-related ailments. Ganoderma formosanum, an indigenous subspecies of G. sinense from Taiwan, has demonstrated the same therapeutic properties. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study is to identify bioactive compounds and evaluate the potential of G. formosanum extracts as a novel treatment to alleviate pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Using an in-house drug screening platform, two-stage screening was performed to determine their anti-fibrotic efficacy. Methods and materialsG. formosanum was fractionated into four partitions by solvents of different polarities. To determine their antifibrotic and pro-apoptotic properties, the fractions were analyzed using two TGF-β1-induced pulmonary fibrosis cell models (NIH-3T3) and human pulmonary fibroblast cell lines, immunoblot, qRT-PCR, and annexin V assays. Subsequently, transcriptomic analysis was conducted to validate the findings and explore possible molecular pathways. The identification of potential bioactive compounds was achieved through UHPLC-MS/MS analysis, while molecular interaction study was investigated by multiple ligands docking and molecular dynamic simulations. ResultsThe ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) extracted from G. formosanum demonstrated substantial anti-fibrotic and pro-apoptotic effects on TGF-β1-induced fibrotic models. Moreover, the EAF exhibited no discernible cytotoxicity. Untargeted UHPLC-MS/MS analysis identified potential bioactive compounds in EAF, including stearic acid, palmitic acid, and pentadecanoic acid. Multiple ligands docking and molecular dynamic simulations further confirmed that those bioactive compounds possess the ability to inhibit TGF-β receptor 1. ConclusionPotential bioactive compounds in G. formosanum were successfully extracted and identified in the EAF, whose anti-fibrotic and pro-apoptotic properties could potentially modulate pulmonary fibrosis. This finding not only highlights the EAF's potential as a promising therapeutic candidate to treat pulmonary fibrosis, but it also elucidates how Ganoderma confers pulmonary health benefits as described in the ancient texts.

Molecular docking study of ethyl acetate fraction of Selaginella doederleinii Hieron extract as anti-Warburg effect in breast cancer

Context: Aerobic glycolysis is a breast cancer hallmark that has become a novel target for anticancer therapy. GLUT1, HK2, PKM2, and LDHA are oncogenic proteins in the pathway. The compounds of ethyl acetate fraction of Selaginella doederleinii Hieron extract can be developed as aerobic glycolysis inhibitors by impeding the proteins’ activity. Aims: To analyze the anticancer activity of compounds of the ethyl acetate fraction of S. doederleinii via inhibiting oncogenic proteins in the aerobic glycolysis pathway. Methods: The 3D protein structures were obtained from the RCSB database. Ligands were compounds of the ethyl acetate fraction predicted to have a good oral bioavailability based on our previous study. The ligand structures were downloaded from the PubChem database. Docking and analysis of chemical interactions were performed using Autodock Vina in Pyrx and Discovery Studio 2020, respectively. Results: Some compounds interacted with the specific binding site of proteins with low binding affinity. Diosgenin interacted with GLUT1 and LDHA with the binding affinity of -11.8 and -9.6 kcal/mol. Frutinone A was found to bind PKM2 and LDHA with the binding affinity of -10.0 and -8.4 kcal/mol. Vitexin interacted with GLUT1 and PKM2 with the binding affinity of -10.4 and -10.0 kcal/mol. Valerodine and 5-hydroxyferulic acid methyl ester could bind HK2 with a binding affinity of -6.1 and -6.8 kcal/mol. Conclusions: The compounds of ethyl acetate fraction of S. doederleinii extract were predicted to inhibit GLUT1, HK2, PKM2, and LDHA. Therefore, these compounds could be developed as anti-breast cancer agents targeting the aerobic glycolysis pathway.

Phenolic compounds profile of Amomum tsaoko Crevost et Lemaire and their antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential

This study determined the phytochemical composition and bioactivity (antioxidant and hypoglycemic) in five fractions (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water fractions) obtained from ethanol extract of Amomum tsaoko Crevost et Lemaire (A. tsaoko). Qualitative and quantitative analyses of phenolic compounds were carried out with UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. 50 bioactive compounds were identified from five different fractions, including 11 phenolic acids and derivatives, 18 flavonoids and derivatives, 14 proanthocyanidins, 2 organic acids, and 5 other compounds. It was found that ethyl acetate fraction (EF) was enriched with the most types and contents of substances. Flavonoids and derivatives (including epicatechin and catechin) were the primary phenolic compounds in EF. In addition, EF demonstrated excellent antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS with IC50 = 0.17 and 0.07 mg/mL, FRAP of 546.10 mg VCE/g DW) and anti-α-glucosidase activity (IC50 = 20.14 μg/mL). EF could ameliorate fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance of diabetic mice. In conclusion, EF could be developed as a potential candidate for preventing or treating oxidative stress diseases and diabetes.

