Composition Of Propolis Research Articles

The physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant attributes of propolis sourced from various regions in Iran

Honey, beeswax, and propolis have long been recognized for their significance in the treatment and prevention of diseases. Numerous studies have demonstrated their antioxidant properties, making it crucial to investigate in depth their physicochemical, antioxidant, and microbial characteristics. The objective of this research was to examine the characteristics of propolis sourced from different areas within Iran. Propolis samples were obtained from beehives located in Sarab, Maku, Quchan, Neka, Qom, and Sanandaj regions for analysis. The physicochemical and antioxidant properties and mineral content of propolis were evaluated. Obtained data showed that Quchan propolis has the highest total antioxidant level, and the lowest amount was found for Qom samples (0.848 vs 0.531 %). Qom propolis samples had the highest aluminium, calcium and magnesium content among region samples. At a concentration of 1% propolis, the Qom exhibited significant antibacterial efficacy against E. coli and S. aureus. The Quchan samples had more antibacterial activity against E. coli at a level of 2% propolis. The results of this study showed that the chemical composition, mineral content and antibacterial properties of propolis can be different based on the region. This finding can trigger measures to further enhance the quality of a given provenience.

Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry profiling of propolis and royal jelly and their ameliorative effects on cadmium-instigated pathological consequences in ovarian tissues of rats

This study was undertaken to identify the bioactive components of propolis (PRO) and royal jelly (ROJ) and their therapeutic influence on attenuating cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced ovarian toxicity and dysfunction in rats. The composition of PRO or ROJ was ascertained employing the liquid chromatography–linear ion trap quadrupole–mass spectrometry (LC–LTQ–MS–MS) method. To further evaluate the anti-infertility properties of PRO and ROJ instigated by cadmium (Cd) in vivo, thirty female mature rats (183.3 ± 12.5 g) were randomly assigned into six groups (n = 5 per group). The established animal groups included (I) control, (II) Cd, (III) PRO, (IV) ROJ, (VI) PRO + Cd, and (VII) ROJ + Cd groups. Cadmium exposure disrupted ovarian tissue functions, demonstrating remarkable disorders in progesterone and estrogen. Furthermore, the comet assay exhibited a marked rise in DNA impairment in Cd-exposed rats, implying genotoxicity. Conversely, PRO or ROJ significantly counteracted the Cd-instigated pathophysiological consequences, ameliorating hormonal levels and lessening DNA damage. Critically, histological analysis revealed several anomalies in the ovarian tissues of the Cd-administered group. Interestingly, PRO or ROJ preserved the typical structure of ovarian tissues. Our findings indicate that both PRO and ROJ could be utilized to attenuate the pernicious influences incited by Cd due to their anti-androgenic attributes.

Chemical Markers in Italian Propolis: Chrysin, Galangin and CAPE as Indicators of Geographic Origin

Knowledge of the chemical composition of propolis is crucial for understanding the characteristics of products of different origins, but also for quality control and regulatory purposes. To date, official monographs or official analyses that allow researchers to evaluate propolis in a proper way have not yet been released. This study focuses on the characterization of twenty-seven Italian propolis samples and the identification of chemical markers that define its geographical provenance. Total polyphenol (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) content, alongside the quantification of pinocembrin, chrysin, galangin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), were identified as potential markers. Additionally, DPPH assays were conducted to evaluate the antiradical activity of propolis samples. Our findings demonstrated that TPs, TFs and pinocembrin differed in propolis of different origins, especially in samples from the islands. However, the quantification of the sum of chrysin and galangin and CAPE provided a clearer distinction of the geographical origin of the propolis samples. In contrast, the DPPH assay did not prove useful for this purpose, as most results were similar and, therefore, not significant. This study lays the groundwork for future research on propolis. These findings could contribute to the development of more refined methods for distinguishing propolis origins, enhancing the understanding, valuation and quality control of this natural product in various applications.

Propolis: a natural compound with potential as an adjuvant in cancer therapy - a review of signaling pathways.

