Composition Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Modeling of AAC composition without autoclaving proces

AbstractAutoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) technology is undergoing continuous development. This development has so far consisted mainly of expanding the palette of raw materials and preparing them accordingly. The breakthrough in AAC technology came as a result of the introduction of automatic control of production processes. The introduction of automation has made it much easier to maintain a proper autoclaving cycle. It allowed precise regulation of temperature rises in the initial phase of thermal processing. More favorable conditions made it possible to produce lightweight varieties of AAC while maintaining adequate strength of building components. For manufacturers, not only the performance characteristics are important, but also the cost of AAC production, especially the price of the binding material: cement and lime, and the energy‐intensive process of autoclaving. Reducing the cost of manufacturing autoclaved aerated concrete can be achieved by using pozzolanic mineral additives. The article presents research of the structure of AAC obtained using geopolymers. This allows both the modification of the raw material composition and the course of the autoclaving process.

Characteristics and influencing factors of interaction between hydrophobic surface and drag-reducing polymer: A MC and MD simulation study

Hydrophobic surfaces and polymer additives are both desirable for effectively reducing drag when carrying fluids, and the synergy of these two has naturally attracted a great deal of attention. The interaction between a polyurethane surface with different raw material compositions and drag-reducing polymers such as polyacrylamide (PAM), polyethylene oxide (PEO), xanthan gum (XG), and guar gum (GG) was investigated using molecular simulation methods such as molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo. The effects of polymerization degree (DP), temperature, and water molecule adsorption on the interaction were further examined. The findings demonstrate that rigid polymers (XG and GG) have a higher capacity for adsorption on the polyurethane surface than do flexible polymers (PAM and PEO). Furthermore, the DP clearly affects the PEO interacts with surfaces. Under a fixed water molecule load, the influence of surface type on water molecule adsorption ability is greater than that of polymer type but weaker than that of DP. Temperature clearly influences the interaction of PAM and surfaces, whereas PEO has the opposite effect. Additionally, PEO's deformation energy contributes more to the adsorption energy than others, whereas PAM's adsorption energy is higher because its longer molecular chains occupy the adsorption site on the surface.

Influence of a powder-forming additive on the physical-mechanical properties and structure of a ceramic material

The purpose of the study was to explore the effect of various pore-forming additives on the porosity and permeability of alumina ceramic material. Analysis of mineralogical, particle size distribution and chemical composition of raw materials and ceramics samples was performed using standard research methods, JCM-6000 (JEOL) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) microscopes, LW600LT, x-ray diffractometer Rigaku D/max-RA, Hitachi SU-70 and Pore Master. The microstructure of the composite ceramic material in all experiments demonstrated the presence of numerous cross-sectionally elongated pores, which proves the dependence of the pore-forming structure on the shape of the pore-forming agent. The high permeability of samples with lignin is due to the improved plastic properties of the clays. By increasing the clay content from 5 to 10 wt.% it was possible to increase the sintering density of the samples and reduce their overall porosity. The permeability porosity increases with the introduction of more urea, and the strength of the samples is then at its maximum. Samples with the addition of lignin demonstrated resistance to mechanical stress and high permeability. The study identifies the prospects of using crystallised urea and lignin from manufacturing waste as a pore former, which will allow the establishment of environmentally friendly ceramic materials with high permeability and durability and solve the problem of atmospheric pollution.

Pengolahan Limbah Padat Industri Tahu Menjadi Pupuk Kompos

Solid organic fertilizer is the result of composting from agricultural waste and livestock waste, which contains macro and micro nutrients so that it can improve soil structure. This study aims to obtain a formula that meets the criteria to be achieved in the manufacture of compost from equalizing sludge in tofu waste with a variety of raw materials such as rice husks and sawdust and to determine the quality of the NPK compost produced with the help of EM4 bioactivator. Compare it with SNI 19-7030-2004. The best composting results were obtained from the raw material composition of 300 grams of tofu solid waste, 350 grams of rice husks, and 350 grams of sawdust with the help of EM4 bioactivator. Composting is carried out for 30 days and the concentration of EM4 in 1 kg of raw material is by mixing 10 ml of EM4 into 1 liter of water. The Nitrogen (N) content was obtained at 1.54%, and the Phosphorus (P) content was obtained at 1.02%, while the Potassium (K) content was obtained at 1.15% and according to SNI 19-7030-2004.

