Compound Formulation Research Articles

Post-process hot-pressing of wood-polymer composites: Effects on physical properties

Replacing plastic with wood fibres in polymer-based products, such as façade panels, makes building more sustainable. One such bio-based material is Wood-Plastic Composites (WPC) made of wood fibres and a thermoplastic matrix. The latter enables post-process thermal forming of WPC semi-finished components. As an additive industrial manufacturing process, three-dimensional elements can be prefabricated using hot pressing technology. This could promote new building applications. However, knowledge about which essential characteristics change physical parameters to what extent is so far scarce. This study revealed that, in contrast to heating time and pressing force, the temperature causes the most significant and strongest physical changes. Extreme hot-pressing temperature resulted in 37% higher water absorption, and this was least dependent on the compound formulation. Colour, density and wettability changed differently depending on WPC composition and hot-pressing parameters. Apart from density, monitoring of colour, wettability and water absorption are suitable measures for production control as they respond most sensitively to the process. As a practical implication, product developments from hot-pressed WPC elements should consider lower temperatures and shorter heating times, whereas the pressing force hardly plays a role.

Prospects and Development of Research of Composite Elastomer Materials

The aim of this work is to study the effect of new modified ingredients on the complex of properties of composite elastomeric materials. It was found that the introduction of modified ingredients into the composition of elastomeric compositions enhances interfacial interaction at the «rubber-filler» interface and the formation of additional bonds between rubber macromolecules and functional groups, as a result of which an improvement in the complex of properties of the compositions is observed. The introduction of modified carbon into the composition of elastomeric compositions enhances interfacial interaction at the «rubber-filler» interface and the formation of additional bonds between rubber macromolecules and functional groups of the oligomer, as a result of which an improvement in the complex of properties of the compositions is observed. The technology of purification of mineral fillers from metal oxides has been developed. A sufficiently high degree of purification by this method is due to the fact that in the process of temperature exposure at 950 K, iron ions from the paramagnetic state (d-form Fe2O3) pass into ferromagnetic (r-form Fe3O4). Feasibility and prospects of using modified fillers, both mineral and organic, in the formulations of rubber compounds for the production of various types of rubber products

Improvement of Technology, Machines, and Recipes for the Production of Compound Feed and Feed Additives for Farm Animals

The article investigates the optimization of feeding and has developed a formulation, machines, and technology for the preparation of feed additives for cattle with biologically active substances in order to increase productivity. The article investigates the processing in new crushers of grain product waste, in which feed carbohydrates and, first of all, starch undergoes significant changes, and also creates the technological possibility of introducing missing micro- and macroelements in the cattle ration into the feed composition, and increasing the productivity of animals by increasing the transformation of feed nutrients into products. The article presents the results of the efficiency analysis of use and a theoretical study of the geometric and kinematic parameters of a roll crusher with a convex-concave roll profile, as well as a new method for determining the energy intensity of the crushing process of grain products. The results of theoretical research are confirmed experimentally. This research is funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant No. AR09562749 "Improvement of the formulation and technology of compound feeds and feed additives for farm animals").

Rejuvant®, a potential life-extending compound formulation with alpha-ketoglutarate and vitamins, conferred an average 8 year reduction in biological aging, after an average of 7 months of use, in the TruAge DNA methylation test.

The search continues for possible interventions that delay and/or reverse biological aging, resulting in extended healthspan and lifespan. Interventions delaying aging in animal models are well established; however, most lack validation in humans. The length of human lifespan makes it impractical to perform survival analysis. Instead, aging biomarkers, such as DNA methylation (DNAm) clocks, have been developed to monitor biological age. Herein we report a retrospective analysis of DNA methylation age in 42 individuals taking Rejuvant®, an alpha-ketoglutarate based formulation, for an average period of 7 months. DNAm testing was performed at baseline and by the end of treatment with Rejuvant® supplementation. Remarkably, individuals showed an average decrease in biological aging of 8 years (p-value=6.538x10-12). Furthermore, the supplementation with Rejuvant® is robust to individual differences, as indicated by the fact that a large majority of participants decreased their biological age. Moreover, we found that Rejuvant® is of additional benefit to chronologically and biologically older individuals. While continued testing, particularly in a placebo-controlled design, is required, the nearly 8-year reversal in the biological age of individuals taking Rejuvant® for 4 to 10 months is noteworthy, making the natural product cocktail an intriguing candidate to affect human aging.

