Composition Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Effects of drying conditions on grain quality: a review

Post-harvest grain drying reduces water activity, which reduces the rates of chemical reactions responsible for grain deterioration and which are essential for maintaining their quality. Most studies on grain drying are performed on the laboratory scale to study the factors that determine the quality of grains on a large scale. Such factors include air temperature and flow, grain layer thickness, raw material composition, and drying system employed. This review describes the effects of drying systems and their variations on grain quality, focusing on the physicochemical properties, mycotoxin levels, and bioactive compounds and components of grains.

Phytochemical Composition of Cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos L.) Fruits Growing in Protected Areas of Lithuania.

The fruits of Vaccinium oxycoccos L. are an important source of bioactive compounds with antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory effects. Studies on the phytochemical analysis of cranberry fruit samples showed that the qualitative and quantitative composition of biologically active compounds varied in cranberry fruit samples collected from different types of wetland sites: the total anthocyanin content was 698 ± 24-8352 ± 200 µg/g, the total flavonol content-518 ± 16-2811 ± 31 µg/g, the total content of triterpene compounds-4060 ± 122-6542 ± 157 µg/g, the content of chlorogenic acid-17 ± 0.4 µg/g to 1224 ± 41 µg/g, and the total content of proanthocyanidins-919 ± 19 µg EE/g to 3038 ± 137 µg EE/g. The percentage composition of anthocyanins in cranberry fruit varied between the different wetland sites: in some cranberry fruit samples, four anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-arabinoside, peonidin-3-galactoside, and peonidin-3-arabinoside) were predominant, while in other samples, six anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-arabinoside, peonidin-3-galactoside, peonidin-3-arabinoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, and peonidin-3-glucoside) predominated. The results of these studies showed the differences in the composition of secondary metabolites in the studied cranberry samples and prove that the standardization of the qualitative and quantitative composition of cranberry fruit raw materials and the application of routine tests are necessary for the expansion of the use of botanical raw materials in the production of functional foods and phytopreparations.

Biological value of zaanen goats' pasteurized milk proteins

Goat's milk is positioned as biologically complete, suitable for the creation of functional products and baby food products. This is explained by the qualitative and quantitative composition of its main nutrients: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, biologically active substances, micro- and macro-elements. The biological value of food raw materials is assessed by its ability to satisfy protein needs. Strict thermal treatment regimens are used for goat milk. This is caused by the quantitative ratio of casein and albumin fractions in goat milk and its specific organoleptic properties. Pasteurization of milk causes partial destruction of proteins, enzymes, hormones and evaporation of gaseous. This contributes to the improvement of sensory properties of dairy goat raw materials. The effect of high temperatures on goat milk proteins and its biological value has been little studied. The effect of pasteurization regimes on proteins was studied and indicators of the biological value of the samples were determined: without heat treatment; heat treatment 63 ± 2 °С, duration 30 minutes; heat treatment 87 ± 2 °С duration 5-6 minutes. The amino acid composition of the test samples was determined by acid hydrolysis on an LC2000 amino acid analyzer (Biotronik, Germany). Indicators of the biological value of proteins of pasteurized goat milk were calculated – coefficient of difference of amino acid composition, biological value, coefficient of utilitarian amino acid composition, coefficient of rationality of amino acid composition, coefficient of comparative redundancy. The general analysis of the obtained data revealed a positive effect of heat treatment on the indicators of the biological value of goat milk. The amino acid score of the limiting amino acid increased by 14.82–14.92 %; biological value – 11.4–13.02 %; the PDCAAS indicator – by 14.18–14.29 %; changes in the values of formalized indicators had the same tendency. The biological value of proteins for the application of thermal regimes is at the same level. It has been proven that pasteurization has a positive effect on the biological value of goat milk proteins. This makes the product safe and useful for all segments of the population and can be recommended for feeding children from 0 to 6 months. Prospects for further research are the development of milk drinks of a combined composition of raw materials with an improved recipe in order to enrich the product with limiting amino acids.

