Total Lipid Composition Research Articles

Disrupting Mycobacterium smegmatis biofilm using enzyme-immobilized rifampicin loaded silk fibroin nanoparticles for dual anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm action

Biofilm formation is a major challenge in the treatment of tuberculosis, leading to poor treatment outcomes and latent infections. The complex and dense extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of the biofilm provides safe harbour for bacterium enabling persistence against anti-TB antibiotics. In this study, we demonstrated that rifampicin-encapsulated silk fibroin nanoparticles immobilized with antibiofilm enzymes can disrupt the Mycobacterium smegmatis biofilm and facilitate the anti-bacterial action of Rifampicin (RIF). The EPS of M.smegmatis biofilm predominantly comprised of lipids (48.8 ± 1.32 %) and carbohydrates (34.8 ± 4.70 %), similar to tuberculosis biofilms. Pre-formed biofilm eradication screening revealed that hydrolytic enzymes such as β-Glucosidase, Glucose oxidase, ɑ-Amylase, Acylase, and Phytase can exhibit biofilm eradication of M.smegmatis biofilms. The enzyme-mediated biofilm disruption was associated with a decrease in hydrophobicity of biofilm surfaces. Treatment with β-glucosidase and Phytase demonstrated a putative biofilm eradication by reducing the total carbohydrates and lipid composition without causing any significant bactericidal activity. Further, Phytase (250 μg/ml) and β-Glucosidase (112.5 ± 17.6 μg/ml) conjugated rifampicin-loaded silk fibroin nanoparticles (R-SFNs) exhibited an enhanced anti-bacterial activity against pre-formed M.smegmatis biofilms, compared to free rifampicin (32.5±7 μg/ml). Notably, treatment with β-glucosidase, Phytase and ɑ-amylase immobilized SFNs decreased the biofilm thickness by ∼98.84 % at 6h, compared to control. Thus, the study highlights that coupling anti-mycobacterial drugs with biofilm-eradicating enzymes such as amylase, phytase or β-glucosidase can be a potential strategy to improve the TB therapeutic outcomes.

Сезонная динамика липидов тканей двустворчатого моллюска Cerastoderma glaucum псевдолиторальной зоны

Cerastoderma glaucum is a bivalve mollusk that inhabits the supralittoral zone of the Black Sea. It is a potential object of commercial aquaculture, which makes its lipid profile and adaptation mechanisms a prospective research topic. The authors analyzed the annual patterns in total lipids, phospholipids, polyglycerides, diglycerides, sterols, free fatty acids, and triacylglycerides to obtain the fatty acid profile of C. glaucum, harvested from the supralittoral zone of the upper Kazachya Bay, Sevastopol, Russia. The mollusks were collected in the winter, spring, and autumn of 2021–2022. This research featured their gills, foot, and hepatopancreas. An integrated methodological approach was used to d etermine total lipids, classify them, and study fatty acids. The total lipid level was 2.4–15.1 g/100 g raw weight. During the year, the dynamics of total lipids in the tissues of foot and gills varied from the highest values in the spring (9.6 ± 1.6 and 4.9 ± 1.9 g/100 g raw weight, respectively) to the lowest in the autumn (5.5 ± 0.5 and 2.5 ± 0.4 g/100 g raw weight, respectively). In the hepatopancreas, it peaked the winter and dropped in the autumn (19.4 ± 1.9 and 2.9 ± 0.4 g/100 g raw weight, respectively). In the winter, all tissue samples demonstrated a significant decrease in triacylglycerides. The composition of fatty acids and total lipids in all tissues included 23 types, i.e., nine saturated (35–40%), eight monounsaturated (15–34%), and six polyunsaturated (5.8–29%) from the families of omega-3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, and 13. Palmitic and oleic acids were among the dominant fatty acids. Seasonal dynamics of lipids in the samples of foot, gills, and hepatopancreas of C. glaucum revealed some general patterns. In the spring, total lipids peaked while structural and storage lipids had a uniform distribution. In the autumn and winter, total lipids went down whereas structural lipids increased. The fatty acid profile of C. glaucum from the supralittoral zone of the Black Sea differed from those of the same species from o ther regions.

