Composition Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Physico-chemical features of acid decomposition and production of extraction phosphoric acid based on moroccan phosphorites

The results of research on the establishment of physicochemical features of acid processing of North African (Moroccan) phosphorites, as well as their influence on the technological process and technical and economic indicators of extraction phosphate acid (EPA) production are presented. Significant differences have been established in the nature of the acid decomposition process, syngony and the size of the formed calcium sulfate crystals for different grades of phosphorites, which is due to a significant influence on the decomposition process not only of the technological mode of the process, but to a large extent differences in the mineralogical composition of phosphate ores. Thus, the increased content of carbonate apatites in phosphorites of the K-9 and K-10 grades led to a higher reactivity in the region of low concentrations. At the same time, the high reactivity of carbonateapatites leads to a number of negative processes, in particular, abundant foaming and passivation of grains of phosphate raw materials with fine-crystalline calcium sulfate precipitate, formed due to the rapid supersaturation of the system, which in turn leads to a sharp decrease in the degree of decomposition. A significant difference in the nature of calcium sulfate crystallization for the conditions for obtaining EPA from the known data was established, which made it possible to conclude that the rate and nature of the process of calcium sulfate recrystallization in the CaO-P2O5- H2O system is determined not only by temperature, sulfate regime and P2O5 content in the liquid phase, but also by the nature and composition of phosphate raw materials. Based on experimental data, conclusions were drawn about a decrease in power during the transition from apatite to phosphorites from 21.89 to 24.23% (depending on the brand of Moroccan phosphorite), a significant increase in the load on filters and a decrease of 1.5–2 times in the amount of fluorine compounds released into the gas phase during decomposition.

Research on the formation of the structure of dairy desserts with a combined composition of raw materials under the influence of technological factors

Subject of study. Dairy products are complex in chemical composition and have a complex of various properties that affect the quality of the fnished product, in particular, its structure. Consumer demands for food quality are constantly growing, which leads to the improvement of technological processes. Therefore, the study of the influence of technological factors in the production of dairy products for dessert purposes on the formation of their structure is an urgent issue. The study aimed to investigate the influence of technological factors, in particular, different temperature regimes of packaging on the structure of the fnished product. The results. The article presents the results of studies on the formation of the structure of pudding and cream packaged at different temperatures. It has been shown that the flow curves of dairy desserts, characteristic of thixotropic systems, change their structure under the influence of mechanical loads. It was found that samples of dairy desserts packaged immediately after thermomechanical processing had a lower thixotropy coefcient compared to samples packaged after cooling. It was found that the viscosity of the retentate-based milk dessert was 10-20 % lower than that of a similar product based on butter. In addition, the viscosity values for retentate-based pudding were 20- 30 % higher than for cream. Conclusions. It has been proved that the temperature of the packaging of dairy desserts, as one of the decisive technological factors, has an impact on the formation of the structure, and, as a result, on the quality of the fnished product. For example, to produce dairy desserts with a consistency typical of pudding or cream, it is necessary to pack at a temperature of at least 65°C. At the same time, the viscosity and ultimate shear stress for cream should be in the range of 55...75 Pa-s and 70...100 Pa, respectively, for pudding - 117...124 Pa-s and 90...110 Pa, respectively. Key words: dairy desserts, creams, puddings, combined composition of raw materials, temperature conditions, packaging, structure, rheological indicators, quality.

