Compost Preparation Research Articles

Mushroom production on digestate: Mineral composition of cultivation compost, mushrooms, spent mushroom compost and spent casing

Produced in the process of anaerobic digestion, the effluent called digestate is rich in nutrients and can be used as a growing media for mushrooms. However, it can also be rich in non-essential and trace elements, heavy metals, various organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals, and other unwanted compounds with potential negative effects. Therefore, two button mushroom species, Agaricus bisporus (brown cultivar) and Agaricus subrufescens, were cultivated on digestate based substrate. The mineral composition of the experimental mushroom compost (EMC), mushrooms (M), spent mushroom compost (SMC) and spent casing (SC) was evaluated by means of ICP OES. Mineral distribution and quantity were substrate dependent, digestate origin was determined for most of investigated elements, excluding Ca, Mo, Pb, Ce and Nd, where the source was straw. However, content of elements with high mobility such as Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn for EMC was low. Short composting method for mushroom compost preparation used in this study could be suitable method for reducing available Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn and total As. For the casing material, bark was richer in major essential elements (MEE's) and essential trace elements (ETE's), besides Ca, where peat indicated higher content (1490 mg kg-1). From the trace elements with detrimental health effects (TEWDHE) group, bark was richer in Ba and Pb, but peat contained significant content of As (3.92 mg kg-1). The results clearly indicated both the studied mushrooms are valuable source of K, Na and Se, while A. subrufescens provided higher amounts of Cu and Zn. No threat for human consumption for Ni, Pb, As, and Cd, their content is under the limits and decreases with each subsequent mushroom yield. SMC and SC were nutrient rich especially for Fe, Mg, Mn, Si and Zn, giving them added value as biobased product for boosting vegetable crop yield. However, Cr and Ni, ETS's for plants in lower amounts, were elevated in SMC/SC, therefore the mineral composition should be monitored. Low concentration of hazardous elements in the spent substrates allows for subsequent use.

Preparation of organic compost from kitchen and vegetable waste-Guntur, Andhra Pradesh

Preparation of organic compost from kitchen and vegetable waste-Guntur, Andhra Pradesh

Production and Characterization of Mineral-Enriched Nadep Composts for Enhanced Soil Fertility

Aim: Production and characterization of NADEP composts using aquatic weeds as substrates and enriched with different minerals, were conducted to evaluate its feasibility for agricultural purpose. Study Design: The experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design comprising 12 treatments and three replications. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at the model organic Farm of the Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, between December 2023 and January 2024. Methods: Aquatic weeds, Limnocharis flava and Eichhornia crassipes, were collected from Vellayani lake and mixed with banana pseudostem in different proportions for compost preparation. Once the compost reached maturity, it was enriched with minerals such as calcium apatite and epsom salt. The resultant compost was then analyzed for its physical, chemical, and biological properties. Results: The NADEP compost, made from a 1:1 mixture of L. flava and E. crassipes and enriched with calcium apatite and epsom salt, was found to be the most effective treatment. It showed higher levels of macro and micronutrients, an ideal C: N ratio, improved enzyme activity, and a significant microbial load. Conclusion: NADEP composting has emerged as a highly effective and environmentally sustainable approach to producing high-quality compost in a prompt and efficient way. This method transforms aquatic weeds, such as Limnocharis and Eichhornia crassipes, which pose a threat to aquatic ecosystems, into valuable compost, thereby promoting effective waste management and advancing sustainable agricultural practices.

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella isolated from vegetable farms fertilized with animal manure in Addis Ababa Ethiopia

The resistance of foodborne pathogens to antimicrobial agents is a potential danger to human health. Hence, establishing the status of good agricultural practices (GAPs) and the antimicrobial susceptibility of major foodborne pathogens has a significant programmatic implication in planning interventions. The objective of this study was to assess the gap in attaining GAP and estimate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella in vegetable farms fertilized with animal manure in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 81 vegetable farms from four sub-cities in Addis Ababa were visited, and 1119 samples were collected: soil (n = 271), manure (n = 375), vegetables (n = 398), and dairy cattle feces (n = 75). Additional data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Isolation of Salmonella was done using standard microbiology techniques and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using disk diffusion assays. Carriage for antimicrobial resistance genes was tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among the 81 vegetable farms visited, 24.7% used animal manure without any treatment, 27.2% used properly stored animal manure and 80.2% were easily accessible to animals. The prevalence of Salmonella was 2.3% at the sample level, 17.3% at the vegetable farm level, and 2.5% in vegetables. The highest rate of resistance was recorded for streptomycin, 80.7% (21 of 26), followed by kanamycin, 65.4% (17 of 26), and gentamicin, 61.5% (16 of 26). Multidrug resistance was detected in 61.5% of the Salmonella isolates. Vegetable farms have a gap in attaining GAPs, which could contribute to increased contamination and the transfer of antimicrobial resistance to the vegetables. The application of GAPs, including proper preparation of compost and the appropriate use of antimicrobials in veterinary practices, are recommended to reduce the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance.