Cultivation of a Novel Strain of Chlorella vulgaris S2 under Phototrophic, Mixotrophic, and Heterotrophic Conditions, and Effects on Biomass Growth and Composition

Microalgal biomass is an excellent platform for producing food, feed, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and biofuels. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the trophic mode of cultivation (phototrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic) on the growth and biomass composition of Chlorella vulgaris S2. The contents of lipids and carbohydrates, as well as the fatty acid composition of total lipids, were studied. The effects of the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N) and the organic carbon concentration of the growth media under mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions were also investigated. The C:N ratio of 30 mol mol−1 favoured lipid synthesis, and the C:N ratio of 10 mol mol−1 favoured carbohydrate synthesis. Maximal lipid and biomass productivities (2.238 and 0.458 g L−1 d−1, respectively) were obtained under mixotrophic conditions at the C:N ratio of 50 mol mol−1 and glucose concentration of 50 g L−1. Fed-batch cultivation conducted in a stirrer tank bioreactor under heterotrophic growth conditions increased biomass (2.385 g L−1 d−1, respectively) and lipid (0.339 L−1 d−1) productivities ~50 and ~60 times compared to the fed-batch phototrophic cultivation, respectively. The trophic mode, growth phase, and growth medium composition significantly influenced the fatty acid composition. Under mixotrophic and heterotrophic growth conditions, lipid accumulation is associated with an increase in oleic acid (C18:1) content. Mixotrophically grown biomass of Chlorella vulgaris S2 under optimised conditions is a suitable source of lipids for biodiesel production.

Simultaneous ocean acidification and warming do not alter the lipid-associated biochemistry but induce enzyme activities in an asterinid starfish

Ocean acidification and warming affect marine ecosystems from the molecular scale in organismal physiology to broad alterations of ecosystem functions. However, knowledge of their combined effects on tropical-subtropical intertidal species remains limited. Pushing the environmental range of marine species away from the optimum initiates stress impacting biochemical metabolic characteristics, with consequences on lipid-associated and enzyme biochemistry. This study investigates lipid-associated fatty acids (FAs) and enzyme activities involved in biomineralization of the tropical-subtropical starfish Aquilonastra yairi in response to projected near-future global change. The starfish were acclimatized to two temperature levels (27 °C, 32 °C) crossed with three pCO2 concentrations (455 μatm, 1052 μatm, 2066 μatm). Total lipid (ΣLC) and FAs composition were unaffected by combined elevated temperature and pCO2, but at elevated temperature, there was an increase in ΣLC, SFAs (saturated FAs) and PUFAs (polyunsaturated FAs), and a decrease in MUFAs (monounsaturated FAs). However, temperature was the sole factor to significantly alter SFAs composition. Positive parabolic responses of Ca-ATPase and Mg-ATPase enzyme activities were detected at 27 °C with elevated pCO2, while stable enzyme activities were observed at 32 °C with elevated pCO2. Our results indicate that the lipid-associated biochemistry of A. yairi is resilient and capable of coping with near-future ocean acidification and warming. However, the calcification-related enzymes Ca-ATPase and Mg-ATPase activity appear to be more sensitive to pCO2/pH changes, leading to vulnerability concerning the skeletal structure.

Plasma Branched-Chain Fatty Acids Reflect Dairy-Fat Intake in a Pilot Clinical Trial in Individuals with Prediabetes