Propolis is a natural product used in cancer treatment, which is produced by bees via different sources. The chemical composition of Propolis is determined based on the climatic and geographical conditions, as well as harvesting time and method. This compound has been the subject of numerous investigational endeavors due to its expansive therapeutic capacity which includes antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-viral, and anti-cancer effects. The growing incidence rate of different cancers necessitates the need for developing novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and stem cell therapy have proved effective in cancer treatment, regardless of the adverse events associated with these modalities. Clinical application of natural compounds such as Propolis may confer promise as an adjuvant therapeutic intervention, particularly in certain subpopulations of patients that develop adverse events associated with anticancer regimens. The diverse biologically active compounds of propolis are believed to confer anti-cancer potential by modulation of critical signaling cascades such as caffeic acid phenethyl ester, Galangin, Artepillin C, Chrysin, Quercetin, Caffeic acid, Nymphaeols A and C, Frondoside A, Genistein, p-coumaric acid, and Propolin C. This review article aims to deliver a mechanistic account of anti-cancer effects of propolis and its components. Propolis can prevent angiogenesis by downregulating pathways involving Jun-N terminal kinase, ERK1/2, Akt and NF-ƘB, while counteracting metastatic progression of cancer by inhibiting Wtn2 and FAK, and MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Moreover, propolis or its main components show regulatory effects on cyclin D, CDK2/4/6, and their inhibitors. Additionally, propolis-induced up-regulation of p21 and p27 may result in cell cycle arrest at G2/M or G0/G1. The broad anti-apoptotic effects of propolis are mediated through upregulation of TRAIL, Bax, p53, and downregulation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Considering the growing body of evidence regarding different anti-cancers effects of propolis and its active components, this natural compound could be considered an effective adjuvant therapy aimed at reducing related side effects associated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF WATER SOLUBLE FRACTION OF PROPOLIS AND ITS ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL ON BACTERIA CAUSING CONJUNCTIVITIS

Propolis is a bee product with a variety of biological activities. Although chemical composition of propolis differs by the location but all propolis types possesses antimicrobial activity. The usage of propolis for apitherapeutic purposes has increased recently. But its ethanol solubility limits its usage in certain areas like ophthalmology. Main objective of this study is to isolate water soluble components of propolis and determination of its antimicrobial activity against two bacteria causing conjunctivitis namely Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus influenzae. Isolation of water soluble fraction of propolis was carried out in two steps by using pectin-propolis micro beads. Isolated water soluble fraction and crude extract was examined by thin layer chromatography and HPLC analyses. Three main spots were screened on TLC plate after isolation. These spots could be explained by the presence of different class of compounds in the isolate. HPLC analyses showed that water soluble fraction contained phenolic acids, their esters and flavonoids like p-OH benzoic acid, t-cinnamic acid, pinocembrin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester. Low antimicrobial activity was achieved against tested microorganisms for the fraction. It can be concluded that isolation of water soluble fraction of the propolis extract could be a solution for its usage in restricted areas.

Exudate and Propolis from Escallonia pulverulenta: Phytochemical Characterization and Antibacterial Activity.

Propolis is a complex mixture formed from exudates that bees collect from plants and then mix with beeswax and their own salivary enzymes. Chilean propolis is characterized by the presence of phenolic compounds, which are considered responsible for the biological activities. The endemic species Escallonia pulverulenta (Ruiz and Pav.) Pers. [Escalloniaceae] is a recognized source of exudate to produce propolis. This study reports for the first time the chemical profile and antibacterial activity of E. pulverulenta exudate and leaves, as well as two samples of Chilean propolis. Palynological and morphological analysis showed the presence of E. pulverulenta as one of the main species in the propolis samples. UPLC-MS/MS analyses enabled the identification of phenolic acids in the leaves and in the propolis. Conversely, flavonoids are mainly present in exudates and propolis. Quercetin is the most abundant flavonol in the exudate, with similar concentrations in the propolis samples. Nevertheless, the main compound present in both samples of propolis was the flavanone pinocembrin. The antibacterial results obtained for exudate and propolis have shown a similar behavior, especially in the inhibition of Streptococcus pyogenes. These results show the importance of the exudates collected by the bees in the chemical composition and antibacterial capacity of propolis.