Design, Synthesis, Reactions and Antibacterial Properties of 2-hydrazinyl-3-methyl-6-nitroquinoxaline Derivatives

Aims: This aims of this study was to synthesis new quinoxaline-based heterocycles and study its antibacterial properties.
 Objective: This study was designed to synthesis some 3-methyl-6-nitroquinoxaline-2-one with hydrazine moiety, characterize the synthesized compounds, and study their antibacterial properties on some bacterial strains.
 Materials and Methods: Six 3-methylquinoxaline-2-hydrazone derivatives were synthesized by reacting 2-hydrazinyl-3-methyl-6-nitroquinoxaline with various substituted acetophenones. The hydrazones were screened for their potential antibacterial properties.
 Results: All the test compounds were found to possessed promising antibacterial properties against a panel of bacterial strains screened for this study. The MIC values exhibited by these compounds ranged between 0.0313 and 0.250 mg/mL. The lowest MBC of the compounds against the test organism was 0.0625 mg/mL while the highest MBC was 0.250 mg/mL.
 Discussion and Conclusion: The study concluded that all the compounds exhibited appreciable bactericidal effects against all the bacterial strains, which is an indication that such synthetic compounds possessed broad spectrum activities and such compounds could be useful in formulation of antibacterial compounds which could be used to mitigates infections caused by pathogens that are now developing resistance against the available antibiotics.

Eligibility, Utilization, and Effectiveness of 17-Alpha Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate in a Statewide Population-Based Cohort of Medicaid Enrollees.

The primary objective was to estimate the initiation and adherence rates of 17 α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17OHPC) among eligible mothers in a statewide population-based cohort of Medicaid enrollees. The secondary objectives were to (1) determine the association of maternal sociodemographic and clinical characteristics with 17OHPC utilization and (2) assess the real-world effectiveness of 17OHPC on recurrent preterm birth prevention and admission to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). This is a retrospective cohort study using a linked, longitudinal administrative dataset of birth certificates and medical assistance claims. Medicaid-enrolled mothers in Pennsylvania were included in this study if they had at least one singleton live birth from 2014 to 2016 following at least one spontaneous preterm birth. Maternal Medicaid claims were used to ascertain the use of 17OHPC from various manufacturers, including compounded formulations. Propensity score matching was used to create a covariate balance between 17OHPC treatment and comparison groups. We identified 4,781 Medicaid-covered 17OHPC-eligible pregnancies from 2014 to 2016 in Pennsylvania, 3.4% of all Medicaid-covered singleton live births. The population-based initiation rate was 28.5% among eligible pregnancies. Among initiators, 50% received ≥16 doses as recommended, while 10% received a single dose only. The severity of previous spontaneous preterm birth was the strongest predictor for the initiation and adherence of 17OHPC. In the matched treatment (n = 1,210) and comparison groups (n = 1,210), we found no evidence of 17OHPC effectiveness. The risks of recurrent preterm birth (relative risk [RR] 1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97-1.24) and births admitted to NICU (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.84-1.18) were similar in treated and comparison mothers. The 17OHPC-eligible population represented 3.4% of singleton live births. Less than one-third of eligible mothers initiated treatment. Among initiators, 50% were treatment adherent. We found no difference in the risk of recurrent preterm birth or admission to NICU between treatment and comparison groups. · About 3.4% of singleton live births were eligible for 17OHPC.. · About 30% of eligible mothers initiated treatment.. · We found no association of 17OHPC with recurrent preterm birth..