A Comparative Study of Calcium Sulfate Alternatives in Compost Production for White Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)

This study explores various potential substitutes for gypsum in the production of compost for white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). During compost preparation, calcium sulfate (CaSO4) was replaced with calcium carbonate (CaCO3), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), and monocalcium phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2). Complete replacement of gypsum with calcium carbonate led to a significant pH increase during the second phase of composting, adversely affecting mushroom mycelium growth. Compost parameters were observed to be similar in scenarios where calcium sulfate was supplemented with calcium carbonate in 8:2 and 6:4 ratios, both with and without the presence of ammonium sulfate, and in 3:1 and 1:1 mixtures of calcium sulfate and monocalcium phosphate, when compared to traditional gypsum-based processes. All experimental compost mixtures yielded comparable mushroom crops in cultivation trials. Notably, the 8:2 mixture of calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate demonstrated superior performance in cultivation trials relative to the 6:4 mixture. However, supplementing these mixtures with ammonium sulfate resulted in similar crop yields. Monocalcium phosphate also emerged as a promising partial gypsum substitute, showing comparable crop production in both 3:1 and 1:1 ratios to the technological optimum. The exploration of alternative calcium sources like calcium carbonate and monocalcium phosphate reflects the adaptability of the industry in response to resource availability challenges. The potential use of byproducts like ammonium sulfate from the composting process itself offers a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to compost formulation, underscoring its worldwide relevance.

Compost Preparation from Different Organic Wastes: Their Biochemical Analysis and Effect on Growth of Bottle Gourd

Compost Preparation from Different Organic Wastes: Their Biochemical Analysis and Effect on Growth of Bottle Gourd

UNVEILING THE NATURE OF CARBON DECOMPOSITION ON DIFFERENT ORGANIC MANURE SOURCES: THE IMPACT OF TEMPERATURE REGIMES IN A SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE

Organic sources are vital for crop nutrient management, but nutrient release from organic manure depends on temperature and other factors. We conducted a laboratory incubation study to investigate how temperature (15, 25, 35°C) affects the decomposition of common organic manure, which has not yet been explored in Bangladesh. The organic manures used in this study are poultry manure (PM), vermicompost (VC), bio-slurry (BS), cow dung (CD), water hyacinth compost (WHC) and rice straw compost (RSC), which were compared with a control treatment (only soil). Carbon mineralisation and CO2 emission from microbial respiration varied among organic manures and temperature regimes. The RSC- and WHC-treated soils had a higher C mineralisation than the other manures at 35°C. The mineralisation of C among the organic manures followed the order: RSC > WHC > CD > VC > BS > PM > control. Among the temperature regimes, C mineralisation followed the order 35°C > 25°C > 15°C. Manure mineralisation was associated with mineralisable C pools (carbon availability factor, Caf), and 16.4–36.5% organic C was released. Irrespective of temperature regimes, the highest easily mineralisable Caf was recorded in PM-amended soil, followed by VC-amended soil. RSC had the lowest Caf under all temperature regimes. The Caf values of all incubated manures were higher under a 35°C temperature regime. Compost preparation from organic manure and its utilisation as an integrated nutrient management component can play essential roles in mitigating climate change, reducing environmental degradation, and building more sustainable and resilient agrifood systems.