IN VIVO AND IN VITRO ANTIPLASMODIAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS, FRACTIONS AND AN ISOLATED COMPOUND FROM SILK OF ZEA MAYS (CORN SILK)

This study has investigated antiplasmodial activity of extracts, fractions and an isolated compound from corn silk using both in vivo and in vitro assays. Also, safety studies were carried out on the extract. Pharmacologically, both aqueous and methanolic extracts demonstrated remarkable in vivo antiplasmodial activity of 78.9 ± 1.59 % and 77.3 ± 0.92 % reduction in parasitaemia respectively. The bioassay guided fractionation indicated that ethyl acetate fraction of the methanolic extract of corn silk exhibited highest antiplasmodial activity among the fractions investigated. Employing column chromatography and other chromatographic methods on the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanolic extract of corn silk led to isolation of norbergenin. Spectroscopic methods such as infrared, one-dimensional, two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and others were used in characterization and identification of the compound. Antiplasmodial investigation of the compound using in vitro SYBR Green 1 fluorescent-based assay on the chloroquine-sensitive based plasmodial 3D7 strain showed that it possessed antiplasmodial activity of IC50 value of 15.31±2.10 μg/mL and could be linked to the bioactive compounds in ethyl acetate fraction. The results of this study have granted support to the local use of corn silk for the treatment of malaria. It is the first report of these pharmacological studies. It is also the first report of isolating norbergenin from corn silk.

Screening of α-glucosidase inhibitors in large-leaf yellow tea by offline bioassay coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Larger-leaf yellow tea (LYT) is a characteristic type of Chinese tea produced in Huoshan County, Anhui Province, which is made by mature leaves with stems. According to recent report, LYT showed competitive effects in anti-hyperglycemia in comparison to other teas such as green or black tea. However, the bioactive compounds of LYT are still undiscovered so far. For this purpose, 5 fractions of LYT were prepared by sequential extraction. The in vitro bioassay results indicated that the ethyl acetate fraction of LYT had the strongest inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Fluorescence-quenching analysis and protein-binding test revealed that the compounds of ethyl acetate fraction could inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities through binding to enzymes or other mechanisms. All chromatographic peaks of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of ethyl acetate fraction were separated and collected. The purified compounds were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and subsequently screened by calculating their inhibition ratio on α-glucosidase at the real concentration in LYT infusion. The results showed that (–)-epigallocatechin gallate, (–)-gallocatechin gallate, caffeine, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone-substituted flavan-3-ols were effective inhibitors for α-glucosidase.

PENETAPAN KADAR FENOLIK TOTAL EKSTRAK ETANOL 70% DAN FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT DAUN BAWANG DAYAK (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr) DENGAN METODE SPEKTROFOMETRI UV-VIS

ayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr). Is used by the people in Central Kalimantan as a traditional treatment by utilizing onion dayak tubers while the leaves are rarely used, the part of dayak onion leaves also have the potential to naturally be useful as traditional medicine because they contain compounds phenol. Phenol compounds are useful as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic and antitumor. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of phenolic chemical compounds in ethyl acetate fraction and 70% ethanol extract of dayak onion leaves and find out the total phenolic content contained. The sample in this study is Dayak onion leaves from Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan. Extraction of onion dayak leaves using maceration method. Fraction extract was made by liquid-liquid extraction method with ethyl acetate solvent. The level determination method used was Uv-Vis Spectrophotometry with Folin ciocalteau reagent. The results of this study indicate that from 70% ethanol extract and dayak onion leaves ethyl acetate fraction is containing phenolic compounds. Phenolic levels in this study obtained total levels of dayak onion leaves ethyl acetate fraction was 10.61% ± 0.0019 said to be greater than the 70% ethanol extract content of dayak onion leaves was 2.23% ± 0.0002.