Laser‐induced self‐propagating synthesis and electromagnetic wave absorption properties of MoAlB powders

AbstractMoAlB powders with a purity of 96 wt.% were successfully fabricated by a laser‐induced self‐propagating method using molybdenum boride (MoB) and aluminum powders as starting materials under the conditions of an n(MoB): n(Al) ratio of 1.0:1.4 and the laser linear energy density (El) of 0.9 J/mm, and the effect of raw material composition and El on the phase composition and microstructure of the resultant MoAlB powders were investigated. The minimum reflection loss (RLmin) value and effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of the as‐prepared MoAlB absorber with a thickness of 5.0 mm were only determined as −12.5 dB (at 16.9 GHz) and 0.9 GHz (16.4–17.3 GHz) in the frequency of 1–18 GHz, respectively. Nevertheless, the RLmin and EAB of as‐prepared MoAlB powders oxidized after 3 h at 773 K increased to −18.59 dB (at 15.82 GHz) and 2.13 GHz (15.22–17.35 GHz), respectively, demonstrating that the as‐prepared MoAlB powders are potential candidates for high‐temperature microwave absorption applications. This study proposes a new efficient strategy for the preparation of boron‐based ternary compounds for high‐temperature electromagnetic wave absorption application.

Evaluation of long-term properties and life cycle assessment of alkali-activated concrete with varying fiber inclusions

The potential for using alkali-activated concrete (AAC) as a sustainable substitute for Portland cement (PC) concrete is a topic of ongoing research interest. The uncertainties in the raw material composition, the reportedly low tensile strength of AAC, and the lack of relevant standard codes of practice further inhibit wider industrial usage of AACs. Fiber inclusions reportedly enhance the tensile properties of traditional PC concrete. However, there is no long-term data available for fiber-reinforced alkali-activated concrete (FRAAC) mixtures. Hence, the present study is aimed at investigating the long-term mechanical properties of ambient-cured FRAAC with GGBS as the sole precursor. Four different types of fibers, viz., steel (SF), polyvinyl alcohol (PVAF), polypropylene (PPF) and glass (GF) are used in this research as reinforcements in AAC. Tests for compressive strength (fc′), splitting tensile strength (fsp) and flexural strength (fr) are conducted for FRAAC containing varying fiber contents of 0.1–0.3%. The findings demonstrated that fiber additions do not have any noticeable influence on the compressive strength of AAC. However, relative to the plain mix, the fsp and fr of FRAACs were enhanced by up to 32% and 29%, respectively. The formation of the hardened calcium aluminosilicate matrix and evolution of the fiber-matrix bonding over time was evident from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The related molecular bonds over a period of 7-d to 360-d was identified through mineralogical and chemical analyses. Furthermore, to validate its environmental sustainability, life cycle assessments were conducted. The AACs exhibited at least 43% lesser impacts than PC concrete on the ecosystem. FRAACs had only slightly higher (≤ 7% increase across all fiber types) impacts than plain AAC.

From laboratory to industrial use: Understanding process variation during enzymatic protein hydrolysis with dry film fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

Industries are continuously looking for dedicated sensor solutions for evaluating the chemical composition of products that can provide valuable insights into process control, process optimization, and product quality. A rapid and robust analytical method, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, holds significant potential in this regard as it provides detailed compositional values of food nutrients. The main aim of the present study was to use dry film FTIR spectroscopy as an analytical tool to characterize products from an industrial enzymatic protein hydrolysis process and link this to understand industrial process variations. For this purpose, 463 protein hydrolysate samples were obtained from an industrial enzymatic protein hydrolysis plant. In the same period, systematic variations in process parameters such as raw material composition, enzyme type, and water addition, were performed. All samples were analyzed using dry film FTIR spectroscopy. Two subsets containing 200 and 68 hydrolysate samples were chosen for measuring average molecular weight (AMW) and collagen content respectively, providing reference data for constructing calibration models based on partial least squares regression (PLSR). The percentage of low molecular weight constituents was derived from the molecular weight distribution of size exclusion chromatograms of protein hydrolysates and also used in the modeling. Calibration models for the prediction of AMW, low molecular weight constituents, and collagen content were obtained with a good fit and lower estimation errors. Principal component analysis (PCA) of protein hydrolysates' FTIR spectra effectively differentiated process variations (enzyme types and raw materials) without extensive reference analysis. One-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests was used to observe the impact of process variation on product quality. FTIR proved to be a sensitive method for liquid protein analysis and process control with a significant potential in process optimization approaches. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time dry film FTIR spectroscopy has been used to evaluate an industrial bioprocess with designed process variations.