Epidemiological studies often rely on fatty acid (FA) biomarkers of dairy-fat intake to represent diet history and to establish associations with cardiometabolic risk factors. However, a more robust body of direct research is needed to validate the currently utilized FA biomarkers as accurate representations of dairy-fat intake. Thus, our objectives were to i) compare the plasma FA profile of individuals with prediabetes following the consumption of a diet with full-fat (3.25%) yogurt (FFY diet) or non-fat yogurt (NFY diet) to evaluate their validity of currently utilized biomarkers and ii) identify additional FAs to serve as potential biomarkers. We hypothesized that the proportion of the unique dairy-derived FAs including odd-chain FAs (13:0, 15:0, 17:0, 19:0, 21:0, 23:0), branched-chain FAs ( iso-13:0, anteiso-13:0, iso-14:0, iso-15:0, anteiso-15:0, iso-16:0, iso-17:0, anteiso-17:0, iso-18:0), and the trans-FAs 16:1 trans-9 and 18:1 trans-11 would increase in plasma total lipids following the consumption of three daily servings of full-fat yogurt for three weeks. Our 8-week randomized, double-masked, controlled crossover study included six men and seven women aged 45-75 years old. Each experimental diet period, NFY diet and FFY diet, was three weeks in length. The arithmetic difference in fat (8% energy) between the NFY diet (30% fat) and the FFY diet (38% fat) was solely due to the dairy fat in the full-fat yogurt. Following each experimental diet period, fasting plasma samples were taken and analyzed for FA composition of plasma total lipids using gas-liquid chromatography. Consumption of the FFY diet resulted in no change in the proportion of total odd-chain FAs or the individual FAs 16:1 trans-9 and 18:1 trans-11, but the proportion of total branched-chain FAs was greater in response to the FFY diet ( P < 0.01). For individual odd-chain and branched-chain FAs, the proportions of iso-17:0 and anteiso-17:0 were greater in response to the FFY diet ( P < 0.01 for both); however, there were no differences in anteiso-15:0 or iso-15:0 proportions by diet. Results from this pilot trial suggest that commonly utilized FA biomarkers may not be suffciently robust to represent dairy-fat intake. Branched-chain FAs should be further explored for alternatives. Funding for this project was provided by National Dairy Council Nutrition Research Funding, a USDA Agriculture and Food Research Initiative National Institute of Food and Agriculture Predoctoral Fellowship, and a fellowship from the University of Vermont’s Food Systems Research Center. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Comparison of Fatty Acid Profile in Egg Yolk from Late-Age Hens Housed in Enriched Cages and in a Free Range System.

In recent years, the free-range system for laying hens has increased, driven by societal sensitivity to animal welfare. This study aimed to comparatively analyze the total lipid, cholesterol, and fatty acid composition of egg yolks of late-age laying hens reared in enriched cages (C) and the free-range system (FR). Eggs were collected from Lohmann Brown Classic hens at the 68th, 70th, 72nd, and 74th week of age. The concentrations of total lipids and cholesterol were not affected (p > 0.05) by either factor. Egg yolk from the FR group showed lower (p < 0.01) monounsaturated fatty acids and higher (p < 0.01) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) compared with that of the C group. From a nutritional point of view, the PUFA n-6/n-3 and the PUFA/SFA ratios of egg yolk from the FR group were favorably lower and higher (p < 0.01) compared with the C one. Conversely, hen age did not affect (p > 0.05) the fatty acid composition of yolks. Interactions between factors were found for total n-3 and n-6 PUFA and the n-6/n-3 ratio (p < 0.01), as well as the thrombogenic index (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the results confirmed that the free-range system may improve the nutritional yolk fatty acid profile and its positive impact on human health.

In vitro bioactivities and gastrointestinal simulation validate ethnomedicinal efficacy of five fermented kodo-based Himalayan traditional drinks and bioaccessibility of bioactive components

Tongba, chhyang, nigar and raksi are popular traditional drinks served in Nepal, northern and north eastern part of India and Tibetan plateau which are claimed as medicinal and considered as elements of high altitude ethnopharmacology. In this research, kodo (finger millet) based traditional beverages such as tongba, chhyang, nigar and raksi samples, collected from Singalila ridge of the Himalayas, were analysed through various qualitative and quantitative biochemical parameters. Total phenolic content (gallic acid equivalent) was estimated in a varied range from 936.26 ± 6.87 µg/mL (nigar) to 96.36 ± 1.22 µg/mL (chimphing raksi) while highest free fatty acid was measured in khokim raksi (2.11%). Antioxidant activity was evaluated using in vitro assays (DPPH assay, iodometric assay and in vitro anti-lipid peroxidation assay); antibacterial assay was conducted using well diffusion method. Tongba was found to be the most potential sample in antioxidant assays with a DPPH scavenging value of 85.31 ± 1.54% while nigar was the sample with most promising antibacterial activity. Furthermore, special emphasis was given on GC-MS based metabolite profiling and metabolomic elucidation. Responsible candidates detected by GC-MS analysis were discussed to correlate results of preliminary biochemical screenings and in vitro bioactivities. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion was carried out to figure out bioaccessibility of the bioactive groups of compounds in simulated human GI tract where DPPH assay, total phenol content and lipid composition (acid value) were considered as parameters. Most of the bioavailable bioactive antioxidants and phenolics were estimated to be decreased in the gastric phase reflecting the highest rate of digestion in the stomach while breakdown of lipid composition was dominated by the intestinal phase. Overall results suggest that antioxidative phenolics and fatty acids from these beverages possess bioactivities in their bioavailable form which may be associated to their ethnomedicinal properties.Graphical