Preparation and properties of lightweight and high-strength building ceramsites with oil-based drilling cuttings pyrolysis residues

With the continuing advancement in China’s exploration and development technologies of shale gas resources, there was a significant increase in shale gas oil-based drilling cuttings. In this paper, oil-based drilling cutting pyrolysis residues (ODCPRs) was used as the main raw material for preparing lightweight and high-strength building ceramsites to eliminate the environmental risks and recycle industrial waste. Firstly, orthogonal experiments were used to study the influences of raw material composition, preheating temperature, preheating time, sintering temperature, and sintering time on the properties of building ceramsites. From the results, the sintering temperature and the content of ODCPRs were discovered to be the key factors affecting the sintering process of ceramsites. Secondly, the influences of sintering temperature and heating rate on the properties of building ceramists were further explored to find the optimum sintering conditions. When the content of ODCPRs in the ceramsite was set to be 50%, the obtained building ceramsites presented excellent properties with particle compressive strength of 6.31 MPa, bulk density of 575.11 kg/m3, apparent density of 1097.24 kg/m3, and the water absorption of 1.89%. Finally, XRD, SEM, TG-DSC, and heavy metal leaching experiments were comprehensively conducted to analyze the composition structure variation and sintering mechanism of the building ceramsite. This paper presents an approach for the recycling, utilization, and disposal of oil-based drilling cuttings in the oil field waste management.

The Replacement of Quartz Sand with Microsilica for Obtaining Glass Materials

The article presents the physicochemical and technological characteristics of amorphous silica fume. According to the results of experimental studies, it can be established that the replacement of natural quartz sand with ferrosilicon waste–microsilica in the glass charge does not reduce its main physical, chemical and technological characteristics. It is shown that the replacement of quartz sand with microsilica in the raw material composition of the glass charge leads to a decrease in the temperature of smooth formation, in particular, glass melting, as a result of which it helps to save natural raw materials and energy resources, while solving the problems of improving the environmental situation in the industrial region of the Republic.

Strength formation mechanism and curing system optimization of low-carbon cementitious materials prepared by synergistic activation of multiple alkaline solid wastes

Lack of proper disposal of carbide slag (CS), soda residue (SR), and red mud (RM), which are alkaline solid wastes released from the production of acetylene, soda ash, and alumina, respectively, adversely affects the environment. This study synthesized a new low-carbon cementitious material using CS-SR-RM-fly ash (FA) as raw material and optimized its curing method.The influence of raw material composition and various curing systems on the mechanical properties and microstructure of specimens was analyzed using compressive strength, chloride ion consolidation, XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDS. The optimum ratio of CS:SR:RM:FA was determined to be 2:1:4:3, and the compressive strength of 3/28 d at room temperature (RT) sealed curing reached 10.7/22.1 MPa. The alkaline environment created by CS-SR-RM facilitated the decomposition of active components in FA and RM, contributing to the formation of a stable three-dimensional network comprising N-A-S-H gel, C-(A)-S-H gel, and Friedel's salt crystal product. High-temperature (HT) curing at 80 °C for 8 h significantly enhanced early strength, with strength growth rates of up to 147.7/29.9% compared with RT sealed curing at 3/28 d. HT curing promoted the rapid and steady growth of hydration products, resulting in increased structural compactness and improved strength. The present study offers suggestions for reducing the environmental pollution caused by alkaline solid waste and developing new resource utilization means.