Ethyl acetate extract from Cistus x incanus L.leaves enriched in myricetin and quercetin derivatives, inhibits inflammatory mediators and activates Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Cistus x incanus L. is a Mediterranean evergreen shrub used in folk medicine for the treatment of inflammatory disorders but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We therefore investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of an ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) from C.x incanus L. leaves on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. HPLC analysis revealed myricetin and quercetin derivatives to be the major compounds in EAF; EAF up to 1µM of total phenolic content, was not cytotoxic and inhibited the mRNA expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (p<0.05) and the production of prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) (p<0.05). Meanwhile, EAF triggered the mRNA expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and elicited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), as well as the expression of its main target gene, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) (p<0.05). These data indicate that EAF attenuates experimental inflammation via the inhibition of proinflammatory mediators and at least in part, by the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. These effects are likely due to myricetin and quercetin derivatives but the role of other, less abundant components cannot be excluded. Further studies to confirm the relevance of our findings in animal models and to highlight the relative contribution of each component to the anti-inflammatory activity of EAF should be conducted.

Antioxidant Activities and Identification of Compounds in Ethyl Acetate Fraction, Dichloromethane Fraction And Ethanol Extract Of Garcinia mangostana L. Leaves

Antioxidant Activities and Identification of Compounds in Ethyl Acetate Fraction, Dichloromethane Fraction And Ethanol Extract Of Garcinia mangostana L. Leaves

Identification of bioactive compounds in ethylacetate fraction of Tapinanthus bangwensis leaves that ameliorate CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats

The pharmacological effects of medicinal plants are due to the presence of certain chemical compounds present in them. Previous studies have shown that crude extracts of Tapinanthus bangwensis ( T. bangwensis) possess hepatocurative potential. However, the present study aims on evaluating the antioxidant activity as well as identifying the chemical compounds in ethylacetate fraction of T. bangwensis that ameliorate carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Six subfractions of ethylacetate fraction were obtained by column chromatography. The antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine (DPPH), biochemical assay determined by spectrophotometry, and compound elucidation by liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) analysis. The DPPH result shows that subfraction F0 exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity followed by F4 while F1 exhibited the lowest. Oral administration of 100 mg/kg body weight of the subfractions of ethylacetate fraction of T. bangwensis increases superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and also glutathione level and decreases malondialdehyde level compared to the positive control group. Subsequently, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and conjugated bilirubin were reduced while albumin and total protein levels increased compared to the positive control group. However, there were no significant differences between the positive control group and the group induced and treated with the subfractions at p &lt; 0.05. The histopathology study shows normal hepatocyte distribution with no fat deposit in the induced and treated groups while fatty liver was observed in the positive group. The anti-hepatotoxic effect was higher in F4 than in other subfraction treated groups. Hence, the LC-MS analysis of F4 reveals the presence of 8-hydroxyluteolin-8-glucoside, Avicularin, Fisetin-7-glucoside, Isoscutellarein-7-xyloside, and Isovitexin, respectively, and has been reported to exhibit antioxidant and hepatocurative activities. It can be concluded that the hepatocurative effect could be due to the chemical compounds identified above.

In silico analysis of phytochemical compounds in ethyl acetate fraction of semanggi (Marsilea crenata Presl.) leaves as neuroprotective agent

Objective: Phytoestrogen is a group of compounds that can replace the estrogen function in the body. One of its roles was as neuroprotective with anti-neuroinflammatory mechanism, by inhibiting classical pathway activation of microglia cell. Marsilea crenata Presl. is a plant that suspected to contain phytoestrogens. The aim of this research was to determine the metabolite profile of ethyl acetate fraction of M. crenata using UPLC-QToF-MS/MS, and prediction the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of compounds with molecular docking. Methods: The 100 ppm of 96% ethanol extract in DCM and methanol were injected 5 µl each into the UPLC-QToF-MS/MS, and then analyzed by Masslynx 4.1 software to determine the compounds. The compounds from metabolite profiling then prepared with SwissADME webtool and Avogadro 1.90.0 software, molecular docking was done using Autodock Vina and Biovia Discovery Studio Visualizer. Results: The result of metabolite profiling shows a total 128 compounds in both DCM and methanol. The molecular docking results showed that the seven compounds were predicted to be phytoestrogen compounds, there are 7 compounds that are predicted to have activities similar to 17s-estradiol, they are 11-Aminoundecanoic acid, dopamantine, naxagolide, 1,1'-(Decylimino)di(2-propanol), 3-(Hexadecylamino)-1,2-propanediol, 2-Chloro-4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-6-(1-piperidinyl)-1,3,5-triazine, and Jasmolone. Conclusion: The compounds of ethyl acetate fraction from M. crenata were predicted have similar activities to 17s-estradiol to be phytoestrogen compounds, which have potential as anti-neuroinflammatory.

