Alloy Composition Research Articles

Research on the Composition and Casting Technology of Bronze Arrowheads Unearthed from the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom

The ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom were an important site of the Minyue Kingdom during the Han Dynasty. Characteristic bronze arrowheads unearthed from the East Gate, with their exquisite craftsmanship, provide important physical evidence for studying ancient bronze casting technology and the military activities of that time. However, there is still a lack of systematic research on the alloy composition, casting process, and chemical stability of these arrowheads in long-term burial environments. The bronze arrowheads that were found in the East Gate warehouse are the subject of this study. Metallographic analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to carefully examine their composition and microstructure, as well as the casting process characteristics. The findings reveal the following: (1) The East Gate bronze arrowheads primarily consist of copper–tin binary alloys, and certain samples exhibit a lead (Pb) content of up to 11.19%, potentially due to element addition during casting or element migration in the burial environment. (2) The metallographic structure shows that the sample matrix has a typical α-dendrite structure, indicating that a high-temperature casting process was used, and then a certain surface treatment was performed to enhance corrosion resistance. (3) Under a scanning electron microscope, it was observed that a three-layer structure was formed on the surface of the arrowhead, including a fully mineralized layer, an intermediate transition layer, and the original core tissue. (4) The detection of molybdenum (Mo) in some samples suggests a close relationship between the complexity of the buried soil environment and human activities. (5) By comparing the microstructure and corrosion degree of the longitudinal section and the cross-section, it was found that the longitudinal section has a stronger corrosion resistance due to its denser structure. Comprehensive analysis shows that the technical details of the bronze arrowheads unearthed from the Minyue Imperial City in terms of material selection, casting process, and later use reflect the outstanding achievements of the Minyue Kingdom in the field of bronze manufacturing in the Han Dynasty.

Electronic properties of MAPbxSn1−xI3 hybrid perovskite alloys: k.p modeling for tetragonal crystal symmetry with C4v point group

MAPb x Sn 1 − x I 3 alloys are highly promising for photovoltaic, optoelectronic, and spintronics applications. Using k.p calculations, we derived the fundamental band parameters of these tetragonal hybrid halide perovskites as a function of Pb content (x). Our study focuses on the experimentally confirmed C4v point group structures: P4mm for Sn-rich alloys and I4cm for Pb-rich alloys. Our theoretical model successfully reproduces the non-monotonic behavior of the bandgap and provides detailed insights into the electron, hole, and reduced exciton masses (me, mh, and μ). We find that hole masses are slightly larger than electron masses, with both increasing linearly as x rises. At the structural transition (x=0.5) between P4mm and I4cm, we observe a discontinuity in hole masses and a steeper linear increase in Pb-rich structures. The calculated exciton masses show excellent agreement with experimental data across a wide range of alloy compositions. Additionally, we predict the Landé g-factors for charge carriers (ge, gh) and excitons (gX). For Pb-rich alloys, ge increases with decreasing bandgap energy, while for Sn-rich alloys, ge decreases. Exciton g-factors gX are predominantly governed by the large positive ge values, as the smaller negative gh values provide minimal compensation. Consequently, gX is not constant but varies with the bandgap, ranging from 2.4 and 4.8 for Pb-rich alloys and from 4.8 and 3.7 for Sn-rich alloys. These results highlight the tunable electronic and spin properties of MAPbxSn1−xI3 alloys, positioning them as versatile candidates for next-generation device applications.

Strain-Controlled Thermal–Mechanical Fatigue Behavior and Microstructural Evolution Mechanism of the Novel Cr-Mo-V Hot-Work Die Steel

