Mn Compounds Research Articles

GexSi1-x virtual-layer enhanced ferromagnetism in self-assembled Mn0.06Ge0.94 quantum dots grown on Si wafers by molecular beam epitaxy.

Self-assembled Mn0.06Ge0.94 quantum dots (QDs) on a Si substrate or GexSi1-x virtual substrate (VS) were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The GexSi1-x VS of different thicknesses and Ge compositions x were utilized to modulate the ferromagnetic properties of the above QDs. The MnGe QDs on GexSi1-x VS show a significantly enhanced ferromagnetism with a Curie temperature above 220 K. On the basis of the microstructural and magnetization results, the ferromagnetic properties of the QDs on GexSi1-x VS are believed to come from the intrinsic MnGe ferromagnetic phase rather than any intermetallic ferromagnetic compounds of Mn and Ge. At the same time, we found that by increasing the Ge composition x of GexSi1-x VS, the ferromagnetism of QDs grown on VS will markedly increase due to the improvements of hole concentration and Ge composition inside the QDs. These results are fundamentally important in the understanding and especially in the realization of high Curie temperature MnGe diluted magnetic semiconductors.

Chemical effect on K shell X-ray fluorescence parameters for some Mn and Ni compounds

Kα, Kβ and total K X-ray fluorescence cross-sections, K shell fluorescence yields, Kβ/KαX-ray intensity ratios, K to L shell vacancy transfer probabilities and Auger electrons emission ratios of some selected Mn and Ni compounds have been investigated. The measurements were carried out by using Am-241 radioactive source and high-resolution Si(Li) detector. The measured results were compared with other experimental values and theoretical calculations. Our values are in good concordance with calculated theoretical and other experimental values.

Hybrid MII-organic-diphosphate hydrates (MII = Mn, Ni and Zn): Structural characterization, hirshfeld surface analysis and antitumoral activity

Abstract Three inorganic-organic hybrid diphosphates, templated by transition metal (2,6-(CH3)2C6H3NH3)2[MII(H2P2O7)2(H2O)2] (MII = Mn, Ni, Zn), were successfully synthesized by low speed of evaporation conditions after using the ion exchange chemical procedure. Their crystal structures were solved from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. All compounds are isotypic and crystallize in the triclinic system with space group Pī. The crystal structure is built from the alternatively arranged inorganic [MII(H2P2O7)2(H2O)2]2- anions and organic [(CH3)2C6H3NH3]+ cations, stabilized by O–H⋯O and N–H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π···π stacking. The complexes were investigated by using such techniques: IR, TGA/DTA, UV–visible characterization techniques (Ni(II), Mn(II) compounds) and 1H, 13C, 31P NMR (Zn(II) compound). Hirshfeld surface analyses of the studied salts were also carried out. Finally, in vitro anticancer activities of compounds were further determined with reference to three human cancer cell lines (Human cervical (A431), pancreatic (PSN1) and human ovarian cell lines (2008)). Hybrid complexes, based on manganese, nickel and zinc, displayed in vitro efficient antitumor activity compared with the positive reference drug cisplatin.

Electronic, mechanical and lattice dynamical properties of YXB4 (X = Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co) compounds

In this study, the physical such as structural, electronic, anisotropic elastic and lattice dynamic properties of YXB4 (X = Cr, Mn, Fe and Co) compounds have been investigated. The electronic properties including band structure and corresponding partial density of states for YXB4 have been calculated. YFeB4 and YCoB4 compounds are found to have metallic behavior while YCrB4 and YMnB4 have semiconductor behavior. Also, the compounds are found to be as non-magnetic materials. The calculated elastic constants indicate that these materials are mechanically stable due to satisfying Born stability criteria. In addition, the second order elastic constants and related polycrystalline elastic moduli (e.g. shear modulus, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, Debye temperature, sound velocities) are determined and the results are discussed in detail. The mechanical anisotropy is discussed using several anisotropy indexes and two-dimensional and three-dimensional surface constructions are obtained. All the compounds have dominantly covalent bonding and they are brittle materials. YCrB4 is found to be as a super hard material. YFeB4, YCoB4 and YMnB4 are found to be as hard materials. The dynamical stability of these compounds has been studied and it has been found that YCoB4 is dynamically unstable. In addition, the thermodynamic properties (heat capacity, free energy, etc) of these compounds have been obtained and discussed in detail.

Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical characterization of Cu(II) and Mn(III) tetrabutano- and tetrabenzoporphyrins containing sterically hindered meso -(2,6-difluorophenyl) substituents in nonaqueous media

Four tetrabutano and tetrabenzoporphyrins containing sterically hindered meso-(2,6-difluorophenyl) substituents and copper(II) or manganese(III) central metal ions were synthesized and characterized as to their electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties in nonaqueous media. The copper(II) derivatives exhibit the expected two one-electron reductions to give [Formula: see text]-anion radicals and dianions in CH2Cl2. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical data suggest that a Cu(II) phlorin anion is generated from the doubly reduced Cu(II) butanoporphyrin and it is this species which undergoes the third reduction in pyridine. The first one-electron reduction of the Mn(III) porphyrins is metal-centered to give a Mn(II) compound, while the second and third reductions are macrocycle-centered to give Mn(II) porphyrin [Formula: see text]-anion radicals and dianions in both CH2Cl2 and pyridine. A Mn(II) phlorin anion is also generated from the Mn(II) dianion on the spectroelectrochemical timescale under the given solution conditions. The [Formula: see text],[Formula: see text]-butano and benzo groups have a significant effect on the measured redox potentials. Steric hindrance of the meso-(2,6-difluorophenyl) substituents also has an effect on the potential separation between the first two oxidations of the benzoporphyrins.

Atomistic Simulations of the Defect Chemistry and Self-Diffusion of Li-ion in LiAlO2

Lithium aluminate, LiAlO2, is a material that is presently being considered as a tritium breeder material in fusion reactors and coating material in Li-conducting electrodes. Here, we employ atomistic simulation techniques to show that the lowest energy intrinsic defect process is the cation anti-site defect (1.10 eV per defect). This was followed closely by the lithium Frenkel defect (1.44 eV per defect), which ensures a high lithium content in the material and inclination for lithium diffusion from formation of vacancies. Li self-diffusion is three dimensional and exhibits a curved pathway with a migration barrier of 0.53 eV. We considered a variety of dopants with charges +1 (Na, K and Rb), +2 (Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba), +3 (Ga, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Sc, Y and La) and +4 (Si, Ge, Ti, Zr and Ce) on the Al site. Dopants Mg2+ and Ge4+ can facilitate the formation of Li interstitials and Li vacancies, respectively. Trivalent dopants Fe3+, Ni3+ and Mn3+ prefer to occupy the Al site with exoergic solution energies meaning that they are candidate dopants for the synthesis of Li (Al, M) O2 (M = Fe, Ni and Mn) compounds.

МИНЕРАЛОГО-ГЕОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ИСТОЧНИКА ЯМКУН (ЗАБАЙКАЛЬСКИЙ КРАЙ)

Актуальность. Источник Ямкун известен как один из немногих радиоактивных источников на территории Забайкальского края. Его воды ранее использовались для лечения болезни Кашина–Бека (уровской болезни), в настоящее время на его базе функционирует краевой центр медицинской реабилитации для лечения заболеваний костно-мышечной, нервной систем, в том числе ДЦП, а также заболеваний кожи. Цель: выявление минералого-геохимических особенностей компонентов источника Ямкун. Объекты: воды озера, ручья, травертины, железистые осадки в русле ручья, солевые отложения на трубе каптажного колодца, растительность (лишайники, мхи, хвоя сосны, листья тополя). Методы: масс-спектрометрия с индуктивно связанной плазмой, инструментальный нейтронно-активационный анализ, рентгеновская дифрактометрия, сканирующая электронная микроскопия. Результаты. Воды источника Ямкун являются гидрокарбонатными кальциево-магниевыми, радиоактивными радоновой природы Они существенно обогащены Mn, Fe, Be, As, Zr, Cs, Hg, Tl, Li, Co, Ba относительно воды оз. Байкал. Обогащение воды редкими щелочными и щелочноземельными элементами (Li, Be, Cs), а также Hg, Tl, As и Zr позволяет предположить, что их источником являются редкометалльные гранитоиды. При разгрузке вод наблюдается современное минералообразование в виде «ямкунской пены» (арагонит) на поверхности водных ванн, трубах каптажного колодца (несквегонит) и ручье (железистые осадки). Железистые осадки и травертины представлены в основном магнезиальным кальцитом. При этом в железистых осадках выявлены в больших количествах соединения Fe и Mn, вероятно гидроксиды. В гидроксидах Mn встречаются также соединения Ba, K, Cl, в гидроксидах Fe – As, P, Si, Al. Из редких микровключений в травертинах отмечены интерметаллические соединения Cu и Sn, La-Ce карбонат, а также сульфид As (леллингит?). Установлена унаследованность состава современных железистых осадков и травертинов. Образующиеся травертины обогащены теми же элементами, что и вода в источнике.