Combinatorial therapy with immunosuppressive, immunomodulatory and tear substitute eyedrops (“Triple Play”) in Recalcitrant Immunological Ocular Surface Diseases

PurposeThe current paradigm for therapy of recalcitrant ocular surface diseases (OSD) consists of a sequential, step-up treatment approach. A combinatorial topical therapy (anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive [steroid] with immunomodulatory [pooled human immune globulin] and tear substitute [serum]) that simultaneously targets several immunological pathways may be more efficacious. This report evaluates if the combinatorial therapy resulted in clinical benefit in patients with recalcitrant OSD. MethodsWe performed a retrospective case study of patients receiving topical, preservative-free, compounded formulations of steroids, pooled human immune globulin, and serum tears. Outcome measures included visual acuity, ocular surface disease index (OSDI), ocular discomfort score, subjective global assessment (SGA), corneal staining, conjunctival redness, and slit lamp photographs. ResultsPatients consisted of one male and 11 females ranging in age from 27 to 87 years old. Pathologies included ocular graft-versus-host disease (n = 4), Sjögren's syndrome (n = 3), ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (n = 1), pemphigus vulgaris (n = 1), peripheral ulcerative keratitis (n = 1), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (n = 1), and giant papillary conjunctivitis (n = 1). All patients were “improved” or “much improved” on SGA after combinatorial therapy. There was a clinically meaningful reduction in OSDI, ocular discomfort, corneal staining, and conjunctival injection. Additionally, three patients had improvement in their visual acuity (one from 20/400 to 20/20). Adverse effects included increased intraocular pressure in two patients, presumably due to topical steroid use. ConclusionsCombinatorial therapy provides clinical benefit by reducing the symptoms and signs in recalcitrant OSD. Our study provides the rationale for performing prospective clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of combinatorial therapy for treating recalcitrant OSD.

Design, Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of some 3,6-Dimethlyquinoxaline-2-Hydrazone Derivatives

Aims: This aims of this study was to continue the effort to synthesis new quinoxaline-based heterocycles and study its antibacterial properties.
 Objective: This study was designed to reacts 3,6-dimethylquinoxaline-2-hydrazine with some substituted aromatic ketones and study their antibacterial properties on some locally and clinically isolated bacterial strains.
 Materials and Methods: Five 3,6-dimethylquinoxaline-2-hydrazone derivatives were synthesized from the reactions of 3,6-dimethylquinoxaline-2-hydrazine with various substituted aromatic ketones. The products were then tested for their potential antibacterial properties.
 Results: All the synthesized compounds were found to be active against all the bacterial strains investigated in this study. It was observed that the zones of inhibition observed for the synthesized compounds against the test organisms ranged between 15 mm and 38 mm. The MIC observed for the synthesized compounds ranged between 0.0313mg/mL and 0.125 mg/mL, while that of the standard antibiotic, streptomycin, varied between 0.0313 mg/mL and 0.500 mg/mL and those observed for tetracycline falls between 0.0313 mg/mL and 0.500 mg/mL. The minimum bactericidal concentrations exhibited by the synthesized compounds ranged between 0.0625 mg/mL and 0.250 mg/mL
 Discussion and conclusion: The study concluded that all the compounds exhibited appreciable bactericidal effects against all the bacterial strains, which is an indication that such synthetic compounds possessed broad spectrum activities and such compounds could be useful in formulation of antibacterial compounds which could be used to mitigates infections caused by pathogens that are now developing resistance against the available antibiotics.

Multipurpose Processing Additives for Silica/Rubber Composites: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application.

Processing additives are a special group of chemicals included in rubber formulations to facilitate the flowability of the resultant compounds. Their addition generally affects the cured properties of the subsequent rubber composites, and fine-tuning of the compound formulation is therefore required. In this work, an attempt has been made to address this issue through the preparation of new bio-based processing additives capable of promoting the mixing of the rubber compound while at the same time enhancing mechanical properties following curing. A significant decrease in the mixing energy at the first stage of mixing (~10%) has been observed by substituting only a small percentage of the conventional petroleum-derived process oil with aminated epoxidized soybean oil. Concomitantly, it is found that this aminated epoxidized soybean oil promotes rubber curing and increases the tensile strength of the final composite by ~20% compared to the control.