In response to the intensifying competition in the mold market and the increasingly stringent specifications of die forgings, the existing 55NiCrMoV7 (MES 1 steel) material can no longer meet the elevated demands of customers. Consequently, this study systematically optimizes the alloy composition of MES 1 steel by precisely adjusting the molybdenum (Mo) and vanadium (V) contents. The primary objective is to significantly enhance the microstructure and thermal–mechanical fatigue performance of the steel, thereby developing a high-performance, long-life hot working die steel designated as MES 2 steel. The thermal–mechanical fatigue (TMF) tests of two test steels were conducted in reverse mechanical strain control at 0.6% and 1.0% strain levels by a TMF servo-hydraulic testing system (MTS). The microstructures of the two steels were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicate that throughout the entire thermomechanical fatigue cycle, both steels exhibit initial hardening during the low-temperature half-cycle (tension half-cycle) and subsequent continuous softening during the high-temperature half-cycle (compression half-cycle). Furthermore, under the same strain condition, the cumulative cyclic softening damage of MES 1 steel is more pronounced than that of the newly developed MES 2 steel. The number, width, and length of cracks in MES 2 steel are smaller than those in MES 1 steel, and the thermomechanical fatigue life of MES 2 steel is significantly longer than that of MES 1 steel. The microstructures show that the main precipitate phase in MES 1 steel is Cr-dominated rod-shaped carbide. It presents obvious coarsening and is prone to inducing stress concentration, thus facilitating crack initiation and propagation. The precipitate phase in MES 2 steel is mainly MC carbide containing Mo and V. It has a high thermal activation energy and is dispersed in the matrix in the form of particles, pinning dislocations and grain boundaries. This effectively delays the reduction in dislocation density and grain growth, thus contributing positively to the improvement in thermomechanical fatigue performance.

Improving the Seebeck Coefficient and Electrical Conductivity of Fe11Ti3Al6 by Substituting Fe with Cr

AbstractIn general, any attempt to increase the Seebeck coefficient is usually accompanied by a decrease in the electrical conductivity or vice versa due to the interplay between these two parameters. This work demonstrates that a simultaneous increase in both the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity can be obtained by “doping” in intermetallic alloys. A new alloy composition, Fe10Cr1Ti3Al6, was synthesized by substituting Fe with Cr in Fe11Ti3Al6 using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The thermoelectric measurements revealed that the Cr substitution led to an increase in the Seebeck coefficient from +27 µV/K in Fe11Ti3Al6 to +39 µV/K in Fe10Cr1Ti3Al6, with a corresponding increase in the electrical conductivity from 2.5 × 105 S/m to 4.7 × 105 S/m, resulting in a significant increase in the power factor. The temperature dependence of the thermoelectric properties of this new alloy was also investigated over a temperature range of 50–727°C. The result showed that a maximum power factor of 6.0 × 10−4 W/m K2 was obtained at 53°C.

Synthesis, hardness and tensile behavior of boron carbide reinforced Al6082 alloy composites for automotive applications

Synthesis, hardness and tensile behavior of boron carbide reinforced Al6082 alloy composites for automotive applications

Elastocaloric Thermal Battery: Ultrahigh Heat‐Storage Capacity Based on Generative Learning‐Designed Phase‐Change Alloys

AbstractAn elastocaloric thermal battery based on generative learning‐designed phase‐change alloys is developed to facilitate the efficient recycling of low‐temperature waste heat. This battery stores thermal energy as latent heat in a phase‐change alloy and releases it on demand through applied stress at ambient temperature. Alloy compositions and corresponding processing parameters, tailored to desired transformation characteristics, are efficiently discovered through a generative learning‐enabled inverse design framework, which converts the hand‐drawn target heat flow curve into tangible compositional and processing designs. The designed battery achieves an ultrahigh figure of merit for heat storage capacity, surpassing existing thermal batteries, and boasts a work‐to‐heat efficiency exceeding 9. This opens up exciting possibilities for manipulating thermal energy in diverse applications such as low‐temperature waste heat recycling, solar thermal collection, and heat management in electric vehicles and data center facilities. The inverse design framework promises to expedite the development of various materials with tailored property curves.

Synthesis and machining characteristics study of agro-waste coconut shell powder incorporated aluminium alloy composite via the squeeze cast technique

ABSTRACT The present research synthesizes the aluminium alloy (Al7075) composite with 0-6% agro-waste coconut shell powder (CSP) via squeeze stir casting and evaluates its microstructural and mechanical properties. Effective processing influences uniform particle dispersion without agglomeration. The 6vol% of CSP featured Al7075 alloy composite is found an optimum tensile strength (242MPa) and hardness (83HV), which is subjected to drilling process via MTAB –Fanuc operated CNC drilling machine configured with CBN coated tool with different process parameters like speed (250-750rpm), diameter of drill (4- 8mm), and feed rate (5-15 mm/min) under 20mm depth with minimum quantity of lubricant on surface roughness (Ra), tool wear (TW) and time to drill (t) is calculated and optimized through analysis of variance. Interaction plot revealed that the S7 (750rpm/4mm/15mm/min) and S9 (750rpm/8mm/15mm/min) sequences are found to perform better machining operations like lower Ra, TW, and t between 0.00018 and 0.00019µm, 0.62-0.61m3/m and 75 and 112 sec.