Properties of Verkhnealkunsky deposit mudstones used as raw materials to manufacture clinker tiles

The article writes about the development of mudstone-based raw material compositions used to manufacture clinker tiles with improved physical and technical properties. Clinker tiles are one of the popular roofing materials. Compared to other roofing covering options, clinker tiles have higher strength, more resistance to aggressive environments, and better aesthetic characteristics. Clinker tile production is relevant due to the fact that currently architects and building constructors are showing great interest in such an elite roofing material, but due to the economic situation, this roofing material is no longer imported to Russia, with an empty market niche having been formed. Many Russian brick factories are planning to install additional technological lines to manufacture ceramic tiles, but the current demand is to produce clinker tiles. The main unresolved issue concerns raw materials since traditional raw materials – loams and clays – are very rarely suitable for the production of low-temperature sintering clinker tiles. Having studied a large amount of academic literature and carried out the necessary laboratory studies, the authors of this article, under the guidance of the Chair of the Construction Materials Department, Prof. V.D. Kotlyar, pay serious attention to such raw materials as mudstones from the Verkhnealkunsky deposit of the Russian Republic of Ingushetia. The article provides a general description of mudstones, including their chemical and mineral composition as well as their structural features for the production of clinker tiles. It has been experimentally established that the degree of their grinding has a significant influence on technological properties of both mudstones and the end products. Based on raw material mixtures with a grain composition of 0-0.16 and 0-0.08 mm, it is possible to manufacture clinker tiles using the extrusion molding method without introducing corrective additives. The data obtained will make it possible to develop technological regulations to manufacture clinker tiles based on Verkhnealkunsky deposit mudstones.

Improving the production technique of pat based on multicomponent fruit and berry paste

The object of this study is the technology of making fruit pat based on apple, apricot, and rosehip paste. To increase the organoleptic and physical-chemical quality indicators, the technology of functional fruit pat for functional purposes has been improved by using fruit and berry paste as a fruit base. Accordingly, a technique for the production of fruit and berry paste (apple 50 %, apricot 35 %, rosehip 15 %) was devised. The peculiarity of the technique is a short-term, 30–40 s, concentration at 52–54 °C in a rotary evaporator, which will positively contribute to the preservation of the functional ingredients of raw materials, unlike conventional batch vaporizers. The paste has an improved viscous structure and organoleptic properties compared to the control, which makes it possible to recommend it as a fruit base for pat. The viscosity of the pat mass based on the paste at 50 °C is 225 Pa∙s, which is 20 % higher than the control ("Fruit" pat), which will contribute to better structure formation. At the same time, the sample with the paste has better indicators of taste and smell, which can be characterized as natural and harmonious. The new pat has a natural orange saturated color and is characterized by a long-lasting consistency, and the content of functional ingredients significantly exceeds the control sample. The quantitative content of dietary fiber, vitamin A, C, β-carotene is important, according to which the devised pat based on the paste can be classified as a functional product. The new products are characterized by an organic composition of raw materials, do not contain artificial dyes and flavors, and the proposed technological solutions simplify the process of their production, which makes it possible to recommend the technology for implementation at craft enterprises

Гибридная интеллектуальная система машинного обучения для моделирования процессов обработки фосфатного рудного сырья