다중 FTA를 활용한 한⋅중 비즈니스 모델 연구: 소비재 수출을 중심으로

Since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992, China has developed into Korea's largest exporter. With the Korea-China FTA in 2015 and the RCEP in 2020, conditions have been created for Korean exporters to China to selectively utilize multiple FTA structures. In this regard, this paper studied guidelines and business models for Korean consumer goods exporters to utilize multiple FTAs. First, we designed a guideline by selectively utilizing multiple FTAs based on the criteria for determining the country of origin. In addition, ① a model by changing and combining the composition of raw materials among food products exported to China, ② a model to which the HS code was changed and applied by adjusting the composition of raw materials among foods exported to China, ③ a model that was changed to a classification favorable to the Korea-China FTA through a change in the HS code classification, ④ a model that reduced customs clearance costs by utilizing conditions for exemption from submission of certificates were suggested.

Разработка технологии получения функциональных продуктов на основе молочно-кунжутных композиций

Methodological and technological approaches allowing to solve the problems connected with the transformation of milk-mulberry raw material composition into the products of functional orientation in the form of protein-mineral whey coagulate and concentrate-granulate enriched with mineral substances and vitamins have been defined. Keywords: ANTIRADICAL AND ANTIPERICAl PROTECTION, Nutrients, BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES, TECHNOLOGY, TECHNICAL PROPERTIES, DAIRY-CUNGUT COMPOSITION, DAILY PHYSIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS

To the question of structure optimization for producing high-strength ceramics

The article outlines the principles that ensure the production of high-strength ceramic bricks. The change in the phase composition of clay raw materials during firing is analyzed. The role of the calculation method for determining the amount and composition of the melt formed during firing is determined. The value of the glass phase in the strengthening of the ceramic shard has been determined. Taking into account the properties of neoplasms, various types of structures were analyzed. The optimal structures for increasing the strength of fired ceramics are determined. The main factors that increase the strength of ceramic bricks and methods for their implementation were established. The factors that increase the strength of ceramic bricks are determined. Implementation methods are recommended.

Evaluation of Microwave Synthesis of Ceramic Pigments Based on In Situ Dielectric Characterization.

The application of microwave technology for efficient and environmentally friendly synthesis of ceramic pigments is a successful and rapidly evolving area of research. However, a clear understanding of the reactions and their relationship with the material absorbance has not been fully achieved. The present study introduces an in situ permittivity characterization technique, which serves as an innovative and precise tool for assessing the microwave synthesis of ceramic pigments. Several processing parameters (atmosphere, the heating rate, raw mixture composition and particle size) were evaluated by studying the permittivity curves as a function of temperature to elucidate their effect on the synthesis temperature and the final pigment quality. The validity of the proposed approach was verified through correlation with other well-known analysis techniques, such as DSC or XRD, providing valuable information about the reaction mechanisms and the optimum conditions for the synthesis process. In particular, changes in permittivity curves were linked, for the first time, to undesired metal oxide reduction at too-high heating rates and could be used to detect pigment synthesis failures and ensure product quality. The proposed dielectric analysis was also found to be a useful tool for optimizing raw material composition for the microwave process, including the use of chromium with lower specific surface area and flux removal.

Nile perch fish nuggets: Partial replacement of fish flesh with sesame hulls and sunroot — Quality assessment and storage stability