High-pressure synthesis and crystal structure of a novel intermetallic compound Mn(Al,Ge)5

A novel intermetallic compound of the Mn–Al–Ge system, Mn(Al,Ge)5, was synthesized under high pressure and high temperature (5 GPa and 600 °C). The crystal structure was tetragonal with a space group of I4/mcm (no. 140), which was isostructural with PdGa5 or FeAl3Si2. The crystallographic parameters were refined by Rietveld analysis from powder X-ray diffraction data, yielding a = 0.624026 (5) nm, c = 0.981858 (10) nm, and Z = 4. The structure could be considered a defect-Cr5B3 (D8l) structure. The hysteresis loop and magnetization–temperature curve revealed the synthesized Mn(Al,Ge)5 to be paramagnetic: the long Mn–Mn distance led to a structure without magnetic ordering.

Tetragonal Superstructure of the Antiskyrmion Hosting Heusler Compound Mn1.4PtSn.

Skyrmions in non-centrosymmetric magnets are vortex-like spin arrangements, viewed as potential candidates for information storage devices. The crystal structure and noncollinear magnetic structure together with magnetic and spin–orbit interactions define the symmetry of the skyrmion structure. We outline the importance of these parameters in the Heusler compound Mn1.4PtSn which hosts antiskyrmions, a vortex-like spin texture related to skyrmions. We overcome the challenge of growing large micro-twin-free single crystals of Mn1.4PtSn, which has proved to be the bottleneck for realizing bulk skyrmionic/antiskyrmionic states in a compound. The use of 5d-transition metal, platinum, together with manganese as constituents in the Heusler compound such as Mn1.4PtSn is a precondition for the noncollinear magnetic structure. Because of the tetragonal inverse Heusler structure, Mn1.4PtSn exhibits large magneto-crystalline anisotropy and D2d symmetry, which are necessary for antiskyrmions. The superstructure in Mn1.4PtSn is induced by Mn-vacancies, which enable a ferromagnetic exchange interaction to occur. Mn1.4PtSn, the first known tetragonal Heusler superstructure compound, opens up a new research direction for properties related to the superstructure in a family containing thousands of compounds.

Synthesis and Characterization of the Manganese Hydroxide Halides Mn(OH)X (X = Br, I) and Crystal Structure of trans‐MnBr2·4H2O

The pale‐pink, hygroscopic compounds Mn(OH)X (X = Br, I) were obtained by high‐pressure synthesis in a Walker‐type multianvil apparatus. They crystallize in the space group P21/c with a = 640.48(3), b = 698.80(3), c = 615.54(2) pm, β = 110.30(1)° at 183(1) K (X = Br), and a = 686.18(3), b = 713.08(3), c = 637.18(3) pm, β = 109.51(1)° at 150(1) K (X = I). The crystal structures are isotypic to Cu(OH)Cl and consist of edge‐sharing distorted Mn(OH)3X3 octahedra arranged in sheets parallel to the bc‐plane. Spin‐polarized scalar‐relativistic DFT+U calculations predict an intrinsic magnetic insulating state (ca. 3.5 eV bandgap) that is proximate to frustration. Calculated effective magnetic moments equal to 4.34 μB/f.u. for Mn(OH)Br and 4.33 μB/f.u. for Mn(OH)I. FT‐IR spectroscopy confirmed interlayer hydrogen bonding. As a side result of the experiments, the compound trans‐MnBr2·4H2O was obtained. It crystallizes in the space group Cmcm with a = 438.64(2), b = 1167.84(6), and c = 730.95(4) pm.