Concept of Busoore Labaniya (Acne Vulgaris) and its Management In Light of Unani System of Medicine

Acne vulgaris is extremely common dermatological disorder, affecting more than 85% of adolescents and young adults. In western societies, acne vulgaris is a nearly universal skin disease afflicting 79% to 95% of the adolescent population. A recent systematic review of the epidemiology of acne across the world noted acne prevalence estimates ranging from just over 20% to over 95%. The greatest burden of acne globally is between the first and third decade of life and almost certainly causes embarrassment, stigma, shame, guilt, and low self-esteem, which are likely to cause psychosocial problems. It is characterized by both inflammatory (papules, pustules and nodules) and non-inflammatory comedones (open and closed) lesions. In Unani system of medicine, acne vulgaris is termed as busoore labaniya that are whitish eruptions on the nose and face that represent milk droplets or frozen ghee (Roghan zard) due to Ma’dah sadidiyah or pus like morbid matter that is directed towards the skin for expulsion along with ghaleez bukharat. There are mentioned numerous single and compound formulations having Mujaffif and Muhallil properties for the management of Busoore Labaniya. The principle of treatment is aimed to removal of morbid matter, which is the actual culprit for the genesis of pathology leading to development of busoore labaniya. So there is need to explore the Unani concept of dermatoses. Present review paper is an attempt to highlight the possible management and preventive measures of acne vulgaris through Unani medicine.
 Keywords: Busoore labaniya, Acne vulgaris, Unani system of medicine, Mujaffif and Muhallil.

A CRITICAL REVIEW ON HRIDAYARNAVA RASA - AN HERBOMINERAL FORMULATION

Hridroga is a broad entity considered in Ayurveda, covering all cardiovascular diseases. According to current stud- ies, 17.5 million people die each year from cardiovascular diseases, with an estimated 31 per cent of death world- wide. Among them 7.4 million died due to coronary heart disease,6.7 million due to stroke, atherosclerosis etc., hence it is needed to discover effective drugs which can prevent death due to cardiovascular diseases and other cardiac disorders. Methods: Statins and fibrates are the most prescribed medications for cardiac disorders. Though there is extensive evidence about their safety and efficacy, but the use of these synthetic drugs has certain adverse effects; Myalgia, hepatopathy, renal failure, increased risk of diabetes and rhabdomyolysis are the most common side effects from statin use. Considering the wide magnitude of cardiac disorders in the Indian subcontinent and the absence of promising therapy with safety in conventional systems; the suffering population is turning towards cer- tain other alternatives for safe and effective remedies. Hridayarnava rasa, one such Herbo- mineral compound formulation containing Kajjali and Tamra bhasma as an integral component indicated in the treatment of abnormal lipid levels. Results: Hridayarnava rasa is thereby useful in tackling Hridroga in specific, Atherosclerosis. There- fore, this formulation can be enforced in place of statins of conventional medicine. Discussion: This review is mainly focused on different aspects of Herbo mineral ayurvedic formulation Hridayarnava rasa. It is well recog- nized in Ayurveda that most cardiac disorders run a chronic course and are difficult to treat, there are many formu- lations in the market for Hridroga yet there is scope for drugs in this disease, Hridayarnava rasa is one suchformulation that is designed perfectly for kaphaja Hridroga, which is also cost-effective, easy to prepare, as it is hidden all these days its efficacy was not discussed so here an attempt has been made to address the critical review of Hridayarnava rasa. Keywords: Hridayarnava rasa, Cardiovascular diseases, Hridroga.

Caged Phytohormones: From Chemical Inactivation to Controlled Physiological Response.

Plant hormones, also called phytohormones, are small signaling molecules regulating a wide range of growth and developmental processes. These unique compounds respond to both external (light, temperature, water, nutrition, or pathogen attack) and internal factors (e.g., age) and mediate signal transduction leading to gene expression with the aim of allowing plants to adapt to constantly changing environmental conditions. Within the regulation of biological processes, individual groups of phytohormones act mostly through a web of interconnected responses rather than linear pathways, making elucidation of their mode of action in living organisms quite challenging. To further progress with our knowledge, the development of novel tools for phytohormone research is required. Although plenty of small molecules targeting phytohormone metabolic or signaling pathways (agonists, antagonists, and inhibitors) and labeled or tagged (fluorescently, isotopically, or biotinylated) compounds have been produced, the control over them in vivo is lost at the time of their administration. Caged compounds, on the other hand, represent a new approach to the development of small organic substances for phytohormone research. The term "caged compounds" refers to light-sensitive probes with latent biological activity, where the active molecule can be freed using a light beam in a highly spatio/temporal-, amplitude-, or frequency-defined manner. This review summarizes the up-to-date development in the field of caged plant hormones. Research progress is arranged in chronological order for each phytohormone regardless of the cage compound formulation and bacterial/plant/animal cell applications. Several known drawbacks and possible directions for future research are highlighted.