The results of a study are presented, the purpose of which was to create an intelligent machine learning system for modeling the processes of charge agglomeration during processing of phosphate ore raw materials. The relevance of the study is justified by the need to improve the information support of technological systems management processes in the context of the digital transformation of the production environment, carried out within the framework of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and characterized by the massive introduction of the industrial Internet of things, which leads to an avalanche-like increase in the volume of technological data. Their processing using modern analysis methods, including artificial intelligence methods, can improve the quality of decisions made and provide competitive advantages. The scientific novelty of the research results is the structure of the proposed hybrid intelligent machine learning system for modeling phosphate ore processing processes, which is based on the joint use of a dynamic model of the sintering process in the Simulink environment and a deep neural network. The architecture of the neural network was developed taking into account the specifics of the mathematical description of the agglomeration process and includes input fully connected layers that receive measurement results of process variables, as well as a recurrent layer that processes the combined sequence from the outputs of fully connected layers. The integration of a Simulink model and a deep neural network makes it possible to quickly adapt an intelligent system to a specific sintering machine through the use of a two-stage machine learning procedure – first on a Simulink simulation model, and then on a real object. Taking into account the significant inertia of the processes accompanying agglomeration, this approach ensures prompt changes in the settings of the hybrid intelligent machine learning system for the new composition of raw materials and technological parameters. A program has been developed that provides a convenient graphical interface for preparing and using an intelligent system, and simulation experiments have shown that the process of additional training for new technological parameters is much faster than initial training while maintaining high accuracy of the obtained modeling results.

Improvement pre-treatment technology of meat for the preparation in restaurants

The article examines the issue of the use of local and tropical raw materials, and spices in the technology of pre-processing of meat, and the quality and safety indicators of meat semi-finished products in the process of technological processing. The use of pineapple juice in pickling technology makes it possible to break down proteins and fats due to the enzyme bromelain, which destroys pathogenic bacteria in the intestine; promotes muscle relaxation, and relieves spasms. In addition, the juice of these tropical fruits is rich in vitamin C, beta-carotene, vitamins A, PP, and group B. Of the minerals, it contains the most potassium and sodium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and iron. The most attractive substance included in the composition of pineapple juice is considered to be plum berries rich in organic acids, such as citric and malic, contain vitamins of group B, as well as PP, A, and E, a small content of ascorbic acid and pectin. Regarding the use of cherry juice in pickling technology, its value lies in the high content of organic acids and sugars, tannins, dietary fibers and pectin, vitamins A, E, C, PP, B vitamins, calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron Cherry juice is the most useful and valuable, the level of nutrients and antioxidants in it is much higher than in the juices of other fruits and berries. Dark berries are especially rich in useful substances and vitamins. The chemical composition of fruit raw materials makes it possible to predict that the selected juices have preservative and antioxidant properties and therefore can be effective components of marinades for meat semi-finished products. The purpose of the work is to study the influence of pickling on the quality and safety indicators of meat semi-finished products in the process of technological processing using local and tropical berries, and spicy plants. 10 different versions of compositions for marinating pork have been developed. In the course of experimental research, marinade formulations and the duration of the marinating process were established, which provided the best taste qualities of the finished product. It was determined that the greatest loss of proteins was observed in the control sample with acetic acid, and the lowest in samples with marinade based on undiluted juices. In the samples of semi-finished products based on diluted juices, protein loss is lower than in the control, which ensures a higher biological value of products from them. The moisture content increases in all pickled semi-finished products, the intensity of the process depends on the concentration of fruit juices in the marinades.

Technology of the boiled-smoked sausage products is for the use of side foods of processing of oil-bearing production

The article examines the issue of expanding the assortment of sausage products with a combined composition of raw materials, using dietary fibers with functional and technological properties that stabilize the quality of meat raw materials to create products with a functional purpose. Enriching meat products with dietary fibers is advisable to achieve specific technological goals in physiologically significant quantities. Pumpkin seed processing products are characterized as gluten-free; their use is relevant for enriching finished products with a vitamin-mineral complex. Fiber from industrial hemp seeds is a by-product of oil production and a unique source of protein, natural carotene, phytosterols, and phospholipids. The recipe and production technology of cooked-smoked sausage products with a combined composition of raw materials has been experimentally confirmed. It was established that using hydrated fiber from hemp seeds and pumpkin seeds in the recipe of sausage products improves structural and mechanical characteristics, has high organoleptic indicators, and ensures the production of a product of increased biological and nutritional value. Food additives of vegetable origin give sausage products an appetizing appearance, proper texture and consistency, and appropriate taste while significantly reducing their production cost. With the optimal selection of the recipe, food supplements of plant origin allow you to balance products from the point of view of nutrition. The best results are a complex of characteristics for using a hydrated hemp and pumpkin seed fiber mixture. The technology aims to solve the problem of expanding the range of meat products for mass consumption with increased nutritional value. Enrichment of sausage products with fiber from pumpkin seeds and industrial hemp helps improve the products' functional properties. It ensures the formation of the necessary structural and mechanical properties. Using processed products of pumpkin seeds and industrial hemp as raw materials for sausage production solves the food industry's resource conservation problem.