Response of Oak and Maple Seed Germination and Seedling Growth to Different Manganese Fertilizers in a Cultured Substratum

Oak regeneration failures have been causing a slow decline in the occurrence of oak forest ecosystems in eastern North America. Accordingly, our study sought to determine a means of creating more vigorous and competitive oak seedlings by the addition of manganese (Mn) fertilizers. Seeds of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.), and red maple (Acer rubrum L.), one of oak’s major competitors in North America oak forest ecosystems, were sown in 0.7 liter pots that contained a growing medium mixture of peat moss, perlite, and sand in a ratio of 2:1:2, and germinated in a greenhouse. Three different chemical compound Mn fertilizer treatments—manganese chloride (0.16 mg L−1 Mn, MnCl2·4H2O), nanoparticle manganese in the form of manganese hydroxide (0.01 mg/L Mn, nanoparticle Mn(OH)2), and manganese hydroxide (0.01 mg L−1 Mn, Mn(OH)2)—and a treatment of Hoagland solution were applied to the planted seed. These treatments were compared to a control consisting of water, and treatments were applied twice a week over a 12 week period. Germination rates and seedling growth were measured over this period of time. At the end of 12 weeks seedlings were harvested, separated into roots, stem, and foliage for the purpose of biomass and nutrient analysis by seedling component. Northern red oak displayed a 100% germination success rate with MnCl2·4H2O and Mn(OH)2 treatments, while red maple germination was reduced with the MnCl2·4H2O and nanoparticle Mn(OH)2 treatments with only a 32% and 24% germination rate, respectively. The MnCl2·4H2O treatment produced the largest overall seedling size (basal diameter squared times the seedling height) of red maple with a 191.6% increase; however, the MnCl2·4H2O treatment produced the largest overall seedling size (basal diameter squared times the seedling height) of northern red oak and chestnut oak with an increase of 503.7% and 339.5%, respectively. The greatest increase in overall seedling size for northern red oak was with the Mn(OH)2 treatment at 507.2%, and 601.2% for chestnut oak with the nanoparticle Mn(OH)2 treatment. MnCl2·4H2O treatment significantly increased the oak foliar nitrogen (N) content. It appears that the application of Mn fertilizer can increase the germination and growth of these oak species while suppressing or having a lesser effect on red maple, thus creating a competitive advantage for oak over its competitor.

Recovery methods and regulation status of waste lithium-ion batteries in China: A mini review.

Heavy metals such as Co, Li, Mn, Ni, etc. and organic compounds enrich spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). These batteries seriously threaten human health and the environment. Meanwhile, with the development of new energy vehicles, the shortage of valuable metal resources which are used as raw materials for power batteries is becoming a serious problem. Using proper methods to recycle spent LIBs can both save resources and protect the environment. Pyrometallury is a kind of recycling method that is operated under high temperature with the aim of recovering useful metals after pre-treatment and organic binder removal with the characteristic of high temperature and it is easy to operate. Hydrometallurgy is characterized by high recovery efficiency, low reaction energy consumption, and high reaction rate, and is widely used in the recycling process of spent LIBs. During biometallurgy, valuable metals in the spent LIBs are extracted by microbial metabolism or microbial acid production processes. Since the drive for green and low secondary pollution, biometallurgy as well as solvent extraction and the electrochemical method have earned more attention during recent years. This mini-review analyzes the relationship between the emergence of new energy vehicles and the recycling status of spent LIBs. Meanwhile, this paper also consists of detailed treatment and recycling methods for LIBs and provides a summary of the management regulations of current waste for LIBs. What is more, the main challenges and further prospects in terms of LIBs management in China are analyzed.

