Composition Of Solid Waste Research Articles

Numerical simulation modelling on whole municipal solid waste incineration process by coupling multiple software for the analysis of grate speed and air volume ratio

Uncertainties in the calorific value and composition of municipal solid waste (MSW), the variability in operations, equipment performance decline, maintenance needs, and other dynamic factors make it challenging for operational experts to accurately gauge the overall combustion impact under fluctuating conditions. There is a need for a visual numerical simulation of the full MSW incineration (MSWI) process, with a focus on the effectiveness of the grate speed and air volume ratio. Unfortunately, software like Aspen Plus struggles to visually depict the effect of typically manipulated variables such as grate speed, and it is not well-suited for simulating solid-phase combustion and flue gas treatment. In response to these challenges, our study introduces a numerical simulation method for the MSWI process using a multi-software coupling approach. This simulation method incorporates (a) the use of custom software for simulating solid-phase combustion on the grate, (b) the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software for gas-phase combustion in the furnace, and (c) the utilization of chemical process simulation software for non-grate solid-phase combustion. The benchmark condition was determined using real-time running data from the Beijing MSWI Power Plant. The results show that for the incinerator’s third flue, flue gas G1, and flue gas G3, the relative errors between the simulated and actual values for flue gas temperature and oxygen concentration were 0.3% and 1.1%, 3.5% and 20%, and 0.2% and 20% respectively. In addition, we used eight non-benchmark conditions to study the effects of grate speed and air volume ratio. When the grate speed was gradually increased from 6 m/h to 8 m/h, O2, CO2, sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur trioxide(SO3), nitrogen monoxide (NO), and nitrogen oxide (NO2) at G1 had error fluctuation ranges of 5.9%− 48.5%, 2.5%− 11.5%, 10.42–28.57%, 7–23%, 29.10–45.52%, and 24.39–48.78%, respectively. When the primary air ratio was gradually increased from 0.84 to 0.96, the O2 concentration at G1 exhibited a steady upward trend. The simulation results provide insights into the adjustment range of the manipulated variables and offer additional support for the visualized and optimized control operation of the MSWI plant.

Impact of Leachate Recirculation on the Stabilization of Municipal Solid Waste in Anaerobic Bioreactors of Different Compositions

The aim of the current study is to determine the impacts of leachate recirculation on the degradation of three compositions of municipal solid waste in anaerobic bioreactors. The study was completed by using six columns with equal volume (0.042m3) containing different densities and compositions of solid waste, in order to follow waste degradation over a limited time. Three compositions of waste were studied: simulated fresh waste of standard composition, simulated fresh waste of fermentable composition, and actual aged waste. Measurements of the significant parameters including pH, leachate conductivity, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and waste settlement, were carried out. The quantity of oxidized organic matter was increased by the leachate recirculation, and the degradation period was reduced by using leachate recirculation. After 300, 150, and 480 days, waste stabilization seemed to be reached for fresh, aged, and fermentable waste, whereas the organic content decreased to 650, 480, and 4000mg COD/L, respectively.

Generation and composition of solid waste in low-income areas of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria

This study was carried out to determine the composition of solid wastes generated by some households in low-income areas of Jos Plateau State. Point source daily collection of household wastes from selected homes that were initially identified and categorized as low-income households were carried out for one week. The collected waste samples were weighed and sorted into food, ash/unburnt wood, plastic film/bags, fines, miscellaneous combustible, papers/cards, textiles, waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), glass, metals, dense plastic, garden waste and others. The components of these solid wastes were further classified into biodegradable (65.2%), recyclable (13.2%) and residual (21.6%). Biodegradable materials in the waste stream per household ranged from 1.7 kg to 18.3 kg per week. The recyclable materials produced by households varied from 0.4 kg to 2.9 kg and residual waste ranged from 0.6 kg to 6.0 kg per week. Urbanization and population growth are solely responsible for high increasing rate of solid wastes. The average household size found in the study area is 6.3 compared to an average household size of 4.6 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey and 5.5 for Jos – Bukuru metropolis.

