Compounds In Apples Research Articles

Evaluation of the application of fungicides of inorganic copper compounds in apple and plum agroecosystems of the Krasnodar territory

In unstable environmental conditions, research on replacing pesticides with high consumption rates with modern ones with lower consumption rates, determining their effect on productivity and biometric indicators of a culture is relevant. The goal of the research was to evaluate the use of fungicides of inorganic copper compounds as the main xenobiotics in apple and plum agroecosystems in the Krasnodar Territory and development elements of energy-saving protection technologies for changing weather conditions that ensure maximum efficiency with minimal ecotoxicity. The studies were carried out in 2018-2020. In extreme weather conditions, the preparations Champ DP, WDG and Kocide 2000, WDG showed the effectiveness of apple scab control at the level of 96.8- ± 0.6%. Fungicides Cuproxat, SC and Terpen C, SC in the control of Klyasterosporioz plum - at the level of 92.2-99.0%. Fungicides of the copper group had a negative effect on apple and plum plants: a decrease in the length of annual shoots and leaf area was noted. The use of Terpen C, SC, containing terpene stimuli, stimulated the growth of one-year plum shoots by 27.7% and an increase in the leaf area by 11.6%, in comparison with the control. The content of copper in the fruits of apple and plum trees and in the soil under their plantations was in accordance with the requirements not exceeding hygienic standards. The results obtained can be used to develop elements of energy-saving technologies for protecting apple and plum trees in a changing climate.

Effect of pre-harvest treatments with salicylic and methyl salicylic acid on the chemical profile and activity of some phenylpropanoid pathway related enzymes in apple leaves

The effects of single and multiple sprayings with salicylic acid (SA) and methyl-salicylic acid (MeSA) on the composition of phenolic compounds in apple leaves of the 'Topaz' cultivar were investigated by combined analysis of phenolic compounds by HPLC-MS and measurements of the activities of selected enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway (phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS)/chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone-3β-hydroxylase (FHT) and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR)). The results showed that SA and MeSA in general can stimulate the activity of the above-mentioned enzymes, which led to an increase in certain proven antifungicidal phenolics, such as catechin, chlorogenic acid and phloridzin. MeSA increased the catechin content in apple leaves by up to 48 %, chlorogenic acid by up to 55 % and it also increased the content of phloridzin (1.7-fold higher content in comparison with the control). The content of some phenolic groups, such as hydroxycinnamic acid, flavanones and flavanols, increased with the number of sprayings with MeSA.

Development of Biotechnology Textbook Based on Bioinformatics Research

Learning for undergraduate students needs to pay attention to the development of science and technology. Based on the results of the Biotechnology level of undergraduate students' needs assessment, it is known that the teaching materials have not used the bioinformatics approach. However, bioinformatics is a significant study in this course. One of the alternatives to achieve the goal of learning is to develop textbook-based research. The textbook was designed based on research on the potential analysis of quercetin compounds in apples as anti-autism by reverse docking. The study aims to develop a textbook for the biotechnology course. The method to the development of a textbook on this research used a development of Dick & Carey model. The study involved 3 students for the individual test, and 9 students for small group test. The results of validation from the material expert, media expert, and learning practitioner are 96%, 91%, and 93%, while the results of students' tests are individual test 84% and small group test 86%. All validation results show a very valid category with revisions according to expert advice and readability from students. The textbook developed can be used as materials for undergraduate students in courses relevant to the content of textbook, especially Biotechnology courses in the Biology Education department.

Content of major phenolic compounds in apples: Benefits of ultra-low oxygen conditions in long-term storage

The effect of ultra-low oxygen (ULO) conditions applied during long-term storage of apples to preserve content of phenolic compounds has been studied. Contents of phenolics including gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, quercitrin, rutin, phloridzin, and phloretin in ten apple cultivars were determined immediately after the harvest and their changes monitored after three, five, and seven months storage in a cooled warehouse and under ULO conditions. Fast HPLC separation with UV detection using core-shell C18 column and gradient elution was applied. Different apple cultivars were tested and statistical analysis performed based on multiple hypothesis t-test with p-value cut-off adjusted by Holm-Bonferroni method. Principal component analysis was applied to further support the observations. Our results proved the benefits of ULO storage conditions for cultivars intended for longer storage. However, ULO storage conditions did not have a significant effect during short-term storage. Most of the cultivars bred for short-term storage stored in cooled or ULO conditions did not exhibit any statistical difference in the phenolics content.