Influence of Ayurveda in traditional health practice of tribe of Shahapur and Jawhar forest area of Maharashtra

Background: The ancient traditional system of medicine of India knows as “Ayurveda” uses natural sources as the base of medicine as per fundamental principles. The traditional folk healers also retain such knowledge gained from their ancestors of proper usage of natural resources available in their native flora, for the management of disease. Hence this study was planned to document tribal knowledge from the Jawhar and Shahapur Forest division of Maharashtra, India and verified with reported information of the Ayurveda. Methods: Data was collected by recording detail interview of 47 respondents during Medico-ethno-botanical survey in the year 2018-19. Collected data was analyzed using quantitative tools, like Use Value (UV), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), Family Importance Value (FIV), and Fidelity Level (FL). Collected claims were also validated from 20 books including classical textbooks of Ayurveda and ethno medicine and other search engines. Results: Total 182 Ethno medicinal claims consisting of 10 compound formulations were reported for combating 68 different types of diseases and symptoms. Data of 99 plant species belonging to 88 genera and 48 families were recorded from 47 respondents. The highest use value (UV) 0.13 was recorded for Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G. Don and Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. It was observed that 16 claims of a single drug and all compound formulations are not recorded in the classical textbooks of Ayurveda Conclusion: Almost 95% of tribal health practice is according to the Ayurveda. However, novel folk claims could be explored for bioactive and further pharmacological activities to introduce in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. Key words: Ayurveda, Ethno medicine, Folklore claim, Validation.

Corneal decompensation following intrastromal hydration of corneal wounds with 0.5% moxifloxacin

Many ophthalmologists have adopted the off-label practice of injecting moxifloxacin intracamerally and into the corneal stroma around the incision at the conclusion of surgery for endophthalmitis prophylaxis. The safety and efficacy of intracameral moxifloxacin for routine cataract surgery has been investigated and endorsed by multiple authors, but to our knowledge, potential complications from intrastromal hydration of clear corneal incisions with 0.5% preservative-free moxifloxacin have not been documented. Two consecutive patients underwent surgery for traumatic ocular injuries. The first patient underwent removal of an intralenticular metallic foreign body with cataract surgery and intraocular lens placement. The second patient underwent repair of an extensive corneoscleral laceration with uveal prolapse. Both patients developed toxic anterior segment syndrome and corneal decompensation within 4 days of intracameral injection and intrastromal hydration of corneal wounds with 0.5% preservative-free topical-formulation moxifloxacin for endophthalmitis prophylaxis following surgery. Surgeons should avoid the use of undiluted 0.5% topical-formulation moxifloxacin drugs for intrastromal hydration of clear corneal incisions following intracameral administration to decrease the risk for corneal decompensation and toxic anterior segment syndrome. We recommend using only 0.1% compounded formulations for both intrastromal and intracameral injections or avoiding intrastromal injection altogether.

Study of the Resistance of PVC Composite Materials Modified with Wollastonite Activated by QAS to Bacteria

Evaluation of the antibacterial properties of PVC materials used, in particular, in medicine, is becoming increasingly important due to increased sanitary and hygienic requirements. One of the ways to ensure the resistance of PVC materials to microorganisms is modification with wollastonite, the surface of which is activated by quaternary ammonium salts (QASs). QASs are known for their antimicrobial properties. The results obtained indicate that the basic composition of linoleum is somewhat more resistant to gram-positive bacteria than to gram-negative bacteria. The introduction of wollastonite into the PVC compound formulation increases the resistance to the studied groups of microorganisms. It can be concluded that the surface treatment of Mivoll 10-97 by QAS generally improves the bactericidal properties of the material. The results obtained are consistent with the literature data on the activity of cationic QACs in relation to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Quaternary ammonium salts have the ability to be attracted to the outer surface of the negatively charged bacterial membrane due to the positive charge of their molecules.