This study aimed to produce Nile perch fish nuggets by replacing a part of fish flesh with different concentrations of sesame hulls and sunroot to reach the optimal recipe. Chemical, microbiological, and sensory characteristics of nuggets were evaluated during 3 months of frozen storage at –18 °C. According to the obtained data on the chemical composition of raw materials, Nile perch flesh had the highest content of protein (20.21%), sesame hulls contained the highest amount of fat (13.54%), fiber (17.24%) and ash (16.11%), while sunroot tubers had the highest amount of carbohydrates (15.76%). Based on the sensory score, the acceptable replacement ratio for fish nuggets prepared with sunroot (T1) and sesame hulls (T2) was 10% and 7.5%, respectively. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) analysis at zero time shows that the T1 samples had the minimum value compared to the T2 and control samples. During storage, the TBA levels increased slightly in all samples, but after three months T1 also showed the lowest value. The total plate count (TPC) and psychrophilic bacterial (PSY) count in the samples were affected by the period of frozen storage at –18 °C. The initial TPC and PSY loads were 2.32 and 2.02 log cfu/g for control; 2.24 and 1.72 log cfu/g for T1; 2.30 and 1.47 log cfu/g for T2, respectively. During storage, the values of TPC and Psy slightly decreased. In conclusion, this study succeeded in the replacement of Nile perch fish with sesame hulls and sunroot as new sources to improve the nutritional value and quality characteristics of fish nuggets.

Physiological responses and growth of Samanea saman grown in a biodegradable seedling container filled with post-silica mined soil media in the greenhouse

A biodegradable seedling container was developed to minimize plastic waste in the field during post-mining land revegetation activities. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the physiological response and growth of <em>Samanea saman</em> grown in a biodegradable seedling container filled with post-silica mined soil media. A factorial experimental design was used with two factors, namely (1) basic raw materials, namely recycled newspaper, compost, and cocopeat, and (2) size of raw materials, including 5 mesh, 10 mesh, and 8 mesh. The parameters measured were photosynthetic rate, leaf greenness index, transpiration rate, height, and diameter of <em>S. saman</em> seedlings. The results showed that the interaction between the composition and size of basic raw materials of the biodegradable seedling container significantly increased the photosynthetic rate, leaf greenness index, transpiration rate, height, and diameter of seedlings. There was also a positive correlation between the rate of photosynthetic and leaf greenness index (r = 0.838). Furthermore, the C/N ratio of the biodegradable pot varied depending on the composition of materials used. After two months, the C/N ratio decreased, indicating that decomposition processes had occurred. Analysis of the biodegradable seedling container showed that it contains less than 0.08 mg Pb kg<sup>-1</sup>, which was considered a non-toxic element for plant growth.

Analysis of 00Cr17Ni14Mo2 Bellows Leakage

A multi-layer welded bellows made of 00Cr17Ni14Mo2 was found to have leakage points in the heat-affected zone of the weld during airtight inspection and leak detection by helium mass spectrometry. In view of the leakage of multilayer welded bellows, the reasons for the leakage of multilayer welded bellows areanalyzed by means of macroscopic observation, electron microscope observation, energy spectrum analysis, metallographic examination, microhardness test and chemical composition analysis. The results show that there are liquefaction cracks in the heat-affected zone of the outer bellows, which results in air leakage in the airtight test. The generation of liquefaction crack is related to the low Ni content in the material and the pollution of S and Cu elements. The cleaning treatment of the material surface in the welding area should be strengthened before welding to reduce the generation of cracks. At the same time, should be paid attention to the control of welding raw material composition.

The Vámoscsalád-Kavicsbánya Site (Vas County)

The archaeological artefacts of the Vámoscsalád-Kavicsbánya site were discovered, collected and preserved by István Marton and his brother, András Marton, mineral collectors from Mesterháza, in about 2015. The slight elevation on a terrace of the Répce River was mined for the M86 highway in 2012–2013. Apart from knapped stone tools, the main subject of our paper, several polished serpentinite and greenschist tools have been recovered from the site, which could be in use between the Neolithic and the end of the Bronze Age. Only a few potsherds indicated a settlement of the Transdanubian Linear Pottery culture (TLPC). Of the Copper Age, Lengyel III and Baden pottery fragments and a clay spatula are worth mentioning. Almost the entire Bronze Age is represented, the most exciting find being a rim fragment of a bowl, decorated with an encrusted geometric pattern on both sides, of the Somogyvár–Vinkovci culture. Given the presumed mixed character of the knapped stone record of the Vámoscsalád-Kavicsbánya site (as the finds were not recovered from a closed stratigraphic context), we looked for possible cultural analogies and relationships, primarily those corresponding to the system of raw material–technology–typology. Although the pottery fragments of the TLPC recovered from the site are few and uncharacteristic, and the recovered finds may represent more than one phase, the knapped stone assemblage most likely represents the industry of the Middle Neolithic cultural unit, as suggested by raw material composition, technological features, type distribution and characteristics of the retouched tools. It is perhaps even possible that we are dealing with relatively old, if not the oldest TLP finds ever unearthed in the county.