Effect of composition on the structure and digestibility of starch in Idli batter

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of varying the proportion of parboiled rice, raw rice, mixed rice, and black gram on idli batter structure and starch digestibility. A total of six different batters (batters 1 to 6) were prepared by varying the composition of raw material. Batter 1 (Parboiled Rice: Black gram dal: Baking soda), Batter 2 (Parboiled Rice: Black gram dal: Yeast), Batter 3 (Parboiled Rice: Raw Rice: Mixed Rice: Black gram dal), Batter 4 (Raw Rice: Mixed Rice: Black gram dal), Batter 5 (Raw rice: Yeast) and Batter 6 (Parboiled Rice: Black gram dal). In comparison to the other five batters, batter 6 (parboiled rice (3): Black gram dal (1)) exhibited superior texture, sensory, enzyme activity, and better digestibility. Structure changes in starch for batter 6 were noticeable until day five and complete degradation was observed after day seven, whereas in other batters, the structure degraded from 3rd day of storage. Batter 6 exhibited the highest protein content (0.6 mg/g to 0.3 mg/g) and lowest reducing sugar content (4.51 mg/g to 6.66 mg/g) from day 1 to day 7 of the storage period. The difference in amylose content from day 1 to day 7 (27.80% to 26.75%) was low compared to others. The starch digestibility index of batter 6 was 40.35% on day 1 and 68.96% on day 7 which was comparatively less compared to other prepared batters. As a result, the proportion of dal and parboiled rice used in batter preparation significantly influences its storage, digestibility, and enzyme activity. Thus, studying the method and proportion of idli preparation helps us understand how the batter is stored, digested, and modified, thereby improving our understanding of Indian cuisine.

Numerical simulation of particle mixing and granulation performance in rotating drums during the iron ore sintering process

Granulation is an important process in iron ore sintering to increase particle size for better permeability. In this study, the granulation of mixed iron ore, coke, and flux in a rotating drum is studied by the discrete element method. The results of mixing indicate that the particle-particle collision number is closely related to the composition of raw materials, and the presence of the drum baffle amplifies the collision number several times. After granulation, the type and quantity of attached small particles on the core particle surface are analyzed, showing that with the water content increasing from 2% to 8%, the number of small particles attached continuously increases. The drum rotating speed does not significantly affect the adhesion of small particles. However, the existence of baffles can significantly increase the number of iron ore small particles adhered to the core particles at the rotating speed of 28 rpm.

Effect of raw material composition on microstructures and properties of microporous MgO–Mg(Al, Fe)2O4 refractory aggregates

Microporous MgO–Mg(Al, Fe)2O4 refractory aggregates were prepared by the in-situ decomposition synthesis method using the magnesite, Al(OH)3 and Fe2O3 as raw materials. The effect of raw material composition (theoretical Mg(Al, Fe)2O4 contents were 0–55 wt %) on their microstructure and strengths was investigated. When the theoretical Mg(Al, Fe)2O4 contents were relatively low (0–5.5 wt %), the number of neck connections between the particles in the microporous MgO–Mg(Al, Fe)2O4 refractory aggregates was small. As the theoretical Mg(Al, Fe)2O4 contents increased to be 11–22 wt %, the number of neck connections increased and the compressive strengths were enhanced. When the theoretical Mg(Al, Fe)2O4 contents increased to be excessive (33–55 wt %), the inter-particle pore size further increased due to the increase of volume expansion caused by the formation of more spinel, resulting in a decrease of compressive strength. Overall, when the theoretical Mg(Al, Fe)2O4 contents were 11–22 wt %, the microporous MgO–Mg(Al, Fe)2O4 refractory aggregates showed the excellent performances with the median pore sizes of 17.37–25.46 μm, the apparent porosities of 23.4–28.1%, the bulk densities of 2.57–2.79 g/cm3 as well as the compressive strengths of 41.2–75.8 MPa.

Preparation of ferric-rich sulfoaluminate cement from solid wastes and characterization of its mineral formation process

Ferric-rich sulfoaluminate cement (FR-SAC) prepared from solid waste has attracted more and more attention. However, the mineral compositions of solid waste-based FR-SAC clinkers are changeful due to the complex composition of raw materials. In this study, the influences of mineral composition and impurities in solid wastes on the mineral formation of FR-SAC clinker were investigated. The results showed that mullite in fly ash and sodium aluminosilicate in red mud did not decompose but easily reacted with other raw materials to form FR-SAC clinker. Al2(SO4)3 in galvanic sludge decomposed before the formation reaction of FR-SAC clinker. The insufficient SO2 involved in the reaction should be noted. Besides, Na2O and K2O promoted the decomposition of CaSO4 and the formation of C4AF. Most of the TiO2 formed CaTiO3, resulting in the increase of gehlenite and the decrease of C2S and CaSO4. These results can reduce the error when these solid wastes were used to prepare FR-SAC.