STANDARDIZATION OF SNUHI KSHARA THE FORMULATION OF UPAVISHA SNUHI (EUPHORBIA NERIIFOLIA LINN.): A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL PROFILE

Snuhi (Euphorbia neriifolia Linn.) and its compound formulations are widely used in Ayurvedic classics to treat variety of disease conditions. Information pertaining to the formulations of Snuhi can be traced in various classical texts, under different chapters. In most of the formulations it is used as an ingredient. Snuhi Kshara is a single drug formulation of Upavisha Snuhi mentioned in Rasatarangini and Ayurvedsarasangraha. Kshara obtained from Snuhi is one of its dosage modifications, advocated in classics for therapeutic objectives. Very few attempts are made to formulate Snuhi Kshara. The present work has been carried out to provide the Standard Manufacturing Process and a systematic standardization profile for Snuhi Kshara. Snuhi Kshara was prepared according to procedure described in Sharangadhara Samhita followed by analytical standardisation. Standardization was done using guidelines of API, by employing tests like organoleptic (Colour, Odour, Taste), physicochemical (Loss on drying, Acid-insoluble ash, pH), Assay (Sodium, Potassium, Iron) and Thin Layer Chromatography. Findings of this work may enrich to documentary research as well as act as detailed scientific data about standardization of Snuhi Kshara for further studies.

X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS OF MRITYUNJAYA RASA

Introduction: Mrityunjaya Rasa is a Herbo-Mineral formulation, mentioned in Jwara Chikitsa along with various Anupana like Madhu, Aardraka Swarasa, and Jeeraka Kashaya with Guda. Ingredients like Shudha Hingula, Shudha Gandhaka, Shudha Vatsanabha, Shudha Tankana, Pippali and Maricha with properties of Tikta, Katu Rasa Teekshna Guna and Deepana-Pachana, Swedajanana, Yogavahi and Jwaraghna action show the significant result on various types of fever. To attain desired qualities in the finished product, it is much needed to check efficacy on modern parameters for standardization purposes. Thus, Mrityunjaya Rasa was subjected to X- ray diffraction spectroscopy to ensure SOPs followed for preparation. Aim: The study aimed to analyse the results of X-ray diffraction spectroscopy of Mrityunjaya Rasa. Materials and Methods: X-ray diffraction spectroscopy of Mrityunjaya Rasa was carried out at MIT–central instrumentation facility – innovation centre, Manipal, Udupi. Results: XRD study indicates that Mrityunjaya Rasa contains HgS (cinnabar), mercury sulphide in major phase and borax and elements Na, Ca, Mn, Mg, K, P, Zn, C, Cl2, Fe and B in minor phase. Conclusions: Mrityunjaya Rasa contains HgS (cinnabar), mercury sulphide in major phase and borax and other elements like Na, Ca, Mn, Mg, K, P, Zn, C, Cl2, Fe, and B are also present. Compounds and elements are present due to ingredients and Shodhana media which were used. This study can be a path for establishing the thumbprint of SOP for Mrityunjaya Rasa, a herbomineral compound formulation. Keywords: Mrityunjaya Rasa, XRD, HgS, S, Borax, Na, Ca, Mn etc.