Комплексный методический подход в определении липидов моллюсков

Marine bivalves are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Cerastoderma glaucum is a potentially commercial sea cockle that inhabits the Mediterranean and the Black Seas. This bivalve mollusk contains omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids. However, its lipid composition remains understudied. When determining total lipids, their classes, and fatty acid composition, standard methods often have to be adapted to the object in hand and tools available. The research objective was to develop a complex lipid analysis method for aquatic organisms.&#x0D; The study featured total soft tissues of C. glaucum harvested from the pseudolittoral zone on the sand and silt soil of the Sevastopol coast of the Black Sea. The chromatographic methods made it possible to identify total lipids and classify them into phospholipids, monoglycerides, diglycerides, sterols, and triacylglycerols. The subsequent densimetric determination involved a flatbed scanner and the TLC Manager 4.0.2.3D software. The fatty acid composition for total lipids was studied using the chromatography-mass spectrometric method.&#x0D; The existing methods in lipidology were adapted for determining total lipids, their classes, and the fatty acid composition of total lipids in C. glaucum. The article introduces a detailed description of the method for determining total lipids, as well as of how to prepare equipment and reagents to classify common lipids using multidimensional thin layer chromatography. It also contains an authentic scheme of chromatographic baths for stepwise separation, densitometric measurements, and examples of fatty acid chromatograms and mass spectra. The new sample preparation method for determining fatty acids in total lipids by gas chromatography demonstrated a minimal loss in native structure and proved to be less aggressive than standard methods of sample derivatization.&#x0D; The new method for lipid analysis of clam tissues appeared to be economical, less time-consuming, and reagent-intensive. It can be recommended for small laboratories engaged in bioenergetics or comparative analyzes of aquatic organisms.

Physicochemical properties and composition of the liposome lipids from lecithin depending on conditions that lead to the formation of liposome lipids

The effects of the composition and physicochemical properties of lecithin lipids, ultrasound exposure and centrifugation time on the composition and physicochemical properties of liposomes formed from lecithin were studied. It was found that the intensity of lipid peroxidation of liposomes is interrelated by the reversal correlation with the phospholipids share in the total lipid composition of lecithin and the direct correlation with the relative content of cardiolipin in the lecithin phospholipid composition. It was shown that ultrasound exposure and centrifugation produce stage changes in the composition and properties of the liposome lipids. Decreases in the levels of medium pH and the intensity of lipid peroxidation of liposomes were observed under centrifugal conditions. It was found that the stage changes in the ability of liposome lipids for oxidation depending on the time of ultrasound exposure and centrifugation are due to the relative changes in the sum share of the acid minor fractions in the composition of their phospholipids.

Fatty Acid Composition of Total Lipids in Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar L. Parr and Smolts Reared in Aquaculture at Various Lighting Regimes

Continuous artificial lighting (24LD) was introduced experimentally in the standard technology to grow salmon juveniles in a southern region (Republic of North Ossetia–Alania) and its effect on fatty acid (FA) composition of total lipids in muscles and the liver was assessed in parr and smolts of the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. Changes in the key FA were observed in the FA spectrum of fish, indicating that smoltification was complete and that smolts were ready for new habitat conditions. Thus the content of polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) significantly increased as a result of an increase in (n-3) PUFAs, and, in particular, marine-type 22:6(n-3), and high values were observed for (n-3)/(n-6) and 22:6(n-3)/18:3(n-3) PUFA ratios. The most significant changes were detected in muscles. In all experimental groups, a decrease in saturated FAs (SFAs) and an increase in total lipid unsaturation was attributed primarily to PUFAs, while monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) decreased along with SFAs. The experimental data on the lipid and FA composition in salmon juveniles and a higher proportion of smolts in the test groups indicated that smoltification was the most successful in groups with continuous lighting and 24-h feeding and a natural regime of lighting and feeding.

Liposomes as Carriers of GHK-Cu Tripeptide for Cosmetic Application.