Synthesis of low-cost Ti3AlC2-Ti2AlC dual MAX phase with high-electrical conductivity using economical raw materials and novel compositions

Titanium-aluminum-carbide (Ti3AlC2-Ti2AlC) dual MAX phases produced with mechanical alloying (MA) of raw materials followed by a self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) approach. The low-cost dual MAX phases have been manufactured from commercial powders of Ti, Al, TiC, and agricultural wastes-based activated carbon (AC). The effects of Ti/Al/C mole ratios and carbon sources with various prices on the surface morphology, microstructure, chemical structure, and electrical conductivity of dual MAX phases have been investigated. All synthesized MAX phases have acceptable surface morphology with hexagonal particles and high purity (78.87–99.26 %). The FESEM, EDS, XRD, and XPS analyses revealed that the AC and TiC are appropriate as carbon sources for the manufacture of Ti3AlC2-Ti2AlC dual and Ti3AlC2 single MAX phases, respectively. Moreover, the purity of the MAX phases can be controlled with Al/C ratios in raw materials composition. The AC-produced Ti3AlC2-Ti2AlC dual MAX phase with 3Ti:1.25Al:2 C displayed the highest electrical conductivity (5.631 ×106 S/m), while TiC-produced Ti3AlC2 single MAX phase with 3.25Ti:2.2Al:2 C composition has comparable electrical conductivity (2.203 ×106 S/m) and highest purity (99.26 %). This study makes available an advantageous method for low-cost synthesis of high-purity MAX phases. These understandings open up a pathway to improve synthesis protocols for low-cost and high-conductivity MAX phases in the future.

The Effect of Palm Shell and Empty Fruit Bunch Composition Ratio on the Quality of Biopellets for Co-firing

Agricultural waste resources, such as biomass, can be turned into valuable alternative energy sources. Biomass is critical to achieving renewable energy in Indonesia. The usage of renewable energy sources, such as biofuels (BBN), should be increased because the demand for fossil fuel sources is increasing year after year, and these fuels are limited and expensive. Biomass-derived from palm oil industry waste in the form of palm shells and empty palm oil bunches (EFB) is currently not being utilized optimally. Therefore, efforts need to be made to make palm shell waste and EFB more valuable products. The content in palm shells and EFB can potentially be converted into fuel in the form of biopellets, namely palm shells and EFB with a composition ratio of 100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70 and 0:100. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the ratio of the composition of biomass raw materials on the Quality of Biopellets for Co-firing. The results showed that the composition ratio of 30:70 has a higher calorific value and meets SNI 8951:2020 as co-firing for power plants.

Machine learning prediction of delignification and lignin structure regulation of deep eutectic solvents pretreatment processes

Prediction of the pretreatment efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass with ternary deep eutectic solvents (DES) containing Lewis acids by machine learning (ML). Principal component analysis, partial least square method, spearman correlation matrix, random forest, extreme gradient boosting and deep neural network were used to elucidate the correlation between 77 variables and the mechanism of lignin depolymerization. The effects of raw material composition, reaction conditions, physicochemical properties of DES and structural parameters in lignin on 9 target variables including β-O-4 bond, β-β bond, β-5 bond, weight average molecular weight, number average molecular weight, polydispersity index, ratio of syringyl units to guaiacyl units, content of phenolic hydroxyl groups and delignification were analyzed. Multivariate analysis showed that temperature, polarity related parameters of HBD and acidity of Lewis acids contributed significantly to the degree of lignin depolymerization. The types and fracture mechanisms of the bonds between different structural units of lignin can be determined by the analysis of structural parameters. XGBoost model has the best performance among all the ML models, and the R square of the test sets for the target variables is above 0.76. Feature importance analysis showed that structural parameters significantly affected the pretreatment effect. The physical and chemical parameters of HBD, such as dipole moment, Log P and surface tension should be paid attention to in the design of DES. The study of the weak intermolecular forces in the lignin and DES systems is beneficial to reveal the mechanism of the pretreatment process. This study provides novel insights into the structural regulation and high-value utilization of lignin in the process of DES pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass.