USE of Thermal Power Engineering Waste to Reduce the Average Density of Ceramic Wall Materials with a Matrix Structure

It has been presented the results of studies on reducing the average density of ceramic wall materials through the use of ash granules. The chemical, granulometric, and mineral compositions of clay raw materials and fly ash are given. It has been considered the compositions of ceramic charges with different contents of thermal power waste and sample preparation techniques. In the first case, mechanical mixing of the charge components was used, in the second case, granulation of the components and creation of a shell on the surface of the granules was used. The physical and mechanical properties of ceramic samples produced by both methods are presented. It has been established that an increase in the fly ash content in the charge leads to a decrease in the average density and compressive strength of ceramic samples. The use of the developed method for producing ceramic materials increases the strength characteristics of the samples, which makes it possible to increase the content of the ash component to 70–80 wt. % in the composition of the charge. It has been shown that the content of fly ash in the charge is more than 60 wt. % leads to an increase in water absorption of more than 20%, which practically indicates the absence of sintering processes in ash granules. Prospects and main directions for further research are formulated.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ВОПРОСОВ, СВЯЗАННЫХ С ФИТОРАЗНООБРАЗИЕМ И ЛЕКАР-СТВЕННЫМ РАСТЕНИЕВОДСТВОДСТВОМ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН.. 90

Any plant phylogenesis is a long-term historical complex of plant species, including elements of different ages, different origins and differing from other floristic complexes in its systematic composition. This complex is a dynamic and unstable phenomenon that changes over time. Its individual elements disperse, or, conversely, remain within the boundaries of their range, de-pending on changes in external ecological and geographical factors. Therefore, when study-ing any floristic composition, it is necessary, first of all, to systematize the plant world. The distribution of species between systematic categories of the highest rank characteristic of each flora. Issues related to the characteristics of the growth, procurement and protection of plant medicinal raw materials are one of the leading links in ongoing activities for the ration-al use of natural resources throughout the world. Medicinal pharmacopoeia plants growing in various regions of Russia are a valuable source of biologically active substances used in med-icine and pharmaceuticals. The study of medicinal plants is important for optimizing the drug production process, as well as for the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of natural resources. Methods for studying medicinal pharmacopeial plants include a botanical description of plants, analysis of the chemical composition and pharmacological properties of raw materials, the study of factors affecting the quality and quantity of biologically active substances, as well as the development of methods for growing and collecting plants. Much attention is also paid to the issues of sustainable use of medicinal plants and their conservation in natural ecosystems. The study of medicinal pharmacopoeia plants growing in various regions of Russia, including the Republic of Tatarstan, allows us to determine the optimal conditions for their cultivation, evaluate the quality and effectiveness of the raw materials used, and also develop new drugs based on natural components. The more work there is related to the study of the growth of medicinal plants, the more it will contribute to improving medical practice, enriching the range of medicines and providing access to effective and safe medicines.