Metabolite Profiling and Antioxidant Activity of 10 New Early- to Mid-Season Apple Cultivars and 14 Traditional Cultivars.

Early- to mid-season apple cultivars have recently been developed in response to global warming; however, their metabolite compositions remain unclear. Herein, metabolites, such as free sugars, and organic acids and antioxidant activity were determined in 10 new and 14 traditional apple cultivars. Additionally, the phenolic profiles of the apple pulp and peel were characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Major phenolic compounds in apples varied depending on the cultivar and tissue (i.e., peel or pulp). Among the new apple cultivars, Decobell and Tinkerbell, showed high antioxidant activity and contained higher phenolic compound content than other cultivars in the peel and pulp, respectively. Honggeum showed high phenolic content with similar sugar to acid ratio compared to popular traditional cultivars. In addition to antioxidant phenolic contents, metabolite profile information can be used to select apple cultivars for various purposes. For example, Indo can be selected for sweet apple taste because of its higher sugar to acid ratio. This information can be used to select apple cultivars for various purposes. For example, Decobell peel could be used as sources of food supplements and food additives, and Tinkerbell pulp can be utilized for apple juice making according to its metabolite profile.

Ethylene Emission as a Potential Indicator of Fuji Apple Flavor Quality Evaluation Under Low Temperature

Fuji apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is a popular fruit cultivar and occupies an important position in the fruit market due to its excellent flavor and storage quality. Ethylene emission can induce respiration, which would reduce postharvest quality and increase storage losses. In order to maintain fruit quality and extend shelf life, apples are usually stored in a low-temperature environment after harvest to reduce the formation of ethylene. Volatile aroma components are regarded as one of the most important aspects of flavor quality and a key factor for apple quality grading and customer satisfaction. Ethylene emission and its relationship with volatile aromas during low temperature, however, have not been determined. In this study, the dynamic changes of volatile aroma compounds of Fuji apples stored at 4 °C were detected and analyzed for 42 days. The variation of ethylene released from Fuji apple was studied correspondingly. The results showed that ethyl butyrate, ethyl caproate, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate and 2-methylbutyl acetate were the main aroma components of Fuji apple. The change in ethylene emission and the normalized peak area of volatile aroma compounds exhibited a similar tendency that increased significantly from the 3rd day to the peak on the 14th day and then decreased; there was a positive linear correlation between them with a correlation coefficient of 0.79 (P < 0.05). Therefore, ethylene release can be used as a potential indicator for evaluation of volatile aroma compounds in apples. Using ethylene emission as an indicator could reduce the difficulty and complexity of volatile aroma evaluation, which could be a new non-destructive inspection choice for apple flavor quality assessment.

Mass transfer analysis of bioactive compounds in apple wedges impregnated with beetroot juice: A 3D modelling approach

The simultaneous mass transfer of bioactive compounds, water loss and solids gain occurring during osmotic dehydration of apple wedges with beetroot juice was investigated. Beetroot juice was adjusted to 50°Bx with sucrose and further used as osmotic medium at 30, 40 and 50 °C. Impregnation of bioactive compounds was described in terms of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total betalains (betacyanins and betaxanthins) contents. An unsteady state 3D-diffusion model, where product is shaped as a prolate spheroidal wedge, was proposed for describing experimental data and for obtaining equilibrium points and diffusion coefficients of migrating species with and without considering the apple shrinkage. The effect of geometry mismatch on the estimation of diffusion coefficients when product is shaped as spherical wedges is also explored. Results indicated that after 480 min apple cuts impregnated with beetroot juice increased their TPC in about 7–20 mg GAE/100 g from 43 ± 2 mg GAE/100 g in fresh product. On the other hand, TAC was increased in about 45–123 mg Trolox/100 g from 57 ± 0.8 mg Trolox/100 g in fresh product for the same processing time, being betalains the main responsible for this change. Shrinkage had a larger effect on the estimation of diffusion coefficients than geometry mismatch under the explored experimental conditions. Diffusion coefficients for bioactive compounds corrected for apple shrinkage were in the range of 0.49–6.05 × 10−11 m2/s. The use of higher impregnation temperatures caused a significant increase in equilibrium points of TPC and TAC (p < 0.05).

