Waste Composition Research Articles

Analysis of waste generation characteristics as a reference for TPS 3R planning in community-based waste management efforts in Pandansari Lor Village, Malang Regency

Background: Waste management is a critical issue in Indonesia, particularly in rural areas like Pandansari Lor Village in Malang Regency. Improper waste disposal practices, such as open burning and dumping in rivers, pose environmental and health hazards. This study aims to analyze the waste generation characteristics in Pandansari Lor Village as a baseline for planning a community-based Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (3R) waste processing site (TPS 3R). Method: A waste sampling method was conducted following the SNI 19-3964-1994 guidelines to measure the waste generation rate, density, and composition. Findings: The results showed that the average waste generation rate in Pandansari Lor Village was 0.16 kg/person/day or 778.72 kg/day for the total population, with a waste density of 74.02 kg/m³. The waste composition was dominated by organic waste (62.26%), followed by plastic (26.74%), paper (5.89%), and other components. These findings suggest the need for a 3R-based waste management system that involves community participation. Conclusion: The TPS 3R facility should be designed to handle the projected waste generation for the next 10 years, with a capacity of 15,438 L/day. Proper waste segregation, composting of organic waste, and recycling of plastic and other recyclable materials are recommended. This study provides valuable insights for developing a sustainable and effective waste management strategy in rural areas, considering the specific waste characteristics and community involvement. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study proposes a 3R TPS model adapted to rural waste, focusing on organic waste composting and plastic recycling. This model is designed to increase community participation in waste management through community-based education and empowerment.

Characterization of waste composition as a basis for developing a community-based 3R TPS system in waste management efforts in Pandansari Lor Village, Malang Regency

Background: The issue of waste management has become a major concern in many regions, including Pandansari Lor Village, Malang Regency. To address this challenge, it is necessary to develop an effective waste management system that involves the active participation of the community. This study aims to determine the waste composition in Pandansari Lor Village as a basis for developing a 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) Transfer Station (TPS) system that is tailored to the needs of the community. Method: The research methodology includes primary data collection through sampling and analysis of waste composition, as well as secondary data collection from relevant sources. Findings: The results show that the waste composition in Pandansari Lor Village is dominated by organic waste, including food waste (58.42%) and garden waste (3.84%), followed by plastic waste (26.74%), paper waste (5.89%), and other types of waste. Conclusion: These findings provide valuable insights for the design and implementation of a community-based 3R TPS system that can effectively manage the waste generated in the village. The proposed system aims to maximize resource recovery, reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills, and promote sustainable waste management practices within the community. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study develops a waste disposal model tailored to the specific waste composition of the village, focusing on processing organic waste into high-quality compost and recycling plastic into products of economic value. The model also integrates a community-based education system to increase participation in waste sorting at source.

Composition and Distribution of Waste in The Jatigede Reservoir

Composition and Distribution of Waste in The Jatigede Reservoir

A GIS-based suitability analysis for siting a waste-to-energy power plant in Kaduna, Nigeria

The success of any waste management system requires accurate and up-to-date data on quantity, and composition of waste. Waste generation data from households are needed to address issues relating to municipal solid wastes such as management methods, performance improvement, policy, regional and local planning, administration, cost accounting, design and operation of landfill facilities, and environmental quality. This study carried out a suitability analysis for siting a waste-to-energy power plant in Kaduna using GIS and remote sensing techniques with the specific objectives of identifying existing waste dumpsite in the study area, identifying other factors needed for waste-to-energy plant in the area, and identifying the most suitability site of waste-to-energy in Kaduna. The slop map of the study area was created using the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM). In the ArcGIS environment, Euclidean distance analysis was performed on institutions, rivers, dumpsites, roads, markets, transmission lines, and electricity substations. The waste-to-energy power plant suitability map was created using a multi-criteria technique by overlaying the datasets. The waste-to-energy-power-plant suitability map was made by combining the criteria. Dogon Dawa, Sabon Birinin Jaji, Ganga, Buruku, chikun, Dokwa, ikara, and Kuban are the best sites. The results of the site suitability assessment further revealed that the Makafia local government, located in the city's northern outskirts, was the most suitable area for locating the waste-to-energy power plant, covering 73686 hectares, or 26% of the total area. In addition, the map lays the groundwork for decision-makers to locate a waste-to-energy generating plant. This study shows how decision-making about solid waste management may benefit from the use of geospatial technology. Additionally, it is advised that before approving the placement of a waste-to-energy power plant, decision-makers in the study region refer to it as a reference.

Influence of mandatory waste classification on environmental and economic impacts of residual waste treatment in Xiamen, China.