Magnetostructural phase transitions and magnetocaloric effect in Mn(As,P) compounds and their composites

The magnetostructural phase transition in Mn(As,P) compounds was studied by a combination of X-ray diffraction on single crystals and by the magnetisation measurements. The mentioned transition is accompanied by anisotropic deformation of the crystal lattice, magnetisation hopping and heat evolving due to a large magnetocaloric effect (MCE). It is shown that this transition is a transformation from the hexagonal ferromagnetic to the orthorhombic paramagnetic phase at heating above the Curie temperature (TC). The values of the magnetic and lattice entropy changes at phase transition are obtained and the adiabatic temperature change is estimated in the frame of Clapeyron-Clausius relations. It is found that the MCE in the magnetic field 140 kOe reaches the value of 13.5 K. It is shown that a superparamagnetic structure (as a conglomerate of microscale areas) is formed above Curie temperature in zero magnetic field. On the other hand at the temperatures above the TC the ferromagnetic state is induced by magnetic fields exceeding the certain critical value Hcr while the above-mentioned superparamagnetic state is destroyed by the same magnetic fields. The magnetic properties of the bulk Mn(As,P) and the polymeric composite based on Mn(As,P) compound are compared.

Mn(II) compounds as an alternative to Gd-based MRI probes.

Mn(II) has several favorable physicochemical characteristics and a good toxicity profile, which makes it a viable alternative to the Gd(III)-based MRI contrast agents currently used in clinics. Although many studies have been undertaken in the last 10 years, this is a field of investigation still in rapid and continuous development. This review aims to critically discuss the chemical and magnetic properties of Mn(II) compounds relevant as MRI probes, both small complexes and nanosystems containing a large number of metal centers, the possible approaches for optimizing their efficiency by understanding the role of various molecular parameters that control the relaxation processes, and the most important issues related to stability and kinetic inertness.

Theoretical and experimental study of high-pressure synthesized B20-type compounds Mn1− x (Co,Rh) x Ge

Abstract The search and exploration of new materials not found in nature is one of modern trends in pure and applied chemistry. In the present work, we report on experimental and ab initio density-functional study of the high-pressure-synthesized series of compounds Mn1− x (Co,Rh) x Ge. These high-pressure phases remain metastable at normal conditions, therewith they preserve their inherent noncentrosymmetric B20-type structure and chiral magnetism. Of particular interest in these two isovalent systems is the comparative analysis of the effect of 3d (Co) and 4d (Rh) substitution for Mn, since the 3d orbitals are characterized by higher localization and electron interaction than the 4d orbitals. The behavior of Mn1− x (Co,Rh) x Ge systems is traced as the concentration changes in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. We applied a sensitive experimental and theoretical technique which allowed to refine the shape of the temperature dependencies of magnetic susceptibility χ(T) and thereby provide a new and detailed magnetic phase diagram of Mn1− x Co x Ge. It is shown that both systems exhibit a helical magnetic ordering that very strongly depends on the composition x. However, the phase diagram of Mn1− x Co x Ge differs from that of Mn1− x Rh x Ge in that it is characterized by coexistence of two helices in particular regions of concentrations and temperatures.

Synthesis, structural characterization, and thermal properties of monomeric (Mn, Co, Ni, and Zn) and polymeric (Cd) complexes of thiocyanates with benzyl carbazate as an ancillary ligand

Five complexes [M(NCS)2(bc)2] M = Mn (1), Co (2), Ni (3), Zn (4), and [Cd(NCS)2(bc)]n (5), (bc) = benzyl carbazate (benzyl hydrazinecarboxylate), have been synthesized and characterized by physico-chemical and spectroscopic methods. The crystal structures of all five complexes have been confirmed by X-ray structural analysis. These results confirm that 1–4 are isotypes, and all four are centrosymmetric, with two mutually trans N,O chelating (bc) ligands in equatorial positions and a pair of trans-thiocyanate anions in the axial positions. The cadmium complex (5) is a coordination polymer. The asymmetric unit contains a square planar CdN2OS core, in which the (bc) ligand adopts an N, O bidentate coordination mode together with N and S bound thiocyanato anions. Polymer expansion increases the coordination number to six with the N and S bound thiocyanate ligands linking two adjacent complexes. This expansion results in double layers of cadmium octahedra propagating along the c axis direction. The thermal analyses of these compounds show endothermic decomposition processes to give respective metal thiocyanates as intermediates. For the Mn, Co, Ni, and Zn compounds these intermediates decompose exothermically to form metal oxides, whereas the Cd complex forms cadmium sulfide as the end product.