Synthesis and characterization of Cobalt-chromium based alloys via spark plasma sintering for biomedical applications

The present study investigates the impact of Mo and Nb on the characteristics of CoCr sintered alloys, with a specific focus on their potential for biomedical applications. Cobalt-chromium-based alloys (namely, Co-Cr-2.5Mo-2.5 Nb, Co-Cr-3Mo-3 Nb, and Co-Cr-3.5Mo-3.5 Nb) were fabricated using sintering conditions comprising a heating rate of 200 °C/min, pressure of 50 MPa, temperature of 1100 °C, and a dwell period of 15 minutes. The findings indicated that the CoCr alloy, when supplemented with Mo and Nb, exhibited a singular-phase composition consisting mostly of a face-centered cubic (FCC) core comprised of gamma-Co, accompanied by a minor proportion of a hexagonal close-packed (HCP) solid solution matrix known as epsilon-Co, and interspersed with precipitates. The inclusion of Co-Cr-3Mo-3 Nb alloy composition resulted in the highest relative density of 97.56 % compared to other alloy compositions, indicating its optimum alloying properties. The Co-Cr-3Mo-3 Nb alloy had the maximum polarization resistance of 522.52 Ω, indicating a strong resistance to corrosion. Additionally, it displayed the least corrosion rate of 1.5904 mm/year. The ternary alloy consisting of Co-Cr-3.5Mo-3.5 Nb demonstrated superior resistance to the applied indentation stress, as shown by its minimal maximum penetration depth of 372.23 nm and the lowest average coefficient of friction (COF) values.

Transforming waste red mud and fly ash to wealth by designing a hybrid Al alloy composite with improved mechanical and tribological properties

AbstractIn the present work, we demonstrate the development of a cost‐effective hybrid composite of aluminium 6063 alloys by utilizing some industrial wastes like fly ash and red mud as reinforcement. Alloy composites have been produced with varying concentrations of reinforcement by a two‐step stir‐casting method. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the presence of fly ash and red mud whereas microstructural analysis through optical microscopy showed a uniform distribution of the reinforcements within the alloy matrix. The composite formed with optimized weight fractions of red mud and fly ash exhibited higher ultimate tensile strength in comparison with base aluminium alloy. Furthermore, the dry sliding wear behaviour of the alloy and its composites have been investigated at low sliding speed against a hardened disk at three different loads (2 kg, 3 kg and 4 kg). The wear rate increases with increasing load in the alloy as well as in the composite. Sem images of worn surfaces of the hybrid composite exhibit fewer grooves when 5 wt.‐% of both reinforcements are present. Essentially, the overall wear rate of the composite is found lower than the base alloy. Hybrid composites with 5 wt.‐% of both reinforcements show maximum wear resistance.

Direct determination of diffusion flux in alloys via spatial separation of flux

Despite the importance of atomic diffusion in controlling high temperature deformation, it remains difficult to generally determine diffusion flux through alloys. We present thermomechanical nanomolding, where a nanomold is filled by the alloy's diffusion flux under a stress gradient, to determine the flux diffusing through an alloy's microstructure. This flux is collected in the nanomold forming nanorods. Length and composition analyses of the formed nanorods allow us to determine rate and composition of the flux, and further allow estimation of the constituents’ diffusivities in this flux. We verify this technique on metals and simple alloys, and then reveal diffusive flux in general alloys. Notably, for alloys that can access a eutectic composition in their alloy system, the flux's composition is that of the eutectic, which can be very different from the alloy's nominal composition. Moreover, the flux's overall diffusivity is greatly enhanced. This, so far unknown, eutectic mechanism is present in the majority of multicomponent alloys. These insights into diffusion flux in alloys can be used to guide the development of alloys with particularly low diffusivity or particularly high diffusivity. More generally, the presented method provides a novel toolbox to reveal the rich underlying diffusion-controlled mechanisms of deformation of alloys in general.