Mandatory waste classification has been widely considered as an effective solution for reducing the production and treatment amount of municipal solid waste. However, there is limited evidence regarding whether and how waste classification can affect the composition of residual waste (RW) and its environmental economic impacts. Here, an accounting method recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, field surveys and cost-benefit analysis was utilized to investigate the changes in RW composition, environmental impacts and economic benefits under the waste classification policies implementation in Xiamen, China. This study found that: (1) The implementation of waste classification policies led to a significant increase in recyclable content from 17% to 51% and a decrease in organic content from 56% to 32%. (2) Waste classification effectively reduces greenhouse gas emissions from landfilling and incineration by an additional 0.34 tCO2-eq t-1 RW. (3) The introduction of mechanical recycling achieves a saving of 0.47 tCO2-eq t-1 RW at 40% recycling efficiency, a 4.5-fold increase compared to business as usual (BAU). (4) The operational benefits (900 yuan t-1 RW) from the recyclables sorting system offset the total expenses of investment, operation and waste disposal. The study successfully demonstrated that RW source-classified management can optimize the structure of waste composition, reduce environmental emissions and offer detailed guidance for the development of solid waste management systems in other cities in China.

Polyester and Hymenaea Courbaril Residue for Sustainable Composite Manufacturing

Objective: To evaluate the mechanical behavior of polymer composites reinforced by wood residue known as Játobá (Hymenaea Courbaril), in powder form. It aims to reduce impacts to the environment through the use of waste. Theoretical Framework: Composites are generated from the union of materials, aiming to obtain specific properties arising from their components. Usually these are divided into two phases, matrix. The possibility of using materials less harmful to the environment in composite has gained prominence in research in the area. Method: To obtain the properties of the composites, standardized specimens were manufactured according to ASTM D638. The matrix selected was terephthalic polyester resin and the reinforcement was Játobá wood residue, in the form of powder. The results were obtained by tensile strength tests. Results and Discussion: The average value of tensile strength obtained was 11.76 (±1.70) MPa. The comparison of the results of this study with other literature revealed the superiority of the tensile strength of the composite of the present work in relation to others with different reinforcements of wood residues. Research Implications: The use of wood waste in composites is beneficial for reducing the irregular disposal of matter in the environment. Also, it aims to generate added value to a useless material. Originality/Value: The use of natural and renewable materials as reinforcement in composites is of great relevance, aiming to reduce the use of synthetic raw material. In addition, there is the manufacture of composites of low cost and weight and feasibility of manufacture.

Solid waste circulation in tourism: a close study of accommodation service establishments in Hoi An City, Vietnam

ABSTRACT Tourism in Vietnam has become an important sector of the economy. Its environmental impacts include the quantity of waste generated. This study aims to assess the compositions of solid waste generated within diverse accommodation service establishments (ASEs) in Hoi An City to understand the differences across accommodation types and generating areas. The analysis indicated that most of the ASEs provided multiple services and waste components differed among generating areas. Initiatives for optimising the recovered material flows from waste at the ASEs were proposed. A decentralised-centralised hybrid model was suggested as a suitable approach for waste circulation in the accommodation service sector. The training of staff in the ASEs and tourists, as well, is crucial. So is the participation of social entities in the city’s waste management.

Habits & Attitude of Householders About Solid Waste Management in Pune City

Solid waste management is one of the challenges faced by many cities. Poor solid waste management will lead to various problems in health, environment, and socio-economic aspects. Pune has been innovative in its solid waste management. To help achieve this the city has tied up with a group of marginalized women at the forefront of a campaign to clean the city. Through an agreement with the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC), more than 3,000 women workers provide door-to-door waste collection services to over 600,000 homes in the city, The waste generators, i.e. the householders are major part of the waste management process. Their attitude and habit about the waste generated in the household and how it is handed to the municipal corporation affects the whole waste management of the city. In this study descriptive quantitative questioner was prepared by researcher. A total 708 respondents or the householder participated in this study. Results show that people are more aware about the disposal of dry waste even its is smaller part of the composition of the total waste. It also shows that there is a rational bias when it comes to peoples’ belief and their actions when it comes to recycling. Keywords: SWM, Habits of householders, Pune solid waste management