The Potential of Solid Waste and Greenhouse Gasses Reduction in Tambak Osowilangon Material Recovery Facility in Indonesia During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Solid waste generation can increase due to people's activities that increase compared to the early pandemic in 2020. The solid waste management paradigm is no longer focused on landfilling waste in landfills. Solid waste reduction activities can extend the landfill's lifetime, one of the reduction activity facilities is Material Recovery Facilities (MRF). Surabaya, the capital city of East Java Province in Indonesia, has several MRF. One of them is Tambak Osowilangon . This study aims to determine the solid waste reduction in ponds in Osowilangon Material Recovery Facility during the COVID-19 pandemic and to predict greenhouse gas reduction based on solid waste. The triangular method calculates the greenhouse gases (GHG) prediction of solid waste management in Osowilangon MRF. Solid waste generation in Tambak Osowilangon MRF was produced at 2704.946 kg/day. The highest composition of solid waste was achieved by food waste (63%), and the existing reduction of solid waste in Ponds Osowilangon MRF is 56.08%. The total volume of GHG produced without reduction scenario is 6.16 x 10 6 m 3 /year, while the GHG produced from an existing reduction in Tambakosowilangon MRF is 2.4 x 10 6 m 3/ year. Solid waste management in Tambakosowilangon MRF can reduce 61.04% of the total GHG volume

Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on municipal solid waste generation: a case study in Granada city (Spain)

The 2020 coronavirus pandemic has involved a series of political and social measures that have been adapted to the spread of the disease. Apart from the severe effects on health sector, the most effects of the pandemic have been felt in households and day-to-day life. Consequently, COVID-19 has had a significant impact on the generation of not only medical and health care waste but also of municipal solid waste production and composition. In this context, this work studied the implications of COVID-19 for municipal solid waste generation in Granada, Spain. Granada is a city where the economy is based mainly on the services sector, tourism and the University. Therefore, the impact of COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected the city and it can be analyzed through the municipal solid waste generation. For the study of the incidence of COVID-19 in the generation of waste a period that goes from March 2019 to February 2021 has been chosen. The results show that, in the global calculation, a decrease in the generation of waste in the city is observed in this last year, reaching − 13.8%. Regarding the organic-rest fraction, the decrease in the COVID year represents − 11.7%. However, bulky waste has shown an increase in the COVID year which may be related to higher home furnishings renovation rates than in other years. Finally, glass is the waste flow that best indicates the effect of COVID in the service sector. In leisure areas, a significant reduction in the collection of glass is observed (− 45%).

Analysis and Characterization of the Solid Waste from Kabagarame Dumping site in Bushenyi District, Uganda.

Poor municipal solid waste management poses a very big threat to the environment as well as human health through the production of leachate and greenhouse gas emissions. This research focused on analyzing and characterizing solid waste at the Kabagarame dumping site in the district of Bushenyi, in Uganda. Specifically, wet solid waste samples were characterized and analyzed. The results revealed organics (45.25 %), food waste (24.17 %), inorganics (12.54 %), this was followed by plastics (11.38 %), mixed paper (2.88 %), glass of all kinds (2.36 %) and wood of all kinds (1.42 %). The findings also suggest that understanding the composition of municipal solid waste is essential for creating the best disposal strategy for recovering resources trapped in waste. Keywords: Characterization, solid waste, Kabagarame, and dumping site

Evaluation of the heating (Calorific) value of municipal wet solid waste from Kabagarame Dumping site in Bushenyi District, Uganda.