Assessment of the Nutritional Quality and Fungal Contamination of Commercial Poultry Feed and Raw Materials Available in Gazipur and Mymensingh District of Bangladesh

The study was conducted to evaluate the nutrient content and fungal contamination of commercial poultry feeds and raw materials available in Gazipur and Mymensingh districts of Bangladesh. A total of 67 commercial poultry feed (broiler and layer) and raw materials were collected from different poultry farms, dealers and shops. They feed samples and raw materials were then analyzed in terms of DM (Dry matter), CP (crude protein), EE (ether extract), ash and calcium concentration. Crude protein is the main constituent and is found in the range of 20-22.5% and 15.3-19.5% for broiler and layer feeds, respectively. Moisture content ranged between 9.7-11.2% in both broiler and layer feed indicating good storage condition. Other nutrients such as crude fat and crude fiber content in broiler and layer feed were 3.6-6.9% and 3.0-5.8%, respectively. Layer feed contains a higher amount of calcium (3.1-4.6%) and total ash (8.3-13.3%) than the broiler feed. The moisture percentage of raw materials was below the recommended value. About 40-60% crude protein was found in protein-rich feed ingredients and other nutrients such as crude fat (17.2-19.1%) and crude fiber (9.9-13.1%) were higher in energy-rich ingredients. On the other hand, fungal contamination in broiler and layer feed, and raw materials was found in about 28.5%, 30.0% and 46.0%, respectively. The proximate composition and fungal contamination of poultry feed and raw materials were varied due to environment, processing method, storage condition and adulteration, etc. In conclusion, findings of the nutrient content and fungal contamination of commercial poultry feed and raw materials will help the feed mill owners and commercial poultry farmers to prepare quality feed and to formulate quality poultry ration.

Pengaruh Komposisi Bahan Baku dan Ukuran Partikel Terhadap Kualitas Biobriket dari Cangkang Buah Karet dan Ranting Kayu

Biobriquette is a solid fuel derived from raw materials that can be renewed continuously because it is made from a mixture of biomass such as wood, twigs, leaves, grass, straw and other agricultural wastes. The research aims to examine the effect of variations in the composition of raw materials and particle sizes were 50 mesh, 70 mesh, 100 mesh, and 120 mesh. This research was started by carrying out the pyrolysis process on the raw material with temperature 350 oC for sixty minutes, then the refined pyrolysis charcoal powder was mixed with starch adhesive 10% of the weight of the raw material which was then manually pressed cylindrical. The measurement results in this research were compared with quality parameters based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI), Japan, England, and America. The best result for this research is obtained at a ratio of rubber fruit shells and wood twigs 1:5 with a particle size of 100 mesh, that is with inherent moisture of 4.50%, ash content of 2.19%, volatile matter of 13.73%, density 2.2502 g/cm3, and caloric value 6,653.60 cal/g.

Mechanism of cordierite formation obtained by high temperature sintering technique

Cordierite (2MgO·2Al2O3·5SiO2) is a kind of important ceramic with low thermal expansion coefficient and low dielectric constant. In this study, the influence of raw material compositions and various sintering temperatures on the synthesis mechanism and reaction path of cordierite were studied. The results reveal that the binary compounds forsterite and magnesia-alumina spinel are firstly generated in the low-temperature section while using pure single oxide materials. Then, forsterite and magnesia-alumina spinel are respectively combined with Al2O3 and SiO2 to form cordierite. The reaction of magnesia-alumina spinel with SiO2 to form cordierite requires a higher temperature. The addition of CaO and TiO2 tends to form low melting point substances, thus promoting the formation of cordierite phase. This study has a certain guiding significance for the cordierite synthesizing from natural minerals and solid wastes.