Polyester and Hymenaea Courbaril Residue for Sustainable Composite Manufacturing

Objective: To evaluate the mechanical behavior of polymer composites reinforced by wood residue known as Játobá (Hymenaea Courbaril), in powder form. It aims to reduce impacts to the environment through the use of waste. Theoretical Framework: Composites are generated from the union of materials, aiming to obtain specific properties arising from their components. Usually these are divided into two phases, matrix. The possibility of using materials less harmful to the environment in composite has gained prominence in research in the area. Method: To obtain the properties of the composites, standardized specimens were manufactured according to ASTM D638. The matrix selected was terephthalic polyester resin and the reinforcement was Játobá wood residue, in the form of powder. The results were obtained by tensile strength tests. Results and Discussion: The average value of tensile strength obtained was 11.76 (±1.70) MPa. The comparison of the results of this study with other literature revealed the superiority of the tensile strength of the composite of the present work in relation to others with different reinforcements of wood residues. Research Implications: The use of wood waste in composites is beneficial for reducing the irregular disposal of matter in the environment. Also, it aims to generate added value to a useless material. Originality/Value: The use of natural and renewable materials as reinforcement in composites is of great relevance, aiming to reduce the use of synthetic raw material. In addition, there is the manufacture of composites of low cost and weight and feasibility of manufacture.

Decarbonising waste-to-energy: A life cycle assessment study

With Waste-to-Energy (WtE) plants expected to play an expanding role in managing municipal solid waste (MSW), it is critical that the sector decarbonises if climate targets are to be met. Here we investigate the climate and environmental performance of capturing and sequestering (CCS) carbon emissions from WtE via process modelling and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), exploring multiple scenarios, including e.g. carbon capture rates and MSW composition, to identify trades-offs and preferable scenarios. The LCA results show that, despite associated energy penalties, carbon capture significantly lowers climate change impacts, with WtE qualifying as a Carbon Dioxide Removal technology for capture rates above 50 %. We also find that CCS increases impacts in all other environmental categories and that the waste composition plays a key role in determining the environmental performance. Overall, we argue that economics is the chief deployment challenge, particularly because of additional transportation costs due to dispersed nature of waste.

Low-temperature subcritical water dechlorination composites of waste PVC/coal fly ash with powerful sensing activity for chemiluminescent detection of acetamiprid and imidacloprid

Pesticide residues in agricultural products are serious threat to people's health. Real-time monitoring of pesticides residues in the environment and agricultural products posed challenges to sustainable methods with high analytical performance for pesticide detection. Herein, waste PVC/coal fly ash (the mass ratio of PVC and coal fly ash was 4:1) was dechlorinated in subcritical water at low temperature to achieve nearly 100 % dechlorination of PVC and obtain carbon-based composite materials (CM-Fe/Al/Si-dPVC) with strong sening activity. For CM-Fe/Al/Si-dPVC, CFe bonding resulted in strong electron migration, and nano/μm SiO2 and Al2O3 doping in the layered polyene C matrix provided large specific surface area, and silicon hydroxyl created good heterogeneous catalytic interfaces. CM-Fe/Al/Si-dPVC could strongly trigger luminol chemiluminescence (CL) reaction and produce intense CL signals. Neonicotinoid pesticides (acetamiprid and imidacloprid) bonded with CM-Fe/Al/Si-dPVC through coordination chelation and hydrogen bonding, which shielded the catalytic active site and increased the Fermi level of system, thus quenching CL reaction. Inspired by these, a cheap CL assay was constructed for detecting neonicotinoids combinations of acetamiprid and imidacloprid (NICs). The detection limits of NICs were 0.7 ng/L. Satisfactory recoveries were obtained for real agricultural products and environmental samples. The results of life cycle evaluation (LCA) revealed that the strategy had significantly small global warming potential (GWP). This work presented a sustainable method with environmental benefits for the detection of neonicotinoids, and also opened up new way for the recycling of organic solid wastes.

Optimization and kinetic analysis of electrocoagulation-assisted adsorption for treatment of young landfill leachate

An investigation was conducted on the electrocoagulation treatment of high-strength young landfill leachate using an electrode made of aluminium in a batch electrochemical cell reactor. An iron sheet of 1 m⨯1 m⨯1.1 m (L: B: H) was used to construct the two landfill simulating reactors, both the reactors were operated at different conditions, i.e., one without rainfall (S1) and the other with rainfall (S2). Both reactors have 51% wet and 49% dry waste, which is the typical waste composition of India, and the quantity of waste taken was 450 kg; hence, the generated leachate was treated. This work focuses on the utilization of electrocoagulation as the sole treatment method where coagulation and adsorption occur simultaneously for young landfill leachate. The study employed a central composite design (CCD) to systematically vary the initial pH, current density (CD), and reaction time to examine their impact on the removal efficiency of COD (Chemical oxygen demand), TOC (Total organic carbon), and TSS (Total Suspended Solids). The optimum conditions obtained were a pH of 7.35, a CD of 15.29 mA/cm2, and a reaction duration of 57 min. When the conditions were optimized, the COD, TSS, and TOC removal efficiencies were 83.56%, 73.12%, and 85.58%, respectively. Also, the electrodes depleted 2.78 g of Al/L. In addition, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics were employed to examine the elimination of contaminants by adsorption on aluminium hydroxide, thereby confirming the adsorption process. After investigation through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), with the produced sludge confirmed that electrocoagulation removed a significant amount of metals from landfill leachate.