Ovocidal activity of microbial agent for composting <i>in vitro</i> experiment against <i>Toxocara cati</i> eggs

The purpose of the research is to study ovocidal properties of a microbial agent for composting that has lactobacilli (Lactobacillus casei and L. plantarum) and microscopic fungi (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) present as active components for Toxocara cati eggs in vitro experiment.Materials and methods. The tested microbial agent is used for compost preparation and liquid household waste processing. The agent is a homogeneous yellow liquid with a bacterial biomass in titers of 106 -108 CFU/cm3 which is placed in a ten-liter canister. First, a culture of Toxocara cati eggs was prepared, then ovocidal properties of aqueous standard solutions of the test agent were studied in four concentrations, 1.0%; 5.0; 10.0 and 50.0% versus a 4.0% phenol solution in vitro experiment.Results and discussion. The ovocidal effect of the tested aqueous microbiological agent solutions in the above concentrations in vitro experiment on T. cati eggs was not detected. A 4.0% phenol solution used as a reference solution showed high efficacy.

TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOSTS FROM LITTER MANURE IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE FARM

The purpose of the study was to increase the efficiency of compost production from organic raw materials of agroecosystems through the development and implementation of scientifically based complex technical, technological solutions and economic assessments based on the results of production tests of technical means in real farming. The results of production tests of mechanized technology for processing litter chicken manure based on sunflower seed husks into high-quality environmentally friendly organic fertilizers-composts are considered. The research was carried out in the conditions of the farm with the provision of effective preparation of the mixture by mechanical complexes of machines and intensive aeration. Mechanized technology using the modernized PRT-10 is recommended for small farms with a compost preparation volume of up to 2-3 thousand tons per year and provides highly effective fertilizers for 45–60 days. The use of the AZK-2 aerator-mixer on raw materials with a density of more than 600 kg/m3 is necessary with aggregation with an MTZ-80 tractor equipped with a crawler, providing a working speed of 0.2 m/s. The capacity of the mixing aerator is 300-500 t/h. Two variants of technological maps have been developed for completing mechanized compost production technology with technical means. The first one is based on the use of the AZK-2 trailed aerator-mixer, and the second option is the modernized PRT-10 organic fertilizer spreader paired with the T-156K loader. The largest difference in technological indicators is observed in fuel consumption – almost 2.5 times in favor of using the trailed aerator-mixer AZK-2. The economic assessment of the planned processing of raw materials at 3000 tons shows that the unit costs for the production of compost in this case are 107.58 UAH/t as opposed to 176.28 UAH/t in the first version.

Microbial and physico-chemical dynamics associated with chicken feather compost preparation vis-à-vis its impact on the growth performance of tomato crop

The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of five potent keratinolytic bacterial strains, including Bacillus halotolerans L2EN1, B. cereus N27, B. cereus N14, B. megaterium N35, and B. halotolerans DPE11, in the preparation of chicken feather compost (CFC) using chicken feathers (CF) and cow dung (CD) as substrates. The experiment that involved two setups (Set-I, with a keratinolytic bacterial consortium, and Set-II, without consortium) and five treatment combinations (T1 - CF only; T2 - 3CF:1CD; T3 - 1CF:1CD; T4 - 1CF:3CD; T5 - CD only) was conducted in both plastic pots and composting pits for six months. Microbiological and physico-chemical analyses of CFC conducted monthly revealed that treatment T4 in Set-I demonstrated the most favorable microbiological (bacteria: 9.40 Log CFU/g; fungi: 4.20 Log CFU/g; actinomycetes: 3.49 Log CFU/g; enteric: 7.62 Log CFU/g; spore-formers: 4.96 Log CFU/g; diazotrophs: 6.38 Log CFU/g; proteolytic bacteria: 7.98 Log CFU/g) and physico-chemical (pH: 7.53; temperature: 34.79 °C; EC: 0.87 mmhos/cm; moisture: 45.10%; non-volatiles: 21.25%; volatiles: 78.75%; organic carbon: 45.68%; N: 7.02%; P: 0.68%; K: 2.06%; C:N ratio: 15.70) characteristics. Subsequent efficacy testing of varying proportions (%) of T4 (T1 – 5.0, T2 – 10.0, T3 – 15.0, T4 – 20.0) on tomatoes, demonstrated significantly superior growth performance than the control (without CFC). Hence, application of CFC @ 10% may be recommended as an excellent organic fertilizer for tomatoes. In conclusion, co-composting CF (1 part) with CD (3 parts) employing keratinolytic bacteria offers an eco-friendly approach for repurposing CF waste into a nitrogen-rich organic fertilizer.