Liposomes are self-assembled spherical systems composed of amphiphilic phospholipids. They can be used as carriers of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances, such as the anti-aging and wound-healing copper-binding peptide, GHK-Cu (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine). Anionic (AL) and cationic (CL) hydrogenated lecithin-based liposomes were obtained as GHK-Cu skin delivery systems using the thin-film hydration method combined with freeze-thaw cycles and the extrusion process. The influence of total lipid content, lipid composition and GHK-Cu concentration on the physicochemical properties of liposomes was studied. The lipid bilayer fluidity and the peptide encapsulation efficiency (EE) were also determined. Moreover, in vitro assays of tyrosinase and elastase inhibition were performed. Stable GHK-Cu-loaded liposome systems of small sizes (approx. 100 nm) were obtained. The bilayer fluidity was higher in the case of cationic liposomes. As the best carriers, 25 mg/cm3 CL and AL hydrated with 0.5 mg/cm3 GHK-Cu were selected with EE of 31.7 ± 0.9% and 20.0 ± 2.8%, respectively. The obtained results confirmed that the liposomes can be used as carriers for biomimetic peptides such as copper-binding peptide and that the GHK-Cu did not significantly affect the tyrosinase activity but led to 48.90 ± 2.50% elastase inhibition, thus reducing the rate of elastin degeneration and supporting the structural integrity of the skin.

Lighting intensity affects the fatty acid composition of total lipids of basil leaves and roots (Ocimum basilicum L.)

The vegetative organs of common basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) grown in water culture at different levels of illumination (50, 100, and 150 μmol PAR quanta/(m2 s)) for 21 days were studied. In the work, the Purple Velvet basil variety, which is popular in agriculture and has intensely colored leaves was used. The biomass, water content, and composition of fatty acids (FA) of total lipids in the leaves and roots of plants and the content of malondialdehyde and chlorophylls (a, b) in the aerial parts of plants were determined. The sensitivity of the FA composition and morphophysiological parameters (biomass and chlorophyll content in leaves) of O. basilicum plants to the intensity of illumination was shown. The greatest effect was caused by the illumination intensity mode of 150 μmol/(m2 s). Species composition of O. basilicum FA under all lighting conditions was wider in root lipids; however, more pronounced changes in the qualitative composition of Fas were observed in leaves. Photodependent regulation of FA component composition of O. basilicum manifested itself in an increase in the proportion of unsaturated FAs, especially polyene ones, which led to an increase in the unsaturation index (UI) of esterified lipid FAs. The highest UI values were obtained with illumination of 150 μmol/(m2 s). At the same time, with an increase in the illumination intensity, a significant increase in the activity of ω-3 and ω-9-desaturases occurred, which indicates in favor of their lightdependent activation. Thus, increasing the intensity of lighting to certain values directly proportionally affects the physiological parameters of O. basilicum. The maximum indicators of productive growth and the implementation of adaptive mechanisms of green and underground parts of basil plants correspond to illumination of 150 μmol/(m2 s).

Evaluating human milk as a drug delivery vehicle for clofazimine to premature infants

Human milk is proposed as a drug delivery vehicle suitable for use in neonatal patients. Clofazimine, traditionally used for the treatment of leprosy and tuberculosis, is emerging as a treatment for cryptosporidiosis in infants, however its poor aqueous solubility has led to its commercial formulation as a waxy lipid formulation in a capsule, a format that is not suitable for infants. In this study, the evaluation of pasteurised human milk for the delivery of clofazimine was investigated using an in vitro lipolysis model to simulate gastric and intestinal digestion. The total lipid composition of the human milk was characterised alongside the liberated fatty acid species following digestion for comparison to alternative lipid-based delivery systems. Small-angle X-ray scattering was used to measure the presence of crystalline clofazimine during digestion and hence the extent of drug solubilisation. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to quantify the mass of clofazimine solubilised per gram of human milk fat (drug-to-fat ratio) in digested and undigested human milk. The digestion process was essential for the solubilisation of clofazimine, with digested human milk solubilising a sufficient dose of clofazimine for treatment of a premature infant. Human milk solubilised the clofazimine to a greater extent than bovine milk and infant formula during digestion, most likely as a result of differing lipid composition and increased long-chain fatty acid concentrations. These findings show that human milk enhances the solubility of clofazimine as a model drug and may be a suitable drug delivery vehicle for infant populations requiring therapeutic treatment.