Modern management of waste around the world has moved from waste disposal to energy recovery through WtE. Technologies that can be utilized to recover energy from MSW via thermal conversion processes such as incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, biochemical conversion processes and chemical conversion. The aim of this research was to evaluate the heating (calorific) value of municipal wet solid waste from Kabagarame dumping site in Bushenyi District, Uganda. Wet solid waste samples were analyzed, the heating value of the wastes were evaluated. The results showed that other organics had the highest calorific value of 26.22 MJ/kg, followed by paper 16.60 MJ/kg, followed by food waste 16.51MJ/kg and then wood 16.14 MJ/kg on dry matter basis. The results on the heating value on wet basis showed that other organics had the highest calorific value of 12.82 MJ/kg, followed by paper 14.04 MJ/kg, followed by food waste 13.66 MJ/kg and then wood 9.89 MJ/kg. The heating value of plastics was not obtained since they are recovered from the dumping site and recycled. This energy can be harnessed by different production facilities particularly Tea factories in the region through incineration process so as to generate heat necessary for their production processes. In conclusion, results from this research also suggest that understanding the composition of municipal solid waste is essential for creating the best disposal strategy, so that recovering resources trapped in the wastes can be optimized. It is therefore necessary that energy derived from municipal solid wastes can be taken into account in the national energy budget. Keywords: Heating value, solid waste, Kabagarame and dumping site.

Analysis and Characterization of the Solid Waste from Kabagarame Dumping site in Bushenyi District, Uganda.

Poor municipal solid waste management poses a very big threat to the environment as well as human health through the production of leachate and greenhouse gas emissions. This research focused on analyzing and characterizing solid waste at the Kabagarame dumping site in the district of Bushenyi, in Uganda. Specifically, wet solid waste samples were characterized and analyzed. The results revealed organics (45.25 %), food waste (24.17 %), inorganics (12.54 %), this was followed by plastics (11.38 %), mixed paper (2.88 %), glass of all kinds (2.36 %) and wood of all kinds (1.42 %). The findings also suggest that understanding the composition of municipal solid waste is essential for creating the best disposal strategy for recovering resources trapped in waste. Keywords: Characterization, solid waste, Kabagarame, and dumping site.

Predicting the elemental compositions of solid waste using ATR-FTIR and machine learning

Predicting the elemental compositions of solid waste using ATR-FTIR and machine learning

Methane Emission and Carbon Sequestration Potential from Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, India

Quantities of waste generation are drastically increasing every day, and most of the waste is disposed of through open dumps and landfilling. Methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide are major greenhouse gases (GHGs) produced from landfill sites. However, the global-warming potential of methane is 21 times higher than that of carbon dioxide. Hence, there is immense concern for its utilization from landfill sites. In developing countries, the composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) has high amounts of biodegradable waste (50–60%). This leads to higher emissions of GHGs a per ton of MSW compared to the developed world. In this study, the attempt will be made to estimate the amount of carbon stored in MSW burial in landfills. Tests were conducted in two different locations at the Mavallipura landfill. MSW samples were collected for every meter interval (1–2 m, 2–3 m and so on) up to 6 m. The result shows that carbon stored in organic matter increases with depth from approximately 2.2% at 1.0 m depth to 4.8% at 6 m depth. Based on MSW’s carbon storage factor and data on MSW generation, global carbon sequestration from MSW burial in the Mavallipura landfill is estimated to be at least 10 million metric tons per year. In additional, the study aims to quantify methane-gas production from the ward levels and the Mavallipura landfill site in India.

Marine debris in tourism area of Dodola Island Beach, Morotai Island District

Coastal and marine areas are very vulnerable to various pollution threats from human domestic activities (marine debris), industry (fishery management) and other activities. One of the the problems faced in the management of Dodola island tourism was marine debris. This study aims to determine the composition of marine debris generated from tourism activities. Futhermore this study was necessary as basic information to formulate appropriate strategies in managing marine debris. This research was conducted from August to September 2021. Observations were made by visual observation at porposive area. Analysis of the type and weight taken from the observed waste such as the number of pieces, weight, composition and density of solid waste and separated according to the type of organic and inorganic. This result showed inorganic waste such as plastic bottles and cups, plastic packages, Styrofoam, sandals/shoes, glass bottles, diapers, cardboard and aluminum cans with a total of 664 items or 58% pieces, while for organic waste consisting of wood, bamboo, coconut and nipa fruit and banana leaves, with the number of pieces as much as 473 items or 42%. Organic waste has a weight of 203,422 grams or 85% and organic marine waste is 35,915 grams or 15%. The types of organic waste with the highest and heaviest amounts were bamboo 70.51% and 73.77%. Meanwhile, the type of inorganic waste with the highest amount was plastic bottles/cups 79.17% and the heaviest type of waste was glass bottles 55.08%.Keywords:Marine debrisGPSOrganicInorganic