Impacts of plant growth-promoting bacteria, compost and biodynamic compost preparations for alleviating the harmful effects of salinity on essential oil characteristics of lavender

BackgroundBiodynamic agriculture and the use of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPBs) have been demonstrated to offer various benefits for achieving agricultural sustainability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of PGPBs Azotobacter and Azospirillum, compost, and compost with biodynamic preparations (BD) on the essential oil (EO) characteristics of lavender under salinity stress.Research methodsThe experiment was carried out in a greenhouse for 2 years and involved three factors: four PGPBs, three types of compost, and three levels of salinity stress.ResultsThe results indicated that the essential oil (EO) characteristics increased with 50 mM NaCl but decreased with 100 mM NaCl. Salt stress reduced the cell membrane stability (CMS) and auxin content, while increasing proline contents. However, the application of PGPBs, compost, and compost with biodynamic preparations had an opposite effect on CMS, auxin, and proline parameters compared to salt stress. Based on the results, the treatment that combined compost + BD with Azotobacter was found to be the most effective in enhancing the EO characteristics under both mild and severe salinity stress conditions.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that compost, biodynamic compost preparations, and PGPBs could be useful in enhancing the EO in medicinal plants and alleviating the adverse effects of salt stress on plants.Graphical

Trichoderma Species Problematic to the Commercial Production of Pleurotus in Italy: Characterization, Identification, and Methods of Control

Nine isolates of Trichoderma were obtained from the diverse phases of compost preparation and the production of different commercial varieties of oyster mushrooms Pleurotus spp. with the apparent presence of green mould disease. The isolates were morphologically and genetically characterized. Molecular fingerprinting indicated that the isolates belonged to the species T. pleuroticola and T. harzianum. In order to identify control measures, changes in temperature, pH, and application of fungicides were tested on the present isolates, using known Trichoderma biocontrol strains as a reference. Fungicide effects on the growth of Pleurotus isolates were also assessed. The optimal growth temperatures were 25 °C for Trichoderma isolates and 28 °C for Pleurotus isolates, and Trichoderma always grew faster than Pleurotus. In particular, a reduction of about 30% was recorded for some of the Trichoderma isolates when comparing the colony growth at 25 and 28 °C. Trichoderma isolates developed well within a wide pH range, with the best growth occurring between pH 5 and 7, whereas Pleurotus preferred more alkaline conditions (pH 8 to 9). Prochloraz and metrafenone were found to inhibit Trichoderma growth with different dose responses that did not affect the growth of Pleurotus spp. In particular, metrafenone was the most effective active ingredient that inhibited the majority of the Trichoderma isolates (1–25% growth reduction).

A Study on the Effectiveness of Utilization of the Union Digital Center Agricultural Information by the Farmers in Bangladesh

Aims: The aims of the study were to determine the effectiveness of Union Digital Center (UDC) in the utilization of agricultural information by the farmers, also to investigate the contribution of the selected characteristics of the farmers to the effectiveness of UDC in the utilization of agricultural information and to resolve the problems faced by the farmers in receiving agricultural information from the UDC. Study Design: It is a Field Survey Research. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in a union named Alokjhari under Khanshama Upazila of Dinajpur district of Bangladesh There are eight villages in this union. The study was conducted in these eight villages from January 2020 to February 2022. Methodology: The farmers of Alokjhari Union who were members of the Common Interest Group (CIG) under the National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) of the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) constitute the population of the study. According to Yamane’s (1967) formula, the sample size was determined as 154 from 200 respondents. A simple random sampling method was used in order to select the sample. Data were collected using a structured interview schedule. Descriptive statistics and stepwise multiple regression were used for analysis. Results: The highest proportion 49.4 percent of the farmers had low effectiveness of UDC in utilizing agricultural information compared to 30.5 percent with medium effectiveness and 20.1 percent with high effectiveness. And the highest effective information that the farmers asked for was found on ‘compost preparation’ followed by ‘tree plantation’, ‘recommended seed rate’, and so on. Among the influential variables level of education, family income, innovativeness, agricultural knowledge and aspiration provided a 53.1 percent contribution to the effectiveness of UDC. Conclusion: The findings indicate that UDC plays a moderate role in the utilization of agricultural information. Agricultural knowledge was the main contributor to the improvement of the effectiveness of UDC while agricultural knowledge should be increased to both farmers and UDC staff levels.