Particle Shedding from Cotton and Cotton-Polyester Fabrics in the Dry State and in Washes.

The influence of 3, 10 and 50 washing cycles on the properties of cotton fabric and cotton-polyester blend in plain weave, was investigated in this study. In addition to the analysis of tensile properties in weft and warp directions and thickness, the number of particles produced in the dry state was also measured after 3, 10 and 50 washes. After washing, the entire effluent was analysed by determining the total suspended solids (TSS), the total solids (TS), the pH value and the conductivity. To determine the similarity of the observed wash cycles and properties of all processed samples, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was performed. The fabric changes indicated by total wear in the warp direction after 50 washing cycles compared to unwashed ones amounting to 41.2% for cotton and 30.9% for cotton-polyester blend, may be attributed to the synergy of washing factors and raw material composition. Cotton fabric produced significantly more particles than cotton-polyester fabric in the dry state after the examined washing cycles in all size categories. A smaller number of released particles are in the larger size category >25 μm. The obtained TSS values confirm the degree of loading of the effluent with particulate matter from the analysed fabrics, since the detergent consists of water-soluble components. The HCA dendrograms confirmed that the release of particles during the first washing cycles is mainly determined by the structural properties of fabrics, while in the subsequent cycles the synergistic effect of chemical, mechanical and thermal effects in the interaction with the material prevailed.

Brewers' Spent Grain: An Unprecedented Opportunity to Develop Sustainable Plant-Based Nutrition Ingredients Addressing Global Malnutrition Challenges.

There is an urgent requirement to minimize food waste and create more sustainable food systems that address global increases in malnutrition and hunger. The nutritional value of brewers' spent grain (BSG) makes it attractive for upcycling into value-added ingredients rich in protein and fiber having a lower environmental impact than comparable plant-based ingredients. BSG is predictably available in large quantities globally and can therefore play a role in addressing hunger in the developing world via the fortification of humanitarian food aid products. Moreover, addition of BSG-derived ingredients can improve the nutritional profile of foods commonly consumed in more developed regions, which may aid in reducing the prevalence of dietary-related disease and mortality. Challenges facing the widespread utilization of upcycled BSG ingredients include regulatory status, variability of raw material composition, and consumer perception as low-value waste products; however, the rapidly growing upcycled food market suggests increasing consumer acceptability and opportunities for significant market growth via effective new product innovation and communication strategies.

Toward the Decarbonization of the Steel Sector: Development of an Artificial Intelligence Model Based on Hyperspectral Imaging at Fully Automated Scrap Characterization for Material Upgrading Operations

Due to decarbonization commitment made by steelmaking companies, the steel industry is tackling a technological transition from blast furnace (BF)–basic oxygen furnace (BOF) route to direct reduction iron (DRI)–electric arc furnace (EAF) route. Under this scenario, ferrous scrap becomes a critical factor for reaching CO2 reduction challenge. However, ferrous scrap can be considered one of the most complex industrial raw materials. In addition, scrap presents a huge heterogeneity in both physical and chemical characteristics. However, for producing high‐quality steel products, certainty on scrap specifics is required. Herein, an artificial intelligent model based on spectral information for the segmentation of different materials contained in the ferrous scrap is proposed. Developed solution offers a processing pipeline through a 2D–3D convolutional neural network algorithm based on a dataset with more than 428 million of pixels through hyperspectral cameras in the 400–1700 nm range. By this model, the detection of ferric fraction, stainless steel, aluminum, zinc, copper, sterile, and rubber and plastic materials are assessed. This work aims at increasing the reliability of the steelmaking process by lowering the number of steel quality noncompliance rejection due to lack of knowledge and uncertainties of these raw material compositions.