Chemical characterization of the hydrophilic fraction of (geo)propolis from brazilian stingless bees

Stingless bees make propolis and geopropolis; the latter is characterized by the presence of small portions of soils besides the usual plant resins. These propolis are consumed by rural and indigenous communities to heal or prevent diseases and have complex chemical composition; then to get a full understanding of their chemicals it is necessary the use of complementary analytical tools. Herein the hydrophilic fraction of 50 samples of Brazilian (geo)propolis (this way referring to either propolis or geopropolis from stingless bees) was derivatised and analysed by GC-MS. Therefore, the presence of semi-volatile and non-volatile compounds belonging to chemical classes such as flavonoids, esters, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, organic acids, phenylpropanoids, fatty acids, fatty acyls, and other lipids was confirmed. Exploratory multivariate analysis indicated that bee species affects the chemical composition of (geo)propolis. It was observed that (geo)propolis from Tetragonisca angustula from the states of Paraná and São Paulo have similar chemical composition suggesting that in both regions this stingless bee have gathered similar vegetal resins to make its (geo)propolis. Alternatively, Melipona quadrifasciata and Melipona marginata have generalist collection patterns as their (geo)propolis show a variable composition depending on the geographical origin.

Anti-Biofilm Perspectives of Propolis against Staphylococcus epidermidis Infections.

Staphylococcus epidermis has emerged as the main causative agent of medical device-related infections. Their major pathogenicity factor lies in its ability to adhere to surfaces and proliferate into biofilms, which increase their resistance to antibiotics. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the use and the mechanism of action of an ethanolic extract of Spanish propolis (EESP) as a potential alternative for preventing biofilm-related infections caused by S. epidermidis. The chemical composition of propolis is reported and its antibacterial activity against several strains of S. epidermidis with different biofilm-forming capacities evaluated. The influence of sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of EESP on their growth, physicochemical surface properties, adherence, and biofilm formation were studied. EESP interferes with planktonic cells, homogenizing their physicochemical surface properties and introducing a significant delay in their growth. The adherence and biofilms at the EESP concentrations investigated were decreased up to 90.5% among the strains. Microscopic analysis indicated that the planktonic cells that survived the treatment were the ones that adhere and proliferate on the surfaces. The results obtained suggest that the EESP has a high potential to be used as an inhibitor of both the adhesion and biofilm formation of S. epidermidis.

The Influence of Geographical Origin on Poplar Propolis Composition and the Impact of Human Microbiota.

Ethanol extracts obtained from 13 poplar propolis samples originating from various European countries by traditional maceration were tested for total polyphenols, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity. Moreover, the content of 18 polyphenolic compounds (from the group of phenolic acids and flavonoids) was determined using the HPLC method. The inhibitory effect of six selected extracts with the highest activity was assessed by well-diffusion method against five strains (Bifidobacterium spp., L. rhamnosus, L. acidophilus, E. coli, and Bacteroides spp.) of intestinal bacteria self-isolated from the faeces of obese probands with the use of selective media. It was found that the antioxidant activity of propolis varied depending on geographical origin and even among samples from the same region, which indicates that some other factors also influence propolis quality. The samples of different geographical origin varied mainly in the share of individual phenolic compounds, and it was not possible to find a characteristic marker of origin, excluding the galangin present in the Polish samples only. Assessing the inhibitory activity of propolis (in the range of 70 mg to 10 µg per mL) indicated that the concentration of 100 µg/mL was found as being safe for tested fecal bacteria (Bifidobacterium spp., L. rhamnosus, L. acidophilus, E. coli, and Bacteroides spp.). As no negative effect of low doses of propolis on the intestinal microflora was found, it can be suggested that its use in recommended doses brings only beneficial effects to the body.

Chemical Composition of Volatile and Extractive Components of Canary (Tenerife) Propolis.