Hydrothermal carbonization coupled with gasification for collaborative disposal of kitchen waste and yard waste

Kitchen waste and yard waste are typical components of municipal solid waste. In this paper, two schemes for collaborative disposal of these two wastes by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) coupled with gasification were proposed and compared: Scheme 1: co-gasification of poplar with hydrochar derived from food waste; Scheme 2: direct gasification of hydrochar derived from co-HTC process of food waste and poplar. HTC was the pretreatment to regulate the composition and structure of raw materials. After HTC, the H/C and O/C of food waste decreased to the minimum of 1.06 and 0.14, respectively, and the coalification degree was increased close to lignite. Most of K and Na would be removed but Ca was enriched during HTC process, in which hydrochar derived from food waste at 260 °C contained the highest Ca content of 3752.30 mg/kg. The C=C and C=O functional groups of hydrochar were richer than the raw materials indicating the aromatization degree was improved. In Scheme 1, the gasification feedstock had relatively higher alkali and alkaline earth metals and volatile, resulting in a rapid gasification and the H2/CO ratio was between 1.6 and 1.8. In Scheme 2, the co-HTC hydrochar had high content of fixed carbon which can reach the maximum of 48.62 wt.% when the temperature was 260 °C. Due to the richer surface functional group structure, especially C=O, the hydrochar was easy to crack into CO during the initial gasification stage, and H2/CO ratios of the syngas were all less than 1. HTC coupled with gasification could broad the waste usage to meet the different industrial process needs, which can achieve waste disposal and energy conversion efficiently.

Recent Advances and Perspectives of Copyrolysis of Biomass and Organic Solid Waste

Pyrolysis is one of the substantial thermal conversion technologies for high-value reutilization of biomass and organic solid waste (OSW). Adding some typical OSWs to biomass pyrolysis can achieve directional regulation of target products that are considered potential alternatives to fossil energy. Understanding copyrolysis behaviors is vital for the optimizing pyrolysis process to minimize environmental pollution and efficiently utilize biomass and OSW. However, there is no overall review on the copyrolysis of biomass and various OSWs. This paper reviews and discusses recent advances in the copyrolysis mechanism, thermal–chemical processes of some typical OSWs and biomass, and effects of chemical compositions of raw materials and pyrolysis parameters on thermal–chemical conversion behaviors, synergistic effect, and copyrolysis product characteristics. Recent reports show that the synergistic effect in copyrolysis effectively improves the quality of bio-oil and biochar. Moreover, adding OSW to biomass pyrolysis can promote the secondary reaction of pyrolysis intermediates. The reaction mechanism and relative numerical simulation work of copyrolysis are summarized. Finally, the current challenges to energy- and environment-oriented conversion of biomass and OSW are discussed, and perspectives for further developing the copyrolysis process are highlighted. This paper provides valuable information for optimizing sustainable copyrolysis processes of OSW and biomass and improving the efficiency and selectivity of recycled OSW.

Effect of the chemical composition of fluid foods on the rate of fouling processing during sterilization

Background: This research was motivated by the determination of the sanitation schedule in the heat exchanger area for some products (milk, avocado juice, and orange juice), as well as the inconsistency of the results of previous studies related to the chemical composition of the fouling layer. Objectives: a) to test the effect of raw material composition on the chemical composition of the fouling layer. b) to test microbial growth's effect on fouling's chemical composition (protein). Methods: mathematical derivation of the formation process of Resistant Dirt Factor (Rd) in the form of an Equation; ANOVA was used to test the effect of the dependent variable (protein) and predictor (microbial). Results: a) The composition of the raw material strongly influences the chemical composition of the fouling layer; b) There is a strong effect between microbial growth and protein content as a fouling composition (p<0.05). Conclusion: A strong influence between microbial growth and the composition of the fouling layer (protein) can close the research gap related to the inconsistency of previous research results (fouling layer composition), so there is no prolonged debate.