Involvement of MdUGT75B1 and MdUGT71B1 in flavonol galactoside/glucoside biosynthesis in apple fruit

Apple is rich in flavonol glycosides, which are believed to contribute to putative health benefits associated with apple consumption. Glycosylation, catalyzed by uridine diphospho-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), is the last step in flavonol biosynthesis, which confers molecular stability and solubility to the flavonol. In the present study, the involvement of two UGTs, MdUGT75B1 and MdUGT71B1, in flavonol biosynthesis in apple was investigated. The major flavonols are quercetin 3-O-glycosides, and UV-B and blue light treatment significantly enhanced the accumulation of quercetin 3-O-galactoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, and kaempferol 3-O-galactoside. Transcript levels of MdUGT75B1 and MdUGT71B1 in fruit subjected to different treatments were correlated well with flavonol accumulation. MdUGT75B1 showed flavonol-specific activity with a preference for UDP-galactose as the sugar donor, while MdUGT71B1 using UDP-glucose exhibited a wider substrate acceptance. Thus, MdUGT75B1 and MdUGT71B1 are key UGTs involved in flavonol biosynthesis and may have important roles in regulating accumulation of these health-promoting bioactive compounds in apple.

Collaborative analysis on difference of apple fruits flavour using electronic nose and electronic tongue

The flavour difference and other quality indicators among five popular apple varieties (‘Ralls’, ‘Jonagold’, ‘Orin’, ‘Indo’, and ‘Hanfu’) were evaluated mainly using electronic nose and electronic tongue coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME/GC–MS). By linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of E-nose output data, the aroma of ‘Orin’ was found to be quite different from other varieties. There were obvious differences on sourness, saltiness, and umami among the five apple varieties in E-tongue analysis. For five apple varieties, 45 volatile compounds were identified, and their respective concentrations quantified using SPME/GC–MS, and which showed that, the most abundant volatile compounds in apples were esters. By principal component analysis (PCA), hexyl butanoate, (E)-2-hexenal and α-farnesene were the important volatile compounds in apples. The hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) according electronic nose and electronic tongue analysis and other quality indicators showed that the flavour of ‘Hanfu’ was closely related to ‘Jonagold’, while ‘Indo’ and ‘Ralls’ flavour were closely related to ‘Orin’. The collaborative analysis method of combining electronic nose and electronic tongue had potential significance on flavor difference evaluation.

Multifaceted analyses disclose the role of fruit size and skin-russeting in the accumulation pattern of phenolic compounds in apple.

Fruits are nowadays considered important suppliers of anti-oxidant molecules. Apples are particularly rich in phenolic compounds, non-nutritional phytochemicals that play active roles in controlling severe chronic diseases. In this work, 19 phenolic compounds were investigated in both skin and pulp tissues of seven apple accessions across the Malus genus collected at two stages: during fruit development and at harvest. The primary difference in phenolic concentration between wild and domesticated accessions, especially in the pulp, could be explained by the larger growth rate of the domesticated varieties. The proposed dilution effect was also confirmed through the observation of the increased content of procyanidin B2+B4 and phloridzin in russet-skinned apples, known to have higher concentrations of these compounds. The metabolite screening was also accompanied by the expression analysis of 16 polyphenolic genes showing, for nine elements, a higher expression at harvest than during fruit development. Finally, a polyphenolic comparison with red-fleshed apples was also carried out, underlying a larger amount of procyanidins and quercetin-3rhamnoside in the white-fleshed accessions. The results presented and discussed in this work suggest that specific white-fleshed apples, especially with russeted-skin, may play an important role in ameliorating the nutraceutical potential of apple fruit.

Evaluation of phenolic compounds from viroid-free and viroid-infected apples using HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS.

Apples are the most consumed fruits in Korea and have played an economically important role in Korean agriculture. However, widespread viroid infection in apples had been reported in recent years. The objective of this study was to clarify the relationships between viroid-disease resistance and phenols content of three apple cultivars: "Fuji", "Gamhong", and "Hongro". A model for distinguishing between viroid-free and viroid-infected apples was also developed. Phenolic compounds in samples were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-MS/MS) and quantified using an ultraviolet detector at 280nm. A C18 -column and 0.5% aqueous acetic acid-methanol were used as the stationary and mobile phase. The HPLC method was validated with respect to linearity, precision, accuracy, and recovery. Multivariate analysis was performed using phenols content as variables to classify viroid-free and viroid-infected apples. An accurate method for identifying and quantifying phenol compounds in apple samples was developed and validated. In response to viroid infection, considerable increases in the content of dihydrochalcones (in all three cultivars), hydroxycinnamic acid (in "Fuji"), and flavonols (in "Hongro") were observed. The flavonols content in "Fuji" viroid-infected samples, however, decreased dramatically. An effective linear discriminant model, with 98.2% accuracy and 94.6% predictive ability, was achieved to discriminate between viroid-free and viroid-infected samples. The developed HPLC method is suitable to identify and quantify phenol compounds in viroid-free and viroid-infected apples. A hypothesis about the significance of these compounds in viroid-disease resistance was proposed. The linear discriminant model with high predictive ability is useful for identifying viroid-infected apples in the orchards.