Compound Identification and Anticancer Activity of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Bawang Sabrang (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr.) on HeLa Cervical Cancer Cell Line

Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr. is a typical plant found in Central Kalimantan that has been used empirically by the Dayak people as medicine for various diseases, including cancer. The plant contains flavonoid compounds that potentially used as an anticancer. The purpose of this study is to find the most active fraction, indicated by its cytotoxic potency on HeLa cervical cancer cell line, and to identify compounds in E. palmifolia bulbs fraction. E. palmifolia bulbs was extracted by maceration. The extraction with ultrasonic bath and partition fractionation was conducted by using n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. Each fraction was tested for toxicity level on HeLa cells using MTT assay. The identification of active compounds was carried out by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The result showed that based on the IC50 value, the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest bioactivity. IC50 values of n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate fractions were 250.77±19.01; 720.46±42.38; and 44.34±9.45μg/mL, respectively. The identification of the active compound in ethyl acetate fraction resulted 28 chemical compounds. Compounds with the highest percentage area were isoliquiritigenin and oxyresveratrol. The ethyl acetate fraction of E. palmifolia bulbs is potential to be developed as an anticancer candidate (phytopharmaceutical).Keywords: Compound identification, Anticancer activity, Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr., cervical cancer

Methanolic extract of Potentilla fulgens root and its ethyl-acetate fraction delays the process of carcinogenesis in mice

People of north-eastern states of India consume raw areca-nut (RAN) and lime which could lead to oral, esophageal and gastric cancers. However, the incidence of these cancers are significantly lesser in those who consume pieces of Potentilla fulgens root along with RAN. Since evaluation of anticancer role, if any, of P. fulgens on RAN-mediated genetic alterations in human is difficult because of other compounding factors, this study was undertaken in mice to focus on gastric carcinogenesis since ad libitum administration of RAN extract with lime in drinking water induced stomach cancer due to greater exposure of its lining. A total of 160 mice were used at different time points and either methanol extract of P. fulgens roots (PRE) or mixture of four compounds of ethyl-acetate fraction (EA-mixture) was mixed with mice feed. Histological studies revealed that RAN + lime induced cancer in all the mice and interestingly only 20% developed cancer when PRE/EA-mixture was provided along with RAN + lime. Higher frequency of precocious anaphase and over expression of p53 and Securin genes were significantly reduced by PRE/EA-mixture. Thus PRE/EA-mixture mitigates the RAN-induced tumor-initiating process in stomach by maintaining expression of tumor suppressor and check-point genes under control.

Antioxidant, metabolic enzymes inhibitory ability of Torreya grandis kernels, and phytochemical profiling identified by HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS.

In this study, the antioxidant activities, α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitory ability of Torreya grandis kernels (TGK) were performed. Samples were extracted with various polarity of ethanol, and the major phytochemical profile was characterized. The results showed that 70% of ethanol extract gave the richest phenolics and flavonoids. The strongest DPPH· and ABTS·+ scavenging ability, as well as the best inhibition on tyrosinase and α-glucosidase was also detected on 70% of ethanol extract. Among the fractions of 70% of ethanol extract, the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) owned the highest phenolics, flavonoids, and the best DPPH· and ABTS·+ scavenging ability, and tyrosinase inhibition. Unexpectedly, the dichloromethane fraction possessed the strongest inhibition on α-glucosidase, which was much greater than that of acarbose. HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis result to the characterization of 19 compounds from EAF. The results implied that TGK can be a potential source of natural antioxidants, α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitors. Practical applications The kernels of T. grandis are one of the precious nuts in the world, and the extracts were advertised to show a variety of biological activities and pharmacological effects. However, researches on the phytochemical constituents and bioactivities are fewer. In this study, TGK was found to show good potency in antioxidant, α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. The 70% ethanol is the best solvent for extracting above mentioned active components, and ethyl acetate can be the suitable enriching solvent. In addition, the predominant phytochemical compounds in EAF were characterized. Therefore, this research can help to the performance of further research and application of TGK in functional products.