Prediction of alkali–silica reaction expansions of mortars containing glass waste

The majority of existing findings regarding expansion (EXP) risks in concretes containing waste glass stem from experimental studies. There is a need for rapid assessment methods to ensure safer recycling of glass waste in cementitious composites. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed to accurately predict alkali–silica reaction EXP/mitigation resulting from the integration of glass waste in mortars. The analysis considered glass incorporation either separately as waste glass powder (WGP) and waste glass aggregates (WGAs), or in combination, at contents of up to 100% for WGA and 30% for WGP. A set of 175 mixtures was analysed, considering five distinct variables, which encompassed different mix proportions, involving varying components of cement, natural aggregates, WGP and WGA, in addition to the duration of environmental exposure. The results show that the EXP of WGA mortars decreased with the increased incorporation of WGP. The EXP values obtained from validation and experience confirm the high accuracy of the developed ANN model, with validation coefficients reaching up to 98.061% and a small value of the mean square error.

Production of combustible gas via incorporating CO2 to pyrolysis of medicinal herbal waste

With the recent increase in the utilization of medicinal herbs, the generation of medicinal herbal waste has increased. However, conventional protocols for solid waste management (landfill and incineration) present environmental threats considering the complex chemical composition of medicinal herbal waste. Thus, this study introduces a thermochemical approach for managing medicinal herbal waste, focusing on conversion of red ginseng marc (RGM) into energy resource. This study explores an innovative strategy to maximize the production of pyrogenic gases using CO2 form improved syngas generation. The experimental results revealed an enhancement in CO from the pyrolysis of RGM under the CO2 condition in reference with the N2 condition, which was ascribed to gas-phased homogeneous reaction of CO2 with volatile matters liberated from RGM. Moreover, gas-phase reactions have proven to be effective in decreasing the benzene analogs, especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in pyrogenic liquids. To accelerate the gas-phase reaction rate, a nickel (Ni)-based catalyst was employed for the RGM pyrolysis. The introduction of Ni catalyst to the gas-phase reaction led to an CO enhancement (272 %) from the RGM pyrolysis in the presence of CO2. All experimental observations highlight the potential of incorporating CO2 in thermochemical conversion of RGM as an innovative way to enhance energy recovery.

Fruit and vegetable waste used as bacterial growth media for the biocementation of two geomaterials

This paper investigates the feasibility of using randomly collected fruit and vegetable (FV) waste as a cheap growing medium of bacteria for biocementation applications. Biocementation has been proposed in the literature as an environmentally-friendly ground improvement method to increase the stability of geomaterials, prevent erosion and encapsulate waste, but currently suffers from the high costs involved, such as bacteria cultivation costs. After analysis of FV waste of varied composition in terms of sugar and protein content, diluted FV waste was used to grow ureolytic (S. pasteurii, and B.licheniformis) and also an autochthonous heterotrophic carbonic anhydase (CA)-producing B.licheniformis strain, whose growth in FV media had not been attempted before. Bacterial growth and enzymatic activity in FV were of appropriate levels, although reduced compared to commercial media. Namely, the CA-producing B.licheniformis had a maximum OD600 of 1.799 and a CA activity of 0.817 U/mL in FV media. For the ureolytic pathway, B. licheniformis reached a maximum OD600 of 0.986 and a maximum urease activity of 0.675 mM urea/min, and S. pasteurii a maximum OD600 = 0.999 and a maximum urease activity of 0.756 mM urea/min. Biocementation of a clay and locomotive ash, a geomaterial specific to UK railway embankments, using precultured bacteria in FV was then proven, based on recorded unconfined compressive strengths of 1–3 MPa and calcite content increases of up to 4.02 and 8.62 % for the clay and ash respectively. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), attested the formation of bioprecipitates with characteristic morphologies and elementary composition of calcite crystals. These findings suggest the potential of employing FV to biocement these problematic geomaterials and are of wider relevance for environmental and geoenvironmental applications involving bioaugmentation. Such applications that require substrates in very large quantities can help tackle the management of the very voluminous fruit and vegetable waste produced worldwide.

Nanostructured Glass-Ceramic Materials from Glass Waste with Antimicrobial Activity.