The Fatty Acid Composition of a Deep-Sea Acorn Worm &lt;i&gt;Quatuoralisia malakhovi&lt;/i&gt; Ezhova et Lukinykh, 2022 (Hemichordata: Enteropneusta)

This study investigates the fatty acid (FA) composition of total lipids in Quatuoralisia malakhovi Ezhova et Lukinykh, 2022 (Hemichordata: Enteropneusta), a new species of deep-sea acorn worm that was collected on the slope of the Piip Volcano in the Bering Sea. The data obtained indicate that the main components of lipids in Q. malakhovi are fatty acids of bacterial and diatom origin. The food source of the studied species is detritus containing large amounts of not only bacteria, but also diatoms. The results could be used in trophic studies of communities that include Enteropneusta.

Influence of a Commercial Synbiotic Administered In Ovo and In-Water on Broiler Chicken Performance and Meat Quality

The present study aimed to test the synbiotic PoultryStar® solUS delivered in ovo to evaluate its effect on hatchability, productive performance and meat quality, compared to its post-hatch administration in water. On the twelfth day of embryonic incubation, 1200 fertile eggs were divided into synbiotic groups injected with 2 mg/embryo (T1) and 3 mg/embryo (T2), a saline group injected with physiological saline and an uninjected control group (C). After hatching, 120 male chicks/group were reared and chicks from the saline group were supplemented with the synbiotic via drinking water (T3). Hatchability was low in both T1 and T2 groups. Growth performance was not affected by the treatments. However, in the second rearing phase (15–36 days), birds from the C and T3 groups were heavier than T1 birds, due to a higher feed intake and daily weight gain. Neither route of synbiotic administration influenced final body weight (at 56 days), weight and yield of the carcass or commercial cuts. Physico-chemical properties, total lipid, cholesterol and fatty acid composition of breast muscle were not affected by the treatments. Considering its exploratory nature, this study has raised many questions that need further investigation, such as the bioactive combination and the effect on embryonic development.

Lighting Intensity Affects the Fatty Acid Composition of Total Lipids of Basil Leaves and Roots (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Lighting Intensity Affects the Fatty Acid Composition of Total Lipids of Basil Leaves and Roots (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Scoping intergenerational effects of nanoplastic on the lipid reserves of Antarctic krill embryos

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) plays a central role in the Antarctic marine food web and biogeochemical cycles and has been identified as a species that is potentially vulnerable to plastic pollution. While plastic pollution has been acknowledged as a potential threat to Southern Ocean marine ecosystems, the effect of nanoplastics (<1000 nm) is poorly understood. Deleterious impacts of nanoplastic are predicted to be higher than that of larger plastics, due to their small size which enables their permeation of cell membranes and potentially provokes toxicity. Here, we investigated the intergenerational impact of exposing Antarctic krill to nanoplastics. We focused on whether embryonic energy resources were affected when gravid female krill were exposed to nanoplastic by determining lipid and fatty acid compositions of embryos produced in incubation. Embryos were collected from females who had spawned under three different exposure treatments (control, nanoplastic, nanoplastic + algae). Embryos collected from each maternal treatment were incubated for a further 6 days under three nanoplastic exposure treatments (control, low concentration nanoplastic, and high concentration nanoplastic). Nanoplastic additions to seawater did not impact lipid metabolism (total lipid or fatty acid composition) across the maternal or direct embryo treatments, and no interactive effects were observed. The provision of a food source during maternal exposure to nanoplastic had a positive effect on key fatty acids identified as important during embryogenesis, including higher total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) when compared to the control and nanoplastic treatments. Whilst the short exposure time was ample for lipids from maternally digested algae to be incorporated into embryos, we discuss why the nanoplastic-fatty acid relationship may be more complex. Our study is the first to scope intergeneration effects of nanoplastic on Antarctic krill lipid and fatty acid reserves. From this, we suggest directions for future research including long term exposures, multi-stressor scenarios and exploring other critical energy reserves such as proteins.