VISUALIZATION AND REALITY IN PACKAGED BEVARAGE ADVERTISING

Visual and audio advertising media as information broadcast to audiences must consider advertising ethics because bombastic and manipulative visualizations and narrative sentences deceive the public by providing untruthful information. According to advertising ethics, ontology, and epistemology studies, revising the media’s presentation of product advertisements is imperative. Accordingly, this study utilizes a descriptive-quantitative method based on previous studies and direct observation of the "Adem Sari Chingku Sparkling" advertisement in 2017. Conclusions are drawn using the constructivism method. The results suggest that the presentation of "Adem Sari Chingku" advertisements in the modern era tends to be manipulative. The advertisements are presented with bombastic visuals and biased narratives to manipulate suggestions and lead the audience to develop certain assumptions about the advertisement. The suggestions made by the advertising media do not refer to the composition of the product's raw materials. The audience is led to believe that the product can relieve and cure heartburn.

Technological Analysis of Glazed Tiles Unearthed from Bao’ensi in Nanjing

To understand the firing technology and the level of production of glazed tiles in the Ming Dynasty, an ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared (UV-vis-NIR) spectrophotometer and an energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer were used to systematically analyze the glaze color and chemical composition of glazed tiles unearthed from the southern area of the Bao’ensi site. The results revealed that little difference exists in the main wavelengths of the same glazed tile samples, but that the colored elements of glaze with different colors are different. Iron (Fe) is the main element that affects the color of yellow glaze; copper (Cu) is the main element that affects the color of green glaze; and the main colorants that affect the color of black glaze are Fe, Cu, and manganese (Mn). The yellow and black glaze unearthed from the southern area of the Bao’ensi site were relatively mature in terms of raw material composition and technological formula, whereas the raw material and technological formula of green glaze were not stable enough. To meet temple construction needs, workers were skilled in firing glazed tiles with different glaze color requirements, indicating that the glaze color of the glazed tiles was relatively mature at that time.

Mineral resource base of Kazakhstan for the production of window glass

The chemical compositions of natural and man-made raw materials of Kazakhstan: quartz sand, quartzite, aluminum, calcium and alkali-containing components used in the production of window glass are investigated. According to the chemical composition, all quartz sand deposits meet the requirements of GOST, except for the content of iron oxide. To use quartz sands in the production of flat glass, it is necessary to enrich them. Chemical compositions of feldspar, quartz-feldspar, pegmatite, kaolin have been studied. Deposits of high-quality feldspar raw materials have been found in the Khantau, Maikul deposits (Zhambyl region), in Kostanay (Bisembaevskoye and Marinskoye pegmatite deposits) and Akmola regions (Zerendinskoye field). Alekseyevsky kaolin is of interest, with a high content of aluminum oxide (38.2 %) and a low content of iron oxide. There are quite large reserves of limestones and dolomites in the Republic of Kazakhstan, including the Karatau, Talgar and Shieli deposits. Reserves of chalk with a calcium carbonate content of 94-98 % and insignificant iron oxide are available in the Mangistau region. Kazakhstan has deposits of natural sodium sulfate in the form of solid deposits and brine of numerous lakes. The phase composition of local quartz sands and feldspar has been studied by X-ray phase analysis. Compositions have been developed and experimental glass cooking has been carried out. The content of silicon oxide as the main component in the initial quartz sand is 99.1 %, and the coloring glass of iron oxide is 0.08 %. Therefore, the enrichment method was used to reduce the content of iron oxide in the sand.Studies have shown that magnetic separation can reduce the Fe2O3 content from 0.08 to 0.06 %, by washing from 0.08 to 0.05 %, by flotation to 0.03 %. The size of quartz sand is within the limits that do not complicate the glass cooking process:the content of large grains larger than 0.8 mm is 0.3 %, small grains smaller than 0.1 mm -3 %. The mass fraction of the heavy fraction with a density of more than 2900 kg/m3 is -0.2%. According to complex indicators, the sand corresponds to the VS-030-1po GOST 22551-90 brand. The characteristic intervals of changes in the viscosity of cooking, production, molding, annealing and the corresponding temperatures are determined. The values of the physico-chemical and technological properties of the glasses were obtained by the calculation method. A schedule of annealing of flat glass has been developed.