The vegetation of the Canary Islands is characterized by a large number of endemic species confined to different altitudinal levels. It can be assumed that these circumstances determine the characteristic features of the chemical composition of local beekeeping products, including propolis. We report, for the first time, the chemical composition of propolis from Tenerife (Canary Islands). The volatile emissions of three propolis samples collected from different apiaries are represented by 162 C1-C20 compounds, of which 144 were identified using the HS-SPME/GC-MS technique. The main group of volatiles, consisting of 72 compounds, is formed by terpenoids, which account for 42-68% of the total ion current (TIC) of the chromatograms. The next most numerous groups are formed by C6-C17 alkanes and alkenes (6-32% TIC) and aliphatic C3-C11 carbonyl compounds (7-20% TIC). The volatile emissions also contain C1-C6 aliphatic acids and C2-C8 alcohols, as well as their esters. Peaks of 138 organic C3-C34 compounds were recorded in the chromatograms of the ether extracts of the studied propolis. Terpene compounds form the most numerous group, but their number and content in different samples is within very wide limits (9-63% TIC), which is probably due to the origin of the samples from apiaries located at different altitudes. A peculiarity of the chemical composition of the extractive substances is the almost complete absence of phenylcarboxylic acids and flavonoids, characteristic of Apis mellifera propolis from different regions of Eurasia and North America. Aromatic compounds of propolis from Tenerife are represented by a group of nine isomeric furofuranoid lignans, as well as alkyl- and alkenyl-substituted derivatives of salicylic acid and resorcinol.

Chemical Characterization and Biological Properties Assessment of Euphorbia resinifera and Euphorbia officinarum Moroccan Propolis.

Although the plants of the genus Euphorbia are largely exploited by therapists in Morocco, the composition and antibacterial activities of propolis from these plants are still unknown. To address this gap, this study aimed to characterize the pollen type, the volatile compounds, and the phenolic and mineral profiles of three Euphorbia propolis samples collected in Morocco and evaluate their antimicrobial activities. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the propolis samples was determined by the microdilution method, and the anti-adherence activity was evaluated by the crystal violet assay. The examination of anti-quorum-sensing proprieties was performed using the biosensor Chromobacterium violaceum CV026. Pollen analysis revealed that Euphorbia resinifera pollen dominated in the P1 sample (58%), while E. officinarum pollen dominated in the P2 and P3 samples (44%). The volatile compounds were primarily composed of monoterpene hydrocarbons, constituting 35% in P1 and 31% in P2, with α-pinene being the major component in both cases, at 16% in P1 and 15% in P2. Calcium (Ca) was the predominant mineral element in both E. resinifera (P1) and E. officinarum (P2 and P3) propolis samples. Higher levels of phenols, flavonoids and dihydroflavonoids were detected in the E. officinarum P2 sample. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value ranged from 50 to 450 µL/mL against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Euphorbia propolis displayed the ability to inhibit quorum sensing in the biosensor C. violaceum CV026 and disrupted bacterial biofilm formation, including that of resistant bacterial pathogens. In summary, the current study evidences the potential use of E. officinarum propolis (P2 and P3) to combat important features of resistant pathogenic bacteria, such as quorum sensing and biofilm formation.

Potential Antidiabetic Activity of Apis mellifera Propolis Extraction Obtained with Ultrasound.

Recent studies have linked phenolic compounds to the inhibition of digestive enzymes. Propolis extract is consumed or applied as a traditional treatment for some diseases. More than 500 chemical compounds have been identified in propolis composition worldwide. This research aimed to determine Mexican propolis extracts' total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and digestive enzyme inhibitory activity (ɑ-amylase and ɑ-glucosidase). In vitro assays measured the possible effect on bioactive compounds after digestion. Four samples of propolis from different regions of the state of Oaxaca (Mexico) were tested (Eloxochitlán (PE), Teotitlán (PT), San Pedro (PSP), and San Jerónimo (PSJ)). Ethanol extractions were performed using ultrasound. The extract with the highest phenolic content was PE with 15,362.4 ± 225 mg GAE/100 g. Regarding the flavonoid content, the highest amount was found in PT with 8084.6 ± 19 mg QE/100 g. ABTS•+ and DPPH• radicals were evaluated. The extract with the best inhibition concentration was PE with 33,307.1 ± 567 mg ET/100 g. After simulated digestion, phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity decreased by 96%. In contrast, antidiabetic activity, quantified as inhibition of ɑ-amylase and ɑ-glucosidase, showed a mean decrease in enzyme activity of approximately 50% after the intestinal phase. Therefore, it is concluded that propolis extracts could be a natural alternative for treating diabetes, and it would be necessary to develop a protective mechanism to incorporate them into foods.