Effect of raw material composition on combustion behavior of quasi‐particles in the iron ore sintering process

AbstractAs the basic unit of iron ore sintering bed, the combustion behavior of quasi‐particles significantly impacts the sintering process. Adding biomass char leads to the deterioration of sintering quality, which was originally for the reduction of carbon emission. In this study, the isothermal thermogravimetric platform was used to analyze the combustion behavior of quasi‐particles using different fuels and ores. The results show that the mass of quasi‐particles packed bed decreases rapidly with combustion, then rises slowly, and then tends to be stable. The quasi‐particle samples in the combustion process were quenched with liquid nitrogen, and the composition changes in the quasi‐particle combustion process were analyzed. The results show that the excessive mass loss is caused by the reduction of iron ore in the sintering atmosphere, which also means heat loss. Compared with the samples using coke, when the fuel is exhausted, the proportion of calcium ferrite in the samples using charcoal decreases by 10.94%, while the proportion of magnetite and FeO is 11.36% and 1.04% higher, respectively, which will further lead to the formation of calcium iron olivine and reduce the sinter strength. The addition of magnetic concentrate may help to reduce the heat loss caused by the reduction reactions, but it is necessary to optimize the sintering process.

Phase Equilibrium Studies in the CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO System with MgO/CaO Ratio of 0.2

With the raw materials for ironmaking are becoming increasingly complex, more accurate control of blast furnace operation is essential to reduce the energy cost and CO2 emission. CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO is a basic system of ironmaking slag in which CaO and MgO are mainly come from the flux, SiO2 and Al2O3 are mainly from the raw materials. Effect of raw material composition on phase equilibrium of the slag can be described by a pseudo-ternary system (CaO + MgO)–SiO2–Al2O3 at a fixed MgO/CaO ratio of 0.2. High-temperature experiments have been carried out in this system, and the quenched samples were analyzed by an electron-probe microanalyzer. The results are presented in a pseudo-ternary phase diagram (CaO + MgO)–SiO2–Al2O3 with a fixed MgO/CaO weight ratio of 0.2. Dicalcium silicate (Ca2SiO4), Melilite (2CaO·MgO·2SiO2–2CaO·Al2O3·SiO2), spinel (MgO·Al2O3), merwinite (3CaO·MgO·2SiO2), and anorthite (CaO·Al2O3·2SiO2) are the major primary phases in the composition range investigated. A series of pseudo-binary phase diagrams have been constructed to demonstrate the applications of phase diagram on blast furnace operation. CaO-rich cordierite solid solution has been first time reported with the accurate compositions and microstructure. The liquidus temperatures and solid solution compositions are compared between the experimental data and FactSage predictions to provide useful information for optimization of the thermodynamic database.

A novel and clean utilization of multiple solid wastes to produce foam glass-ceramic

Direct materialisation is a large-scale solid waste utilisation approach with economic and environmental benefits. This study explored a novel process for the utilisation of multiple solid wastes, including fly ash, blast furnace slag and desulphurisation gypsum, for foam glass–ceramic preparation. The high-temperature decomposition reactions of desulphurisation gypsum were analysed to investigate its suitability as a foaming agent. The effects of the sintering temperature during the preparation process and the raw material composition on the properties of the prepared foam glass–ceramic were investigated. The optimum parameters were a desulphurisation gypsum addition amount of 7 wt% and a sintering temperature of 1,200 °C, while the corresponding bulk density, thermal conductivity and compressive strength were 1.21 g/cm3, 0.153 W/m K and 11.23 MPa, respectively. Finally, the migration and transformation of heavy metals during the preparation process and the leaching behaviour of heavy metals from the final material were analysed. The recycling of multiple solid wastes for foam glass–ceramic production has significant economic and environmental benefits. The excellent thermal insulation and strength properties of foam glass–ceramic make them suitable for manufacturing wall insulation materials.