Contrasting effects of various factors upon the properties of foam ceramics and the mechanisms of crystalline phase reconstruction and microstructure regulation

The application prospects of foam ceramics are closely linked to their properties; however, the influence mechanism of the raw material composition and sintering parameters on the properties of foam ceramics remains obscure. In this study, the properties of SiO2–Al2O3–Na2O–K2O-based foam ceramics at various sintering temperatures and sintering times, and with different SiC contents, ratios of Al2O3 to SiO2, and fluxing agent contents were determined. Significant discrepancies in the variation trends and strengths of different influencing factors were observed. To interpret these phenomena, the crystalline phases and microstructure of the foam ceramics were analyzed, and the results indicated that their compressive strength was jointly controlled by their crystal phases and microstructure; however, other properties depended only on the microstructure. Furthermore, analysis of the phase diagram and sintering process revealed that the chemical reactions between the basic materials varied, as the ratio of Al2O3 to SiO2 and the fluxing agent contents were varied, resulting in differences in the phase transition temperature, liquid phase content, and crystalline phases. Moreover, the sintering temperature, sintering time, and SiC content affected the microstructure of the foam ceramics by changing the liquid viscosity, reaction time, and foaming amount, respectively. Overall, our findings provide a theoretical basis for preparing foam ceramics with excellent properties.

EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF SALTY SOFT CHEESE WITH THE ADDITION OF A VEGETABLE COMPONENT

The article describes the course of cooking soft salty cheese with the addition of a vegetable component and conducted special studies, product reviews, product quality indicators.The results of the study of physico-chemical, microbiological parameters, physico-chemical parameters of soft salted cheese with the addition of a vegetable component are presented. One of the most important indicators in determining the quality of raw materials and choosing them as raw materials for further processing are its physico-chemical properties and organoleptic characteristics. Microbiological parameters of soft salted cheese, including physico-chemical parameters, were studied in laboratory conditions.In order to produce cheese of guaranteed quality, studies of hop safety parameters were carried out, as well as the physico-chemical composition of dairy raw materials was studied. The stage of administration of the plant extract has been determined.An effective cheese recipe has also been developed. The amount of special sauce for storing the finished product was also calculated, which indicates that the soft cheese dipped in the sauce has a long shelf life and tastes very pleasant.All studies were conducted in the laboratory of the Institute of Cheese Making at the Federal Altai Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology in Barnaul (Russia) and were taken into account according to a special protocol.

Development of technology for obtaining an enriched fermented milk product based on the results of studies of the composition of the initial and final materials

The article presents the results of research on the study of the chemical, mineral and amino acid composition of the initial and final materials of the production technology of a fermented milk product enriched with an extract of vegetable raw materials. As a sample of the initial product, the optimal composition of a combination of two types of dairy raw materials, 15% mare's milk and 85% cow's milk, obtained during experiments, was selected. The final product is a fermented milk product obtained from combined dairy raw materials. It was found that in the combined dairy raw materials, the mass fraction of protein is 3.86%, the mass fraction of fat is 4.66%, the mass fraction of carbohydrates is 4.95%, in the fermented milk product, the mass fraction of protein is 4.04%, the mass fraction of fat is 4.85%, the mass fraction of carbohydrates is 6.05%. The energy value of the fermented milk product, in kcal -82.5, of the combined feedstock -75.94 kcal. The amino acid composition in the studied samples showed the presence of such components as – arginine, lysine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, leucine+isoleucine, methionine, valine, proline, threonyl, serine, alanine and glycine. The mineral composition of the combined dairy raw materials in weight% is 14.15 calcium, 15.41 potassium, 12.36 phosphorus, 1.38 magnesium and 7.34 sodium. The results of the analyses confirmed the nutritional and biological value of both the initial and final products, the technology being developed for the production of functional dairy products.