Increased n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Indicate Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Lipid Modifications in Synovial Membranes with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Emerging evidence suggests that fatty acids (FAs) and their lipid mediator derivatives can induce both beneficial and detrimental effects on inflammatory processes and joint degradation in osteoarthritis (OA) and autoimmune-driven rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The present study characterized the detailed FA signatures of synovial membranes collected during knee replacement surgery of age- and gender-matched OA and RA patients (n = 8/diagnosis). The FA composition of total lipids was determined by gas chromatography and analyzed with univariate and multivariate methods supplemented with hierarchical clustering (HC), random forest (RF)-based classification of FA signatures, and FA metabolism pathway analysis. RA synovium lipids were characterized by reduced proportions of shorter-chain saturated FAs (SFAs) and elevated percentages of longer-chain SFAs and monounsaturated FAs, alkenyl chains, and C20 n-6 polyunsaturated FAs compared to OA synovium lipids. In HC, FAs and FA-derived variables clustered into distinct groups, which preserved the discriminatory power of the individual variables in predicting the RA and OA inflammatory states. In RF classification, SFAs and 20:3n-6 were among the most important FAs distinguishing RA and OA. Pathway analysis suggested that elongation reactions of particular long-chain FAs would have increased relevance in RA. The present study was able to determine the individual FAs, FA groups, and pathways that distinguished the more inflammatory RA from OA. The findings suggest modifications of FA elongation and metabolism of 20:4n-6, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and plasmalogens in the chronically inflamed RA synovium. These FA alterations could have implications in lipid mediator synthesis and potential as novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools.

The Lipid Profile of the Tissues of the Gray Whale (&lt;i&gt;Eschrichtius robustus&lt;/i&gt;): to the Relationship of Composition of Lipids and Their Physiological and Biochemical Role in Maintaining Tissue Function

A study was made of the composition of lipids in different tissues of gray whales Eschrichtius robustus, and the lipid profiles of tissues with different functional loads were compared. Five types of tissues (skin, muscle, liver, outer and inner layers of fat) were collected from seventeen individuals of eastern gray whales during the permitted aboriginal fishing in the village. Lorino of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the summer of 2020. For all of the listed tissues, the composition of total lipids and their individual lipid classes was studied by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), the identification and description of lipid profiles of different types of tissues was carried out, which made it possible to identify their general and specific features of lipid metabolism according to the studied parameters. Comparative analysis of lipid profiles of tissues revealed individual lipid classes that make the greatest contribution to discrimination between different tissues. Both the content of total lipids and individual lipid classes varied significantly in different tissues. At the same time, 93% of the differences between tissues are two functions that are most closely related to the content of metabolically associated diacylglycerols (DAG), monoacylglycerols (MAG), triacylglycerols (TAG) and waxes, mainly energetic lipids, in tissues. The paper discusses the relationship between the qualitative and quantitative composition of lipids and the functional load and the physiological role of tissues. The metabolic features of the accumulation and consumption of lipid classes during the feeding period were noted. The revealed differences in certain parameters of lipid metabolism of the outer and inner layers of fat are due to different metabolic activity of tissues and their function in the body, which, among other things, is provided by lipids.

Fatty acids composition of actinobacteria isolated from mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis of the Black Sea Odesa Bay

Analysis of the fatty acid composition of total cellular lipids is important chemotaxonomic characteristic that is used to identify microorganisms, in particular actinobacteria, with the help of fatty acid spectra libraries. Actinobacteria are well known as producers of secondary metabolites, which are of pharmacological and commercial interest. A significant number of actinomycetes is associated with various marine benthic communities. The aim of this study was determination of the fatty acid composition and preliminary identification of actinobacteria isolated from mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis of the Black Sea Odesa Bay. Actinobacteria of 12 isolated strains were grown in a liquid medium at 28° C for 72 h. Methyl esters of fatty acids were determined on a gas chromatograph Agilent. The MIDI Sherlock microorganisms identification system was used to identify the studied strains. It was found that the fatty acids methyl esters profiles of studied actinobacteria strains were characterized by the predominance of 12-17 saturated branched-chain fatty acids with high content of 12-methyltridecanoic, 12-methyltetradecanoic, 14-methylpentadecanoic and 14-methylhexadecanoic fatty acids. All 12 actinobacteria strains isolated from mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) of Odesa Bay were identified as members of the Streptomyces genus. Keywords: Black Sea, fatty acid compositions, marine actinobacteria, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Streptomyces