Modern consumption patterns have led to a surge in waste glass accumulating in municipal landfills, contributing to environmental pollution, especially in countries that do not have well-established recycling standards. While glass itself is 100% recyclable, the logistics and handling involved present significant challenges. Flint and amber-colored glass, often found in high quantities in municipal waste, can serve as valuable sources of raw materials. We propose an affordable route that requires just a thermal treatment of glass waste to obtain glass-based antimicrobial materials. The thermal treatment induces crystallized nanoregions, which are the primary factor responsible for the bactericidal effect of waste glass. As a result, coarse particles of flint waste glass that undergo thermal treatment at 720 °C show superior antimicrobial activity than amber waste glass. Glass-ceramic materials from flint waste glass, obtained by thermal treatment at 720 °C during 2 h, show antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli after just 30 min of contact time. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was employed to monitor the elemental composition of the glass waste. The obtained glass-ceramic material was structurally characterized by transmission electron microscopy, enabling the confirmation of the presence of nanocrystals embedded within the glass matrix.

TECHNOLOGY OF WATER TREATMENT FROM OIL PRODUCTS USING MAGNETIC LIQUIDS FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE

This article explores new perspectives on the use of magnetic fluids for efficient water treatment of petroleum products. A review of existing technologies and their limitations is provided, emphasizing the need for new approaches. The use of magnetic fluids that are highly selective to petroleum products is investigated. Experimental results show that the modified magnetic fluids effectively remove petroleum products from water, providing high quality treatment. The study also examines the durability and cost-effectiveness of the proposed approach, suggesting its practical application in water treatment plants. The paper provides a valuable contribution to the water treatment field, opening up new opportunities for effective removal of petroleum products and protection of water resources. Aims of the study are to reduce the concentration of petroleum products in wastewater; to develop an effective technology for wastewater treatment from petroleum products using magnetic fluid. Objectives of the work are to study the composition of iron-containing waste; to consider the technology of wastewater treatment from petroleum products; to study the parameters of wastewater treatment from petroleum products.The objects of the study are industrial iron-containing waste, magnetite obtained from waste, as well as magnetic liquid synthesized on the basis of magnetite and wastewater.

Production of Composite Cement Clinker Based on Industrial Waste

The possibility of producing cement clinker using low-energy, resource-saving technologies is studied. The composition of industrial waste for low-energy-intensive production of Portland cement clinker at factories in Southern Kazakhstan is analyzed. The possibility of replacing the deficient iron-containing corrective additive with “Waelz clinker for zinc ores” is shown. “Waeltz clinker from zinc ores” as part of the raw material charge performs several tasks: it is a ferrous corrective additive, works as a mineralizer for clinker formation processes, introduces coal into the charge and allows one to reduce the consumption of natural fuel. The processes of burning raw mixtures, wholly or partially consisting of industrial waste, are completed at 1350 °C. This reduces the consumption of main burner fuel for clinker burning and reduces CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. High-quality cement clinker is obtained based on raw material mixtures with Waeltz clinker from zinc ores from the Achisai Metallurgical Plant, phosphorus slag, coal mining waste from Lenger mines and sodium fluoride. The phase composition and microstructure of low-energy clinkers are revealed. Involving industrial waste in raw material circulation will reduce environmental pollution and improve the environment.

Transforming composite waste into cement

With its diverse composition of glass fibers, additives and thermosetting resins, composite waste needs innovative solutions to mitigate its environmental impact. Here, Kim Sjödahl, senior vice president for technology and sustainability at specialist composites manufacturer Exel Composites, explores the pioneering initiatives shaping the future of composites manufacturing.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА МЕДЬСОДЕРЖАЩИХ МЕТАЛЛООТХОДОВ И ЭЛЕКТРОЭРОЗИОННОГО ПОРОШКА

The results of a study of the chemical composition of copper-containing metal waste and electroerosion powder are presented. Using a portable Niton Goldd spectrometer, it was found that copper-containing metal waste corresponds to the brand of the BrKN1-3 alloy. The data obtained made it possible to identify samples of the studied metal waste to be processed by the method of electroerosive dispersion into spherical powders suitable for additive manufacturing. As a result of comparing the percentage of chemical elements of the investigated metal waste of the BrKN1-3 alloy and the powder obtained by the method of electroerosive dispersion, minor discrepancies were found associated with an increase in the percentage of elements such as Pb, Zn, Fe, Sn in the powder, as well as with a decrease in elements such as Cu and Zr. Renovation of metal waste, including copper-containing metal waste, will contribute to resource conservation, import substitution and ensuring the technological sovereignty of the Russian Federation.