Electricity generation from biogas as resource recovery potential from solid waste composition in a mixed-income municipality

Electricity generation from biogas as resource recovery potential from solid waste composition in a mixed-income municipality

The state of domestic solid waste and prediction of domestic solid waste quantity until 2035 in Cao Bang city, Cao Bang province, Vietnam

The aim of this paper is to assess the current situation of solid waste generation and forecast the amount of domestic solid waste in Cao Bang city, Cao Bang province in Vietnam by 2035. The study used a number of main research methods such as collecting primary and secondary data, actual investigation methods, using mathematical formulas to calculate and process data to get the results. The results show that the source of domestic solid waste in Cao Bang city is very diverse, mainly from urban areas, accounting for 93.09%. Emission coefficient in urban area is 1.13 kg/person/day and in rural area is 0.51 kg/person/day. Domestic solid waste composition is mainly organic solid waste (58.17%) while non-recyclable solid waste accounts for the lowest rate (7.2%). The amount of generated domestic solid waste in the city is forecasted to be 32,225.42 tons/year by 2035. The research results also show that the estimated amount of domestic solid waste generation in 2035 will increase by 1.13 times compared to 2022. This result is a necessary and important scientific basis to propose solutions to improve the efficiency of domestic solid waste management in the coming time.

Development of lower heating value prediction models and estimation of energy recovery potential of municipal solid waste and RDF incineration

Due to heterogeneity in municipal solid waste (MSW) characteristics and composition, the already available heating value estimation methods cannot be accurately applied for the cities of developing countries. In this study, both linear and non-linear approaches have been used for the development of lower heating value (LHV) prediction models. The models have been developed based on the physical composition, proximate analysis, and ultimate analysis of both mixed MSW and combustible components (food waste, yard waste, plastic, paper & cardboard, textile & rubber) separately. In total, six multiple linear regression (MLR) models and six artificial neural network (ANN) models have been developed. All of them can be used for the timely decision making as per the availability of data and requirements with a sufficient level of accuracy. The physical composition based LHV prediction models (both MLR and ANN) showed highest prediction performance. The models developed using combustible components showed slightly better prediction capabilities than mixed MSW based models. Further, in this study, an appropriate refuse-derived fuel (RDF) mix has been determined based on the ease of recovery of the individual waste components from the mixed MSW stream. Finally, the energy recovery potential from mass-burn incineration and RDF incineration has been evaluated. The energy recovery potential of proposed RDF (combination of plastic, paper & cardboard, textile & rubber and yard waste) and mixed MSW was found to be 1310 kWh/tonne and 837 kWh/tonne of dry weight respectively.

A Model for Predicting Medical Solid Waste in Hilla City, Iraq

Introduction: To improve current practices and create the most effective healthcare waste treatment system, solid medical waste composition needs to be analyzed. This study aims to develop models to predict the rate of medical waste production in hospitals in Hilla city, Iraq. Predictive mode can be used to set standards, evaluate current methods for treating and disposing medical waste, and optimize healthcare solid waste management systems.
 Materials and Methods: Predictive models and long-term data on the composition and rate of solid medical waste generation were developed using a longitudinal study design. A standardized questionnaire and weighted scale were used to measure solid medical waste generated from the five public hospitals. Statistics were used to create models predicting the amount of waste generated at each hospital.
 Results: These models demonstrated a significant correlation between inpatient and outpatient numbers and waste generation. Different hospitals treat different numbers of inpatients and outpatients. Different models have been created based on various types of hospitals.
 Conclusion: Linear rule-based models accurately represent the weights of variables, identify the sources and implications of solid medical waste, and control waste levels by using a variety of parameters. The research model can help in the development of an effective strategic plan for setting up a medical solid waste (MSW) management system.