Evaluation of physicochemical, structural, and antioxidant properties of microencapsulated seed extract from Securigera securidaca by co-crystallization method during storage time

In this research, the bioactive compounds of Securigera securidaca seed extract were microencapsulated in the sucrose matrix during the co-crystallization process. Important components of plant seed extract include flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, sterols and palmitic acid. The structural properties of the microencapsulated powder and thermal properties were examined by electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. The physicochemical properties (solubility, moisture, hygroscopicity, and aqueous activity) and antioxidant activity (measurements of phenolic compounds, total flavonoid content, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, DDPH, ABTS, and reducing power) were also determined for the product. Structural analysis indicated a porous structure and an efficient microencapsulation process. Thermal properties of all samples showed a major peak at the temperature range of 190 °C similar to the melting point of sucrose. The microencapsulation efficiency increased with increasing the extract concentration in the co-crystallized powder. The powder with a concentration of 16% of the extract had the utmost effect on radical scavenging of DDPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, and reducing power (78.51, 80.02, 58.51%, and 0.91, respectively). Levels of aqueous activity, moisture content, and hygroscopicity of powders revealed that the produced product was stable with suitable properties for storage. After 4 months of storage in different environmental conditions (ambient temperature, darkness, refrigeration, and artificial light), the maximum retention (about 94.9%) of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties (about 82.24%) were observed for a powder containing 16% of the extract stored in dark conditions. Microencapsulation by co-crystallization can be used as an efficient method to preserve bioactive compounds against environmental conditions and in food formulations. • S. securidaca seeds are rich in phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. •The use of sucrose for the microencapsulation of bioactive compounds resulted in appropriate protection of total phenolic compounds and the antioxidant property under different storage conditions. •Microencapsulation by co-crystallization can be used as an efficient method to preserve bioactive compounds against environmental conditions and in food formulations. •The powders can be used as an antioxidant source with high stability in the formulation of beneficial food compounds.

Degradable Elastomers: Is There a Future in Tyre Compound Formulation?

Problems related to non-biodegradable waste coming from vulcanized rubber represent one of the pre-eminent challenges for modern society. End-of-life tyres are an important source of this typology of waste and the increasingly high accumulation in the environment has contributed over the years to enhance land and water pollution. Moreover, the release into the environment of non-degradable micro-plastics and other chemicals as an effect of tyre abrasion is not negligible. Many solutions are currently applied to reuse end-of-life tyres as a raw material resource, such as pyrolysis, thermo-mechanical or chemical de-vulcanisation, and finally crumbing trough different technologies. An interesting approach to reduce the environmental impact of vulcanised rubber wastes is represented by the use of degradable thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) in tyre compounds. In this thematic review, after a reviewing fossil fuel-based TPEs, an overview of the promising use of degradable TPEs in compound formulation for the tyre industry is presented. Specifically, after describing the properties of degradable elastomers that are favourable for tyres application in comparison to used ones, the real scenario and future perspectives related to the use of degradable polymers for new tyre compounds will be realized.

The Autophagy-Inducing Mechanisms of Vitexin, Cinobufacini, and Physalis alkekengi Hydroalcoholic Extract against Breast Cancer in vitro and in vivo.

Owing to inefficiency of chemotherapy towards cancer treatment, formulation and application of herbal drug compounds will open new avenues with this regard. In this study, the anticancer effects of itexin, cinobufacini, and Physalis alkekengi (P. alkekengi) were assessed. Herein, synergistic effects of vitexin, cinobufacini, and P. alkekengi hydroalcoholic extract were assessed against estrogen-receptor (EGFR2)-positive breast cancer mouse model. Sixty ER + breast cancer BALB/c mice (six groups each including ten members) were included. The anticancer effects of P. alkekengi hydroalcoholic extract, vitexin, and cinobufacini were administered against EGFR2 cancerous cells for 14days. The tumor size, cytotoxic effects, and expression of Beclin-1, LC3-II, and ATG5 autophagy-related genes were investigated using RT-qPCR technique. The data was analyzed using chi-square, ANOVA, and multinomial logistic regression tests. The 50% lethal dose (LD50) of P. alkekengi and vitexin against the breast cancer cells included 12mg/kg, respectively, while cinobufacini LD50 was 24mg/kg but had no toxicity against CRL7242 breast normal cells. Furthermore, 24mg/kg of the P. alkekengi, vitexin, and cinobufacini significantly increased the ATG5, Beclin-1, and LC3-II gene expression. Considering anticancer effects of P. alkekengi, vitexin, and cinobufacini against breast cancer through induction of the autophagy pathway, the compound formulations can be applied as anticancer therapies.