Granulometric Parameters Determination of the Caviar-Hawk Complex as a Dispersed System for the Fractionated Lecithin Technology Implementation

For the functional food product manufacture a man can use secondary raw materials, the caviar–hawk complex, particularly. The main technological operations in the lecithin–containing substances production include its extraction processes from the initial caviar raw materials and raffinate obtained after the first stage of selective extraction. The operation mechanism requires a comprehensive study of the granulometric composition of raw materials. It was the research aim. A man assessed the granulometric composition of the caviar–hawk complex by visual analysis of its micrographs. The dispersion analysis demonstrated that the studied raw materials of all the analyzed species ranked as a small caviar, which is typical for ordinary fish objects. The thesis contains schematic elementary particle illustrations of fresh and dry caviar of carp, catfish, pike perch; presents dispersed equivalent sizes and shrinkage values of the research objects. Preliminary caviar grinding during conservation is impractical. Although this procedure leads to the mass transfer process intensification, since a man provides the analyzed caviar for using not only to obtain fractionated lecithin and protein texturate, but also as raw materials for enterprises. Staged experiments confirmed that an increase in the mass transfer rate, including the process of extracting target components from crushed caviar raw materials, was insignificant compared with the cost of additional grinding and loss of native caviar properties. The caviar under study is a finely dispersed product. Its additional grinding gives an insignificant effect.

Metallographic study of non-ferrous metal products from the Maray 1 site of the Baitovo Cul-ture in the Lower Ishim River region

The article examines non-ferrous metal products from the Baitovo Culture materials of the Early Iron Age hillfort of Marai 1. This settlement is located in the forest-steppe of the Ishim River region of Western Siberia. The upper building hori-zon marks the settlement of the Baitovo Culture dating to the 4th–2nd centuries BC. Metallographic analysis of 28 items was carried out using the Axio Observer D1m microscope (Zeiss). As a result, eight technological schemes characteristic for the metalworking activities of the Baitovo population have been identified. The study shows that prevailing were smithing tech-nologies in different temperature regimes for the production of non-ferrous metal objects (16 specimens, 57.2 %). The pref-erence was given to hot forging in the red-heat regime at 600–800°C (7 specimens, 25 %), cold forging with annealing (5 specimens, 17.8 %), as well as incomplete hot forging at 300–500°C (3 specimens, 10.7 %). Casting without further refine-ment was recorded in the microstructures of arrowheads, ingots and splashes (9 specimens, 14.2 %). Casting, followed by a slight degree of deformation (20–30 %), was noted in three cases. This scheme correlates with the metalworking traditions of the Itkul and Krasnoozerskaya Cultures, and it was dominant on the territory of the Tobol-Ishim region during the Early Iron Age. Such a low percentage of items related to it could be explained by the absence in Marai 1 of large items cast in moulds needing further refinement (knives, celts, etc.). A microstructural study confirmed the use of pure oxidized copper by the craftsmen of the Baitovo Culture, with characteristic inclusions of Cu–Cu2O eutectic, associated with the Ural production centres. Arrowheads and an ingot made of pure oxidized copper were probably a direct import from the territory of the Itkul Culture. Low-alloy tin and arsenic bronzes, coming from the metal production centres of Kazakhstan and Altai, were also used to the same extent for production of some tools and jewellery. The correlation between the type of product, composition of raw materials and technology of its manufacture has been revealed, which is most clearly manifested in arrowheads and awls. The use of high temperatures and significant degrees of compression (80–90 %) has been recorded in a number of cases, resulting in the appearance of rejects. Cracks of hot brittleness, as well as of cold brittleness, occurred in the process of technological cycle, carried out with an excess of the tensile strength of the metal.

The Biological Active Substances of Taraxacum officinale and Arctium lappa from the Siberian Federal District.