Municipal Organic Solid Waste to Energy: A Case Study of the West Bank-Palestine

Organic solid waste represents 50% of the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) composition in Palestine. MSW in the West Bank (WB) are managed by municipalities, Local Governmental Units (LGUs), and Joint Service Councils (JSCs). MSW are collected and transferred to the existing four landfills along the WB, there are no waste separation or recycling in Palestine except small projects and enterprises. The collected MSW reaches the landfills as a mixed wastes with the composition of metal, paper, glass, plastic, and organic wastes. The current organic waste treatment in Palestinian territories is represented by composting and biogas generation, the small pilot projects of composting that have been implemented facing problems related to quality, competition, and financing. Biogas production from organic solid wastes is also limited and concentrated in producing biogas from animals manure. New proposals have been discussed regarding solid waste incineration in the field of Waste To Energy (WTE) projects, except the composting and bioenergy there are no another treatment for organic MSW in the WB. This study ensures about the importance of the concept of waste separation at source, and to adapt the concept of WTE operations. Due to the high moisture content and high organic proportion in the MSW; bio-drying processes are valuable as a pretreatment stage for organic waste treatment. This study also highlights on the Refuse Derive Fuel (RDF) as a product of bio-drying processes that could help in organic MSW treatment.

Assessment of Solid Waste Composition and Tourist Flow at Doodhpathri Kashmir

The present study was carried out at Doodhpathri, a forest ecosystem and tourist resort, in the Kashmir valley during 2018 with the objectives of determining the municipal solid waste (MSW) generation at 3 sites in the months of May, June and July and also, the tourist rush (number of tourist and vehicles) in these months were also analyzed. Maximum solid waste was generated in the month of July (167.02 kg) followed by June (162.53 kg) and May (136.41 kg). The total quantity of biodegradable waste generated in the month of July was 167.02 kg while as 140.81 kg of non-biodegradable waste was generated during the same month. Similarly, in the month of June, total quantity of biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste generated was 162.53 and 132.58 kg respectively, compared to 136.41 and 108.65 kg respectively in the month of May. The data indicated that the quantity of biodegradable waste generated was higher as compared to non-biodegradable. The tourist flow was significantly higher in the month of July. The total number of tourists in the month of July was 5870 followed by June (5505) and May (4250) (DDA).

Dispersion characteristics of bioaerosols during treatment of rural solid waste in northwest China

In rural China, the release of bioaerosols containing pathogens from solid waste dumps poses a potential health risk to the local population. Here, we sampled bioaerosols from rural solid waste-treatment in four provinces of northwest China to investigate their emission and dispersion characteristics in order to provide a scientific basis for control and risk reduction of bioaerosols released from rural sanitation facilities. The airborne bioaerosol concentrations and particle size distributions were calculated using an Anderson six-stage airborne microbial sampler and counting with its internal Petri dish culture. High-throughput sequencing was used to characterize the microbial composition at different sampling sites and to explore possible influencing factors, while the health risk associated with exposure was estimated based on average daily dose-rate. The highest concentration point values of bacteria and fungi in bioaerosols near the solid waste were 63,617 ± 15,007 and 8044 ± 893 CFU/m³, respectively. Furthermore, the highest concentration point values of Enterobacteriaceae was 502 ± 35 CFU/m³. Most bioaerosols were coarse particles larger than 3.3 μm. Potentially pathogenic genera of winter-indicator species detected in the air were primarily Delftia, Rhodococcus and Aspergillus. The composition of solid waste and environmental conditions are important factors in determining the characteristics of bioaerosols. Local residents are exposed to bioaerosols mainly through inhalation. Children are at a particularly high risk of exposure through both inhalation and skin contact. The results of this study show that bioaerosols in the vicinity of rural solid waste dumps pose a health risk to the surrounding population. More suitable risk assessment criteria for rural areas should be established, and corresponding control and protection measures should be taken from three aspects: generation source and transmission pathway, as well as the recipient.