Evaluation Lactogenic Activity of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Torbangun (Coleus amboinicus L.) Leaves

This study aimed to assess the lactogenic property of ethyl acetate fraction of torbangun (Coleus amboinicus L.) leaves and to identify the compounds that responsibility as ‘milk booster’ using LC- MS approach. Lactagogue activity was evaluated in terms of quantity of milk produced from the rats treated with commercial milk booster (AF), ethyl acetate fraction of torbangun leaves (EA), water extraction of torbangun (AQ) and kaempferol (KP). The feed was given orally every two days and starting from Day 2 after giving birth until Day 28. The performance of milk production was measured along the experimental period by weight-suckle-weight method. The level of prolactin serum was determined by ELISA methods. Histopathological analysis of mammary gland, liver, intestines and kidney tissues was carried out. Moreover, in order to profiling and identification of compounds of ethyl acetate fraction, ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-ESI-MS) in the positive-ion mode was performed. The ethyl acetate fraction of torbangun leaves (EA) was induced milk production about 17%, and AF 22% and KP 51% compared to the control group. Meanwhile, the EA was not significantly stimulate the synthesis of serum prolactin at Day 14 and Day 28 (p>0.05). Administration of EA did not cause any signs or symptoms of toxicity. In addition, a total of ten compounds was identified by UPLC-QTOF-ESI/MS in the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves of C. amboinicus, mostly phenolic compounds, flavonols and some of their glycoside derivatives, such as: digiprolatone, and kaempferol-3-7-O-di-rhamnopyranoside. The present study reveals the ethyl acetate fraction of torbangun leaves and its bioactive compounds has the potency as a remedy for stimulating and improving milk production.

GLORIOSA SUPERBA L. – AN ENDANGERED PLANT OF TAMILNADU, YET TO BE EXPLORED AND NEED TO BE CONSERVED

Gloriosa superba L. is commonly being called as glory lily. This perennial climber is designated as the State flower of Tamilnadu. It is extensively cultivated for colcichine, an alkaloid obtained from the seed being exploited for its medicinal properties. The present investigation on this climber was started with an intention to bring out the biomedical potentials with special reference to its anticancer properties. The plant was extracted with methanol and ethyl acetate using Soxhlet extraction unit and the extract was concentrated using vacuum rotavapor. The presence of 15 different compounds in methanol fraction and 1 compound in ethyl acetate fraction were determined by GC-MS. Extensive literature survey suggested that few records was available on anticancer properties of Gloriosa superba L. Hence, an attempt was made to evaluate its anticancer potentials The IC50 value of the compound against MCF7 cell line was found to be 84.23μg/mL.

Antioxidant capacity and identification of the constituents of ethyl acetate fraction from Rhus verniciflua Stokes by HPLC-MS

Ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) from Rhus verniciflua Stokes is an important source of bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was the tentative identification and quantification of phenolic compounds, comparison of the phenolic structure–antioxidant activity relationships. Twelve compounds of EAF belonging to polyphenol types were detected by high performance liquid chromatography and analysed on line with negative ion electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry, which were ethoxy 3-hydroxy benzoic acid, gallic acid (GA), 3,4-dihydroxy amygdalic acid, gallic acid cetyl ester, protocatechuic acid (PA), fustin, ethyl gallate (EG), garbanzol, fisetin, sulfuretin, butin and 3,7-dihydroxyflavanone-4′-rhamnoside. The antioxidant activity were evaluated based on the different types of radical scavenging capacities, i.e. DPPH·, ABTS·+ and OH. The antioxidant capacity of EAF mainly depended on the GA, EG, PA, fisetin, sulfuretin and butin. The phenolics exhibited a dose-dependent behaviour and high antioxidant ability.

Delineation of attenuation of oxidative stress and mutagenic stress by Murraya exotica L. leaves.