Composting of Natural Fibre Wastes for Preparation of Organic Manures and Bio-enhancers

"Various agricultural and industrial activities produce natural fibre waste that can harm the environment if not disposed properly. These wastes contain valuable plant nutrients that need to be recycled to sustain soil quality and health, and reduce environmental pollution. Composting is an efficient, sustainable, and inexpensive way to treat solid wastes. This study focused on the preparation of composts from jute leaf waste, pineapple leaf wastes, banana pseudo stem waste along with retting liquors as bio-enhancers and to evaluate their quality. The quality of compost determines its ability to perform its projected function. The feedstocks are the main factor that affects the compost qualities, but the composting process also counts. The compost and retting liquors were tested in the laboratory for different parameters such as electrical conductivity, pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and potassium, micronutrients, heavy metals and C/N ratio. The results showed that compost made from natural fibre and bio-enhancer i.e. retting liquor can be a good source of plant nutrition and microbial activity. Pineapple leaf waste had a higher C: N ratio than jute leaf waste which resulted faster decomposition of jute leaves. Retting liquor had more bacteria than fungi. No actinomycetes were seen in the liquor. Waste wool had the highest nitrogen content among other fibre residues, so it can be a sustainable alternative to nitrogen source for crop nutrition. The quality evaluation will give us an insight on influence of compost produced from natural fibre waste in crop production."

Agro-ecological intensification for climate change adaptation: tales on soil and water management practices of smallholder farmers in rural Ghana

In response to the increasing impacts of climatic stressors on human populations, climatic scholars have emphasized the need for alternative approaches to adapt food crop production to climate change and sustain the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. Inspired by agro-ecological intensification (AEI) practices of smallholder farmers, this study contributes to climate change adaptation debates in Sub-Saharan Africa by providing a context-specific exploration of everyday traditional soil and water management practices employed by smallholder farmers in adapting food crop production to climate change. The study employed a qualitative research design, conducted household case studies, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and a review of secondary data. We show that smallholder farmers employ diverse range of agronomic practices, with a particular emphasis on traditional soil and water management techniques. Such as the preparation and application of organic manure and compost, ridges formation, crop rotation, and cover cropping. These agronomic practices were complemented by the application of limited inorganic fertilizers and applied across different types of farms; compound and bush farms, valley fields, and gardens to adapt production to climate change. We argue that smallholder farmers are more inclined towards adopting AEI as a means of climate change adaptation due to their strong reliance on traditional farming methods, that draws heavily on local resources, indigenous knowledge as relatively affordable practices. Therefore, we emphasize the importance of incorporating an Endogenous Development (ED) approach in promoting AEI as part of climate change adaptation planning, particularly in rural Ghana and other Sub-Saharan African regions facing similar conditions.

A comparative study on compost preparation using lab prepared eco-enzyme and its effect on growth of plant species Phaseolus vulgaris.

The augmented rise in population in the last few decades has resulted in gigantic increase in the solid waste production in India and around the globe. The conventional composting methods are slow and sluggish process that has resulted in the advancement techniques for the emergence in new rapid composting processes. Use of eco-enzyme is such a rapid technique that helps to degrade the solid waste in a very accelerative manner. The present study has been carried out by preparing eco-enzyme using the kitchen waste and with the objective to utilize it for degradation of agricultural wastes and preparing compost for its utilization for different plant species as soil conditioner and fertilizer. The prepared eco-enzyme was added during the composting process in each batch with concentration variations of 10%, 15%, and 20% (V/V) once every week. The pH value of the final prepared compost was found to be within the neutral range of 6.51 ± 0.03-7.88 ± 0.50 in all the samples. Overall compost prepared using 10% eco-enzyme has the highest growth promoting effects for Phaseolus vulgaris. The present study will be having twofold advantage as the environment will get rid of such wastes as the same can be utilized as resource and it will also be helpful for the farmers from economical point of view.