Effect of precipitates on martensite formation and shape memory effect of FeMnSi-based shape memory alloys fabricated by laser powder bed fusion

The initial and evolving microstructure during the tensile test of two Fe-17Mn-5Si-10Cr-4Ni shape memory alloys, with and without V, C and fabricated by laser powder bed fusion are investigated and compared via electron backscattered diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and in-situ neutron diffraction. Tensile samples are fabricated from the two alloys in order to analyze their thermo-mechanical properties. The addition of V and C leads to the formation of a high area density of fine precipitates, mainly carbides, after heat treatment. The chemistry modifications caused by carbide precipitation cause a decrease in the stacking fault energy (SFE), promoting the formation of wider stacking faults and higher volume fractions of martensite phase under loading, which affect the pseudo-elastic properties and deformation behavior of the material. The carbide-containing alloy shows higher strength, work-hardening capability and pseudo-elasticity compared to the carbide-free alloy. However, the shape memory effect is reduced in the former. The present work sheds light on the crucial role of alloy composition, precipitation and SFE in shaping the mechanical and shape memory properties of Fe-based shape memory alloys. The findings hold potential implications for the design and optimization of materials for specific engineering applications, where either enhanced pseudoelasticity or shape memory effect is desired.

Wettability and interfacial reactions in Al–mg–Si/SiC and Al–mg–Si/SiO2 systems

The wettability of reinforcing materials by matrix alloy is essential for the successful fabrication of high-performance metal matrix composites. This study investigates the wetting behavior of Al–Mg–Si alloys (Mg: 3–7 wt%, Si: 9–15 wt%) on SiC and SiO2 substrates, providing crucial insights for developing SiC-reinforced aluminum matrix composites. Using a dispensed sessile drop method in an Ar–10 %H2 atmosphere, we systematically examined the influence of alloy composition and temperature on wettability. A key finding is that reducing Si content and increasing temperature significantly enhance wettability in the Al–Mg–Si/SiC system by promoting the formation of Al4C3. In contrast, for the Al–Mg–Si/SiO2 system, increasing Mg content primarily improves initial wettability, while the effect of Si content is less significant. Importantly, this study challenges the conventional understanding of SiC pre-oxidation treatment, demonstrating that its primary role is to control Al4C3 formation rather than directly enhance wettability. These results provide a deeper understanding of the complex interplay among alloying elements, temperature, and interfacial reactions in governing wettability. Furthermore, they offer valuable strategies for process optimization and theoretical guidance for fabricating SiC-reinforced aluminum matrix composites with enhanced properties.

Robustness of machine learning predictions for Fe-Co-Ni alloys prepared by various synthesis methods.

Developing high-performance alloys is essential for applications in advanced electromagnetic energy conversion devices. In this study, we assess Fe-Co-Ni alloy compositions identified in our previous work through a machine learning (ML) framework, which used both multi-property ML models and multi-objective Bayesian optimization to design compositions with predicted high values of saturation magnetization, Curie temperature, and Vickers hardness. Experimental validation was conducted on two promising compositions synthesized using three different methods: arc melting, ball milling followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS), and chemical synthesis followed by SPS. The results show that the experimental property values of arc melted samples deviated less than 14% from predicted values. This work further explains how structural variations across synthesis methods impact property behavior, validating the robustness of ML-predicted compositions and highlighting a pathway for integrating processing conditions into alloy development.

Microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of L21 phase-strengthened laser cladding CrFeNiTixAl1-x high-entropy alloy coatings

In this study, CrFeNiTixAl1-x (x=0.3, 0.7 in mole ratio) high-entropy alloy coatings (referred to as Ti0.3Al0.7, Ti0.7Al0.3 alloy coating, respectively) were prepared on AlSI1045 steel using the laser cladding (LC) method by adjusting the Al and Ti element contents. The phase constitutions, microstructures, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of the prepared coatings were comprehensively investigated and compared. Both Ti0.3Al0.7 and Ti0.7Al0.3 coatings exhibited rich Fe-Cr disordered BCC phase (A2) and NiAl ordered BCC phase (B2). The L21 phase in the Ti0.7Al0.3 coating accounted for as much as 47.7% when the Ti content was 0.7. The elevated Ti content significantly refined the internal structure of the coating, reducing the average grain size from 7.495 μm to 2.281 μm. With the combined effect of grain refinement and obstruction of dislocation motion by large angle grain boundaries, the microhardness of the Ti0.7Al0.3 alloy coatings increased from 685.12 HV0.2 to 867.20 HV0.2 compared to Ti0.3Al0.7. The precipitation strengthening effect of the noncoherent hard L21 phase, along with the protective role of the TiO2 oxide film, resulted in the lowest friction coefficient of 0.171 for Ti0.7Al0.3. Ti0.7Al0.3 exhibits the dominant wear mechanisms of abrasive and oxidative wear. Meanwhile, these coatings also exhibited excellent resistance to Cl- corrosion, with corrosion potentials shifted to -0.52V and -0.46V for Ti0.3Al0.7 and Ti0.7Al0.3, and corrosion current densities decreased to 1.26 ×10-6A/cm2 and 4.35 ×10-7A/cm2, respectively. These findings suggest that the replacement of equimolar Al with equimolar Ti in the CrFeNiTiAl high-entropy alloy compositions is a meaningful phenomenon that offers new perspectives for the design of novel high-performance HEAs.

Sasanian and early Islamic copper-base metalworking at Qasr-e Abu Nasr, south-central Iran

A group of metal objects excavated at Qasr-e Abu Nasr in south-central Iran in the 1930s, now in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, has been analyzed to examine metalworking techniques and metallurgical processes. Thirty-three objects were studied and analyzed by micro-X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and metallography techniques. The results of these analyses show a wide range of copper alloy compositions including impure copper, tin bronze, brass, leaded tin bronze, leaded brass and leaded ternary Cu-Sn-Zn (gunmetal) alloys. Also, two silver-copper and one pewter object were identified among the analyzed objects. The results of this interdisciplinary study provide new insights onto the archaeology of Qasr-e Abu Nasr, as well as present new information about the history and evolution of copper-base metallurgy on the Iranian Plateau during the Sasanian and early Islamic periods.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-Entropy Alloy FeCoNiCr(X) Produced by Laser Directed Energy Deposition Process: Effect of Compositional Changes

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have shown promise as materials with improved mechanical properties compared to traditional materials. Achieving the desired mechanical properties depends on the alloy composition, both in terms of percentage and elements. Laser directed energy deposition technology allows for the production of products with various complex geometries and dimensions (L-DED). It has been found that HEA FeCoNiCrCu alloys can be divided into regions with high concentrations of Fe + Co + Cr and Cu elements. Dendrite growth directions of HEA FeCoNiCrCu are (111) and (200), and the average microhardness is around 240 HV. All samples have cracks vertically along the height. Fine-grained and dendrite structures were observed. Cu-element is mainly found in cracks. The HEA FeCoNiCrCu alloy was compared with another HEA FeCoCrMnNi, successfully obtained by the same L-DED technology. Comparing the two HEAs FeCoNiCrCu and FeCoCrMnNi obtained with the same deposition parameters can help determine the impact of one element on the phase composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of the high-entropy alloy. Replacing the element Mn with Cu in HEA FeCoNiCrMn led to a shift in the dendrite growth from one to two predominant directions and a decrease in the average microhardness by 20%.

Activity–Stability Relationship in Compositionally Tuned Magnetron Co‐Sputtered Bimetallic Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

ABSTRACTIn the present study, magnetron‐sputtered PtxM100−x (M = Co, Cu, and Y; x = 25, 50, 75, and 100) bimetallic alloys were investigated as PEMFC cathodes. Accurate composition and layer thickness control enabled a systematic study of the correlation between the alloy composition, its activity, and stability. The catalysts underwent thorough characterization, employing a diverse portfolio of characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and cyclic voltammetry. The activity of all investigated alloys was tested directly in a fuel cell device, whereas stability was assessed through potentiodynamic cycling in a half‐cell. The activity–stability index, considering experimental results for both activity and stability, was calculated and compared for all investigated catalysts. All alloys exhibited a volcano‐type trend in the activity–stability index as a function of the concentration of the alloying element with maxima observed for Pt50Co50, Pt50Cu50, and Pt75Y25 for respective alloys, surpassing that of monometallic platinum. Overall, Pt50Co50 emerged as a catalyst with the highest activity–stability ratio.