Uloga podloge i tkiva ploda jabuke u antioksidativnoj aktivnosti

During two consecutive years (2018 and 2019) we investigated the effect of two clonal rootstocks on fruit weight, contents of some non-nutrients and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the flesh and peel of CV. 'Hapke' apple. Results showed that fruit weight was significantly higher on M.9 T337 than on M.26 rootstock and similar in both 2018 and 2019. M.26 rootstock significantly improved titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C content, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and TAC in comparison with M.9 T337. As regards fruit tissue, the peel was a significantly better source of acids, vitamin C and phenolic compounds, and had higher antioxidant capacity than the flesh. However, the rootstock × fruit tissue interaction for the content of phenolic compounds indicated the complex nature of accumulation and distribution of acidity, vitamin C and phenolic compounds in apples.

Authentication of key aroma compounds in apple using stable isotope approach.

Gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) for the analysis of key volatile compounds sampled using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) is an appropriate tool for authenticity assessment of apple aromas. The current research characterises 18 laboratory produced and 15 commercial apple recovery aroma samples, establishes a database of δ13C values of 16 aroma compounds with respect to their origin (synthetic and natural), and assesses the authenticity of commercially available aroma compounds. Analysis of so-called natural aroma products, revealed δ13C values that were within the expected authentic range although the data did reveal possible falsifications. The sensitivity of the method was evaluated through simple isotope mass balance calculation. Falsification identification is possible for most aromatic substances when the amount of added synthetic compound is in tens of percent.

Preparative separation of phloridzin from apple leaves using macroporous resins followed by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography.

Phloridzin is one of the major phenolic compounds in apple and has been widely used in medicine for a long time due to its significant biomedical activities. In this article, macroporous resin was used for purification of phloridzin from apple leaves. The HPD-300 resin was selected for the enrichement of phloridzin according to its high adsorption and desorption capacities. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms were constructed on the HPD-300 resin and fitted well to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model, respectively. Dynamic adsorption and desorption tests were performed on the column packed with HPD-300 resin to optimize the operating parameters. After one round treatment with HPD-300 resin, the purity of phloridzin in the product increased from 11.4 to 50.1% with a recovery yield of 79.3%. Subsequently, preparative high-performance liquid chromatography was employed for the purification of phloridzin. The purity of phloridzin could reach above 98% after further recrystallization with a recovery yield of 75.8%.

Determination of major phenolic compounds in apples: Part I-Optimization of high-performance liquid chromatography separation with diode array detection.

The separation of seven phenolic compounds including gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, quercitrin, rutin, phloridzin, and phloretin present in apple peel and pulp and differing in elution properties has been optimized using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Several stationary phases were tested to achieve the efficient separation of phenolic compounds in fruit extracts and C18 was found to be the most efficient. Core-shell and fully porous C18 packings were assessed with respect to the complex composition of the fruit extracts. The developed high-performance liquid chromatography method comprised gradient elution in which mobile phase A was water at pH 2.8 adjusted with acetic acid and B was acetonitrile. The gradient shape was the following: 0min 95% A/5% B, 2.5min 85% A/15% B, 12min 50% A/50% B, 15min 95% A/5% B. The flow rate was 1mL/min, injection volume 10μL, and UV detection at 255, 280, 320, and 365nm was applied. Our method was validated for both C18 core-shell and fully porous packings. The resolution 6.2-14.8, symmetry 0.99-1.34, peak capacity 18-60, peak area repeatability 0.45-1.00% relative standard deviation, calibration range 0.125-5mg/mL (0.25-10mg/mL for chlorogenic acid and rutin), correlation coefficients of calibration curve 0.9976-0.9997, and accuracy evaluated as recovery 95.56-107.54% were determined for the core-shell column.