DYNAMICS OF DECOMPOSITION OF SOLID HOUSEHOLD WASTE IN THE PRESENCE OF SULFURIC ACID

The article is devoted to the development of technology for obtaining organic-mineral fertilizers and chemical meliorants on the basis of solid waste (SW). The presented article mainly describes the physico-chemical basis of decomposition of solid waste with solutions of different percentages of sulfuric acid, which is the first stage of the study. The purpose of the research is to study the physico-chemical basis of decomposition of solid waste depending on the concentration of sulfuric acid solution, its initial temperature, time and intensity of mixing during the development of technology for obtaining organic-mineral fertilizers and ameliorative substances. During the study, the concentration of sulfuric acid solution from 5% to 70, decomposition dynamics of samples within 36-80 minutes, It was studied under mixing conditions at an intensity of 40 per/min to 180 per/min. It was established that each factor has a great influence on the percentage of decomposition of solid household waste, therefore, the optimal parameters for each factor were determined and clarified as a result of experimental experiments. As a result of the conducted research, it was determined that solid waste from the point of view of the richness of macro-and microelements contained in it is a fully usable raw material for fertilizer production, it has been observed that the extraction of food-repellent elements from the composition of solid household waste with 10-20% sulfuric acid solution is appropriate and in this case, along with the decomposition, the process of neutralization of microorganisms in it takes place. 40-600C optimum temperature of technological process for transition of moisture-repellent elements into solution, it has been proved that the concentration of acid solution is between 10-20% and the mixing intensity is 60-140 per/min., in the end, it is recommended to enrich the composition of the obtained fertilizer with nutritive substances after the completion of the technological process in order to improve the quality of the composition of the obtained liquid fertilizer. As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that during the decomposition of solid waste in the presence of weak acid solutions, about 80-85% of the nutrient elements contained in it can be extracted and used in fertilizer production. Keywords: fertilizer, solid waste, sulfuric acid, ameliorant, salinity, salinization.

Physico-chemical, heavy metal analysis and physical composition of household solid waste, Shone Town, Ethiopia

Abstract. Balilo G, Aschalew A, Manikandan R, Feyisa A. 2023. Physico-chemical, heavy metal analysis and physical composition of household solid waste, Shone Town, Ethiopia. Nusantara Bioscience 15: 32-37. In Ethiopia, Shone is one of the country's fast-developing towns; inadequate solid waste management was observed. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the generation rate and selected physico-chemical characterization and heavy metal analysis of household solid waste. The study was conducted on randomly selected 120 households from two Kebele of the town. The physico-chemical analysis results revealed that moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity (dS/cm), nitrogen, organic carbon, (%), phosphorus and potassium content of household solid waste were 54.6, 8.25, 2.52 (dS/cm), 2.47, 10.25, 0.54, and 0.82%, respectively. In addition, in the decomposed household solid waste samples, heavy metals such as iron, manganese, copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt, chromium, lead, and cadmium were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results showed the concentration of these heavy metals in the decomposed solid waste samples was in the order of iron>manganese>zinc>copper>nickel>chromium>cobalt>lead>cadmium. Daily solid waste from those households was separated into its components, and each component was measured. That was conducted for 7 consecutive days to quantify and characterize household solid waste. The result revealed that the household solid waste generation rate in the study area was 0.206 kilogram/capita/day. The physical composition of the solid waste in Shone Town is mainly organic, constituting 92.8%. The organic waste of the town has a high content of biodegradable waste such as food waste (49.56%), ash and dust (29.74%), yard waste (4.95%), textile (4.006%), old shoes and bone (2.5%), paper and cardboard (2.04%) and recyclable material such as plastic (3.28%), glass and metal (3.88%) all account for 92.8% (biodegradable) and 7.17% (non-biodegradable), respectively.