Influence of Different Spot Pattern Lasers on Cleaning Effect of TC4 Titanium Alloy.

This study employed different spot pattern lasers to clean the oxide film on the surface of a TC4 titanium alloy. The variation in temperature field and ablation depth during the laser cleaning process was simulated by establishing a finite element model. The effects of various laser processing parameters on the micromorphology, elemental composition, and surface roughness of the TC4 titanium alloy were analyzed. The results show that as the laser energy density increases, both the temperature field and ablation depth increase as well. Under optimal laser processing parameters, the laser energy density is 5.27 J/cm2, with a repetition frequency of 300 kHz and a scanning speed of 6000 mm/s. A comparison of the cleaning effects of Gaussian pulse lasers and Flat-top pulse lasers reveals that the Gaussian pulse laser causes less damage to the TC4 titanium alloy, resulting in lower oxygen content and roughness values after cleaning compared to Flat-top pulse laser cleaning.

Enhancing Wear Resistance of Al6061 Composites: Insights from Microstructural and Tribological Investigations with ECAP

This work presents a comprehensive investigation into the microstructural and tribological properties of Al6061 alloy composites reinforced with E-glass fibers and soda–lime particulates, both before and after Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) processing. The study explores the intricate relationships between reinforcement materials and the aluminum matrix, shedding light on their collective impact on material behavior. Elemental composition analysis via Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) reveals crucial elements shaping the properties of these composites, highlighting the dominance of aluminum in the matrix and the contributions of silicon, calcium, sodium, and oxygen from the reinforcement materials. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Optical Microscopy (OM) demonstrate refined grain structures, improved reinforcement dispersion, and enhanced interfacial bonding post-ECAP, indicating potential for superior mechanical properties. Furthermore, wear test analysis on these composites, encompassing varying reinforcement percentages and load conditions, unveils consistent trends in wear behavior. Higher reinforcement percentages, particularly with E-glass fibers, lead to reduced specific wear rates, showcasing enhanced wear resistance. Post-ECAP results consistently exhibit lower wear rates, highlighting the positive impact of ECAP on wear resistance. Statistical analysis using Taguchi and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) techniques underscores the critical role of reinforcement percentage in wear characteristics, with optimal configurations identified for both E-glass fiber and soda–lime particulate composites. These findings offer valuable insights for designing and optimizing materials, emphasizing the importance of reinforcement levels, load, and speed in enhancing wear resistance and optimizing material performance for specific applications.

ENHANCEMENT OF ALUMINUM ALLOY (AL7075) COMPOSITE BY THE ADDITION OF CRS PARTICLE VIA STIR CASTING TECHNIQUE

In this research, we added crushed rock sand (CRS) particles to an Al7075 matrix material, and composites were fabricated through a stir-casting approach. The reinforcement percentage varies from 0% to 12% by weight in discrete increments of 3%. Physical and mechanical parameters such as hardness, ultimate tensile strength, and impact toughness and corrosion performance by the gravimetric method, as well as tribological properties such as specific wear rate and coefficient of friction (COF), were tested at both ambient temperature ([Formula: see text]C) and elevated temperature ([Formula: see text]C). The density of the developed composite samples has been substantially lowered with an intensification in wt.% of CRS particles. The mechanical parameters of the developed composite samples have been considerably enhanced with an intensification in wt.% of CRS particles. The 9[Formula: see text]wt.% CRS-reinforced samples have an outstanding incrementation percentage of 52.44% hardness, 24.85% tensile strength, and 19.90% impact toughness. Better corrosion resistance is observed for the 9[Formula: see text]wt.% sample. Similarly, the same sample shows a 28.06% increase in specific wear rate at [Formula: see text]C and a 43.35% increase at [Formula: see text]C.