Currently, scientists are increasingly focusing on utilizing the natural flora of the planet to search for and isolate individual bioactive substances that prevent various diseases, contribute to increased life expectancy, and affect all major life-supporting systems in the human body. This study describes the examination of the composition of plant raw materials from the Siberian Federal District. The research focuses on plant specimens from the root parts of Taraxacum officinale and Arctium lappa, collected in the Kemerovo region. The study determines the contents of the water-soluble vitamins B and C in the research subjects. The investigation includes assessing antioxidant properties, antimicrobial activity, and flavonoid content in extracts based on plant raw materials. All samples show a high percentage of antioxidant activity, with the highest antioxidant activity for T. officinale at 85.51 and that for A. lappa at 88.97. The results indicate low antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (growth inhibition zone up to 15.5 mm). Plant extracts contain significant amounts of B-group vitamins, with pyridoxine in T. officinale (156.40 μg/mL) and thiamine (46.20 μg/mL) and pyridoxine (357.10 μg/mL) in Arctium lappa. Flavonoids (rutin and quercetin) are identified in T. officinale and A. lappa extracts based on the study results.

Study on physical and mechanical properties of cement asphalt emulsified mortar under track slab

PurposeDuring the construction process of the China Railway Track System (CRTS) I type filling layer, the nonwoven fabric bags have been used as grouting templates for cement asphalt (CA) emulsified mortar. The porous structure of nonwoven fabrics endowed the templates with breathability and water permeability. The standard requires that the volume expansion rate of CA mortar must be controlled within 1%–3%, which can generate expansion pressure to ensure that the cavities under track slabs are filled fully. However, the expansion pressure caused some of the water to seep out from the periphery of the filling bag, and it would affect the actual mix proportion of CA mortar. The differences in physical and mechanical properties between the CA mortar under track slabs and the CA mortar formed in the laboratory were studied in this paper. The relevant results could provide important methods for the research of filling layer materials for CRTS I type and other types of ballastless tracks in China.Design/methodology/approachDuring the inspection of filling layer, the samples of CA mortar from different working conditions and raw materials were taken by uncovering the track slabs and drilling cores. The physical and mechanical properties of CA mortar under the filling layer of the slab were systematically analyzed by testing the electrical flux, compressive strength and density of mortar in different parts of the filling layer.FindingsIn this paper, the electric flux, the physical properties and mechanical properties of different parts of CA mortar under the track slab were investigated. The results showed that the density, electric flux and compressive strength of CA mortar were affected by the composition of raw materials for dry powders and different parts of the filling layer. In addition, the electrical flux of CA mortar gradually decreased within 90 days’ age. The electrical flux of samples with the thickness of 54 mm was lower than 500 C. Therefore, the impermeability and durability of CA mortar could be improved by increasing the thickness of filling layer. Besides, the results showed that the compressive strength of CA mortar increased, while the density and electric flux decreased gradually, with the prolongation of hardening time.Originality/valueDuring 90 days' age, the electrical flux of the CA mortar gradually decreased with the increase of specimen thickness and the electrical flux of the specimens with the thickness of 54 mm was lower than 500 C. The impermeability and durability of the CA mortar could be improved by increasing the thickness of filling layer. The proposed method can provide reference for the further development and improvement of CRTS I and CRTS II type ballastless track in China.

Taring the scales: Weight-of-evidence framework for biocompatibility evaluations

ISO 10993-1:2018 describes evaluating the biocompatibility profile of a medical device from a risk-based approach. This standard details the battery of information that should be considered within the assessment of a device, including raw material composition data, manufacturing processes, and endpoint testing. The ISO 10993/18562 series requires worst-case assumptions and exposure scenarios to be used in the evaluation, which may result in an over-estimation of patient safety risk. Currently, biocompatibility assessments evaluate each data set independently, and the consequence of this individualized assessment of exaggerated inputs is potential false alarms regarding patient safety. To evaluate these safety concerns, the ISO standards indicate that professional judgement should be used to estimate patient risk but does not provide guidance on incorporating a holistic review of the data into the risk assessment. Recalibrating these worst-case data to evaluate them in a weight-of-evidence (WoE) approach may provide a more realistic data set to determine actual patient risk. This proposed WoE framework combines understanding data applicability with a method for gauging the strength of data that can provide additional support for the final safety conclusion. Using a WoE framework will allow risk assessors to contextualize the data and utilize it to comprehensively estimate patient safety.