Assessment of Nutrient Contents of Compost Prepared by Farmers in BunoBedele Zone, South Western Oromia, Ethiopia

This study was examined the nutrient content of compost prepared by farmers for soil fertility improvement and crop production. Heavy metal concentration in the compost was also investigated. The specific objectives were to asses and evaluate nutrient contents of farmers practiced composts prepared from diversified material sources and to make data base for composting processes. A total 213 samples were collected from Bedele, Gechi and Dabo district by random sampling methods from a representative sites. The pH, moisture content, OC, TN, C:N ratio, exchangeable Ca and Mg, Available P, EC, Mn, Fe, Cu and Znwere analyzed according to a standard laboratory procedure. An average OC and OM content of farmer practiced composts were 10.1, 13.9 and 12.1% and 18.9, 23.96 and 20.86% in Bedele, Gechi and Dabo Hana respectively. An average Moisture content of compost prepared in the study areas were 7.2, 7.6 and 6.2 for Bedele, Gechi and Dabo Hana respectively. Moisture content of compost prepared in these three districts were below the standard range. This may be caused due to the problem of watering during compost preparation. An average electric conductivity of composts were 1.5, 1.1 and 1.2 in Bedele, Gechi and Dabo Hana disticts respectively. The majority of the macro and micronutrients were analyzed for compost collected from Bedele, Gechi and Dabo Hana district were below the recommended range. This is due to unbalanced substrate during compost preparation especially absence of legume materials or residue from mixing materials.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices on household solid waste management and associated factors in Gelemso town, Ethiopia.

Improper solid waste management in urban and semi-urban cities of developing countries is the source of environmental pollution and public health concern. This study aimed to assess the households' knowledge, attitudes and practices of solid waste management and associated factors in Gelemso town. A community-based cross-sectional study design was used to assess the households' KAP of SWM in Gelemso town. A systematic random sampling technique was used to recruit 390 households from Gelemso town and data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 22.0 software. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to predict the improper SWM practices. From 390 households included in the study, 61.3% of them were females. Generally, most households had correct knowledge and positive attitudes towards SWM but poor practice was observed in the study area. About 96% of the households considered solid waste as a source of environmental pollution and close to 92% of them replied that solid waste can be used for compost preparation. Majority (87.4%) of the households "strongly agreed" about the potential risk associated with improper solid waste disposal and nearly 80% of them also "strongly agreed" that proper SWM is crucial to create a healthy environment in the community. Nearly 80% had practiced improper SWM. Logistic regression analyses indicated that lack of experience in sorting solid waste, ways of removal, knowledge about reduce, reuse and recycle, absence of adequate solid waste landfills, and lack of door-to-door waste collections services were identified as the major contributing factors for the improper SWM practice in Gelemso town. In conclusion, the majority of the households had practiced improper SWM, such as disposing of solid waste in the backyard, along the roadsides, in gully and burned. These malpractices can significantly affect the environment and public health of the residents.

Experimental research on the preparation of composts based on organic waste and plant residues of cattle farms using microbiological preparations

Experimental research on the preparation of composts based on organic waste and plant residues of cattle farms using microbiological preparations

MANAGEMENT OF AEROBIC FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGIES’ MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCESSES

All methods of compost producing to research and computer’s modeling were subjected: in burts mixing by mechanisms of various designs is carried out, so as in rotating drums and cultivation rooms. The research results showed that in the burts, at existing mechanisms using, after 5-fold mixing non uniformity of 36-51% was obtained, whereas for highquality compost, the non uniformity within 10-15% should be. There at drums’ rotating using, the ammonia release has been established, that indicates putrefactive objects’ developing, so mold and the other harmful processes called ammonification, at which organic matter decomposing. The method of compost preparation in cultivation rooms has a certain perspective. A group of scientists from various institutes and departments was tasked with a highly efficient method developing when organic fertilizers producing at existing shortcomings eliminating. Based on academicians Tikhonovich I.A. and Panikov N.S. scientific developments the abovementioned scientists group’s research directions were determined. Almost 30 years experience of these authors and other scientists allowed to develop the byproducts technology aerobic fermentation of agriculture and other industries, at various industry and international conferences presenting. This many years work’s real result is a new type of compost - a soil-biological complex (PBK) producing. An application dose of this product is 6-7 t/ha, that is equivalent to 40 t/ha of traditional compost at other agrotechnical properties improving. The PBK preparation method as aerobic fermentation’s technology is called. It is based on the soil’s microbiological community of microorganisms reproducing. At the same time, enzymes by microorganisms’ accelerating the humus formation’s processes in 1013 or more times has produced.