Magnetic and electrical properties of BaSrMMoO6 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni)

The remarkable transformation of the magnetic properties of four double perovskite oxides has been studied, while the crystal structure remains unchanged between the four compounds. BaSrFeMoO6 is known to be ferrimagnetically ordered. However, our work indicates that BaSrMnMoO6, BaSrCoMoO6, and BaSrNiMoO6 are all antiferromagnetic, where the Neel temperature increases systematically as a function of the transition metal. The transition to the antiferromagnetic state occurs below 6 K, 30 K, and 75 K for the Mn, Co, and Ni compounds, respectively. We have also performed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies on all four compounds. The XPS indicates that BaSrMnMoO6 and BaSrFeMoO6 contain molybdenum in the pentavalent state, while Mn and Fe are trivalent. The situation is different for BaSrCoMoO6 and BaSrNiMoO6, which contain hexavalent molybdenum and divalent cobalt and nickel. It should be noted that the Mn and Fe compounds can only be synthesized in 5% H2/Ar balance, while BaSrCoMoO6 and BaSrNiMoO6 can be made in pure argon. Furthermore, we have examined the electrical conductivities of all four materials in the temperature range 25–800 °C to further highlight the contrast between the Fe compound, which has a metal-like behavior, and the Mn, Co, and Ni analogs, which are semiconductors.

Anisotropic topological Hall effect with real and momentum space Berry curvature in the antiskrymion-hosting Heusler compound Mn1.4PtSn

The topological Hall effect (THE) is one of the key signatures of topologically non-trivial magnetic spin textures, wherein electrons feel an additional transverse voltage to the applied current. The magnitude of THE is often small compared to the anomalous Hall effect. Here, we find a large THE of 0.9 $\mu\Omega$cm that is of the same order of the anomalous Hall effect in the single crystalline antiskyrmion hosting Heusler compound Mn$_{1.4}$PtSn, a non-centrosymmetric tetragonal compound. The THE is highly anisotropic and survives in the whole temperature range where the spin structure is noncoplanar (<170 K). The THE is zero above the spin reorientation transition temperature of 170 K, where the magnetization will have a collinear and ferromagnetic alignment. The large value of the THE entails a significant contribution from the momentum space Berry curvature along with real space Berry curvature, which has never been observed earlier.

Energetics and cathode voltages of LiMPO4 olivines ( M=Fe , Mn) from extended Hubbard functionals

Transition-metal compounds pose serious challenges to first-principles calculations based on density-functional theory (DFT), due to the inability of most approximate exchange-correlation functionals to capture the localization of valence electrons on their $d$ states, essential for a predictive modeling of their properties. In this work we focus on two representatives of a well known family of cathode materials for Li-ion batteries, namely the orthorhombic LiMPO$_4$ olivines (M = Fe, Mn). We show that extended Hubbard functionals with on-site ($U$) and inter-site ($V$) interactions (so called DFT+U+V) can predict the electronic structure of the mixed-valence phases, the formation energy of the materials with intermediate Li contents, and the overall average voltage of the battery with remarkable accuracy. We find, in particular, that the inclusion of inter-site interactions in the corrective Hamiltonian improves considerably the prediction of thermodynamic quantities when electronic localization occurs in the presence of significant interatomic hybridization (as is the case for the Mn compound), and that the self-consistent evaluation of the effective interaction parameters as material- and ground-state-dependent quantities allows the prediction of energy differences between different phases and concentrations.

Thermal conductivity of giant magnetocaloric Mn compounds

Temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of Mn1.03As0.70Sb0.30 and Ru-doped or Ni-doped (MnFeRu)2(PSi) was studied. These compounds undergo a first-order magnetic transition (FOMT) near room temperature and exhibit a giant magnetocaloric effect at around the Curie temperature. The thermal conductivity of Ru-doped and Ni-doped compounds is abruptly reduced at the Curie temperature during the first cooling. This is due to the micro-cracks generated during the FOMT. On heating, the thermal conductivity shows positive temperature dependence. The Ru-doped and Ni-doped compounds show small humps in the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity near TC. The thermal conductivity of ferromagnetic metals is given by the sum of the phonon component, the electronic component, and the magnetic component. The results are discussed by taking account of the temperature dependence of each component.