BackgroundMurraya exotica L., a member of family Rutaceae is rich in biologically active secondary metabolites and also known for its ethnobotanical importance. With this in mind, the plant was chosen and leaves were extracted sequentially to obtain ethanol, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions. The extract/fractions were evaluated for total phenolic and flavonoid content by spectrophotometric methods. The UHPLC technique was employed for profiling the different polyphenolic compounds present in the extract/fractions. Furthermore, the extract/fractions were analysed for the antioxidant and antimutagenic activities using different in vitro assays.ResultsIt was observed that, among the different extract/fractions, ethyl acetate fraction exhibited maximum total phenolic content i.e. 119.6 mg of GAE/g whereas chloroform fraction showed maximum total flavonoid content i.e. 323.5 mg of RE/g. Likewise, UHPLC method also showed maximum number as well as amount of polyphenolic compounds in ethyl acetate fraction. It was further analyzed that the same fraction exhibited the maximum radical scavenging activity in all antioxidant assays. In Ames assay, ethyl acetate fraction again showed maximum antimutagenic activity of 97.70 % against the 2-aminofluorene mutagen in TA100 tester strain of Salmonella typhimurium.ConclusionOverall, among all the extract/fractions, ethyl acetate fraction was observed to be highly effective in scavenging the free radical as well as reducing the mutagenic effect of the mutagen. The maximum bioactivities of the ethyl acetate fraction may be linked to the presence of high number of polyphenolic compounds as shown by spectrophotometric as well as UHPLC methods.

Antioxidant Activities of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb: In Vitro Comparative Activities of Its Different Fractions

Abstract - The antioxidant potentials of the methanol extract and its various fractions from Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb were measured as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging abilities as well as the reducing power decreasing NO in vitro . The methanol extract of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb showed significantly strong scavenging effects on free radicals of DPPH, ABTS, and NO. Hexane fraction (HF), ethyl acetate fraction (EF) and n-butyl alcohol fraction (BF) were prepared by solvent fractionation. By comparison of polyphenol contents among BF and HF, EF with high polyphenol contents showed the highest DPPH, ABTS, and NO scavenging effects with the value of 50.2%, 80.4%, and 65.7%, respectively, at the highest tested dose. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of various phenolic compounds in EF of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. These results suggest that EF could be considered as natural antioxidant sources and dietary nutritional supplements to prevent oxidation-related diseases.

Antioxidant Properties and Principal Phenolic Compositions of Cynomorium Songaricum Rupr.

The antioxidant properties of crude acetone extract and its fractions separated using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. were examined by 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity assay. The activity of the crude acetone extract was significantly higher than that of vitamin E and lower than that of ascorbic acid. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest activity among the four fractions. Catechins and proanthocyanidins were identified as the predominant components in ethyl acetate fraction by high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Catechin was demonstrated as the major phenolic compound in ethyl acetate fraction of C. songaricum after high-speed counter-current chromatography isolation. In summary, C. songaricum exhibiting high antioxidant activity and abundant procyanidins might be considered as a potential source of antioxidants.

Attenuation of reactive nitrogen species by different flavonoids enriched fractions of Schima Wallichii

ObjectiveTo investigate Schima wallichii (S. wallichii) Choisy (Ternstroemiaceae) which is a well known plant of Sikkim in the Himalayan region, India. MethodsTherefore three major flavonoid enriched fractions (FPet.Ether, FChloroform and FEthylacetate) were isolated by petroleum ether chloroform and ethyl acetate successively. The reactive nitrogen species scavenging activity of the flavonoid fractions was established using biochemical assay to measure scavenging of 2, 2 diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO) and peroxinitrite. ResultsFEthylacetate showed maximum scavenging activity: their IC50 being (7.33 ± 3.32), (7.11 ± 2.21), and (6.67 ± 2.23) μg/mL in DPPH, NO, peroxinitrite radical respectively. Presence of (57.32 ± 2.31) and (163.4 ± 2.22) μg of flavonoids and phenolic compound in 1 mg of extract is assumed to be responsible for free radical scavenging activity. ConclusionTaken together S. wallichii has potent free radical scavenging property indicating its importance in food supplement as a rich source of active flavonoid and phenolic compounds in ethyl acetate fraction which is responsible for its free radical scavenging as well as antioxidant activity.