Phenolic profiles in apple leaves and the efficacy of selected phenols against fire blight (Erwinia amylovora)

The content and type of phenolic compounds in apple leaves as potential markers of resistance to fire blight were analysed. The amounts of phenolic acids and flavonoids were determined before and after E. amylovora inoculation of leaves of two cultivars: ‘Enterprise’ (highly resistant) and ‘Idared’ (highly susceptible). The basic levels of phenolics in both cultivars was similar but, following the inoculation, in the resistant one faster and more distinguishable changes were observed. The difference between the cultivars was related to the content of the compounds and the rate of release of free phenols from their glucosides. Regarding age dependency, the levels of eight out of 15 phenolics was significantly higher in young leaves of ‘Idared” than in ‘Enterprise’. In the older leaves the differences were limited to four compounds. The amount of salicylic acid in ‘Idared’ was lower than in ‘Enterprise’. In ‘Idared’ accumulation of salicylate after infection was better pronounced than in ‘Enterprise’. Higher levels of naringenin glucosides, 4-hydroxbenzoic acid and gentisic acid were found in ‘Enterprise’. The activity of 13 phenolics tested in vitro against the pathogen showed that gallic acid, phloroglucinol, hydroquinone and phloretin, suppressed its growth. The aqueous solutions of gallic acid, phloroglucinol and hydroquinone also significantly limited the development of disease on pear fruitlet slices but only hydroquinone maintained its protective activity for longer time. It also showed very high efficacy in preventing disease spread on apple shoots. The study adds novel information on the contribution of specific phenolics to apple resistance to fire blight.

Comparative investigation of hydroxycitric acid and apples phenolic compounds food concentrate on parameters of nitric oxide system under experimental insulin resistance in rats

Topicality . The insulin resistance syndrome development is usually correlated with endothelial dysfunction formation, which leads to cardiovascular complications. Accordingly, insulin resistance syndromes pharmacocorrectors should not contribute to endothelium functional state disturbances formation. Aim . Therefore, the aim of present work was a comparative investigation efficacy of hydroxycitric acid and food concentrate phenolic compounds of apples for correction endothelium functional state disturbances under experimental insulin resistance in rats. Materials and methods . The insulin resistance syndrome was modeled by prolonged intraperitoneal injection of dexamethasone and animal maintenance on a high-calorie diet. Serum glucose, immunoreactive insulin, total content of nitrates and nitrites, citrulline, arginine were determined and the insulin resistance index was calculated. Results and discussion . The results demonstrate that hydroxycitric acid and apples phenolic compounds food concentrate corrects hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, have a beneficial effect preventing endothelial dysfunction formation, which is primarily due to pronounced antioxidant properties. Conclusions . In terms of effect on carbohydrate metabolism, a more pronounced effect was observed with hydroxycitric acid administration, and the effect on endothelium functional state parameters more pronounced effect was observed with the apples phenolic compounds food concentrate administration.

Development and distribution of quality related compounds in apples during growth

Colour and taste are important attributes of apple fruit quality and have therefore been widely studied. Nevertheless, because of the destructive sampling methods commonly used to obtain the data, and of the subsequent traditional analyses, ignoring the effects of biological variation, the knowledge on the kinetic mechanisms of synthesis and degradation of individual quality components during fruit development and growth is still lacking. Spatio-temporal changes of taste components (sugars: fructose, sucrose, glucose, organic acids: malic, citric, shikimic and fumaric acid) and colour aspects (a*) in individual apple fruits were monitored to assess the dynamics and mechanisms of change during development and ripening with respect to location within fruit as a factor and the variation between individual apples. Data were analysed with non-linear indexed regression based on either a logistic or an exponential process oriented model assessing the technical variation simultaneously. The rate constants for colour or taste component were roughly similar between cultivars, suggesting a similar mechanism of development and confirming the generic nature of the model. There was a very large biological variation in individual quality components observed in the raw data (the biological variation), which can be almost exclusively explained by the difference in the maturity stage between individual fruit. The explained parts (R2adj) were, with one exception, higher than 0.90. The major contribution of this study is the fact that all the herein monitored taste defining components can be analysed and described with the same process-oriented model.

Corrective influence food concentrate phenolic compounds of apples in experimental metabolic syndrome in syrian golden hamsters

Corrective influence food concentrate phenolic compounds of apples in experimental metabolic syndrome in syrian golden hamsters

Aroma compounds in apples from trees sprayed with calcium and nitrogen fertilizers

Aroma compounds in apples from trees sprayed with calcium and nitrogen fertilizers