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of propolis, stored for more than 30 years

The propolis is a unique natural product that has been used by people in traditional medicine since ancient times. The aim of the present work is to determine the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of propolis, originating in 1993 from North-Eastern Bulgaria. The stored raw material has unchanged physical and chemical parameters - appearance, color, smell, content of mechanical impurities, wax content (19.6%), oxidizability index (16), active acidity (5.5), acid number (42.3 mg KOH/ g), ester number (152 mg KOH/g), boiling point (107°C). The data show that 40 components were identified, representing 99.14% of the total composition. The main components (over 2%) are: chrysin (18.37%), pinobanksin-3-etenoate (13.38%), pinobanksin-3-propanote (11.38%), pinobanksin-3-pentanoate (9.36%), squalene (6.36%), galangin (5.91%), dihydrochrysin (4.11%), pinobanksin-3-butenoate (2.94%), caffeic acid isomer 2 (2.74%), and (E)-sinapic acid (2.23%). Total phenols were 23.91 mg GAE/g. Antioxidant activity was determined by three methods: DPPH (1874.12 mMTE/g), FRAP (1039.18 mMTE/g), and ABTS (1539.52 mMTE/g). The antioxidant effect was monitored against goose fat and sunflower oil. The obtained data show maximally preserved physical parameters, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the propolis sample stored for more than 30 years, which can be used in various products, an object of future research.

Impact of biodiversification on propolis composition, functionality, and application in foods as natural preservative: A review

Impact of biodiversification on propolis composition, functionality, and application in foods as natural preservative: A review

GC MS – Analysis of Bio Active Compounds from Propolis and Antibacterial Activity against B.cereus Isolated from Tasar Silkworm Cadavers

Propolis is a sticky, non toxic, soft resinous substance produced by honey bees. The chemical composition of propolis depends upon the collecting time, location and plant source resulting in the biological activity variation. The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition of propolis by using Gas chromatography – Mass spectrometer. Bee propolis is a natural medication applied topically and is considered to have antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antibiotic, antioxidant properties and is used for treatment of many infections. Propolis was found to be rich in alkaloids, saponins, tannins and resins. The chemical characterization revealed the presence of 9 distinct phytochemical compounds using GC – MS and the most predominant compound were S Methyl – L – Cysteine (62.36%) followed by Cis – 2,3 – Epoxyoctane (31.78%). The different concentrations of methanolic extracts of propolis showed varied antibacterial activities against B. cereus with highest zone of inhibition (19.0 mm).

Elemental Analysis of Tetragonula laeviceps Propolis by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Propolis, a natural substance produced by stingless bees (Tetragonula laeviceps), consists of a blend of resins collected from plant exudates and other botanical sources. Bees utilize propolis for hive maintenance and protection against predators. Propolis is widely used in various therapeutic formulations, including treatments for upper respiratory tract infections, burns, acne, herpes, and neurodermatitis. The propolis samples were analyzed using Olympus DELTA Professional Handheld XRF Analyzer. This study employs X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis to investigate the elemental composition of propolis. Data results of XRF were presented in percentage with limit detection into ppm (%, ppm). The result showed that the three most dominant elements composition in propolis sample from FB 1 were Ca(77.12%) ; K(11.59%), and SO3(5.18%). Propolis Sample from KP 1 were Fe(31.73%);Ca (26.42%); and K(14.04%). Propolis Sample from KP 2 were K(28.32%); P2O5(24.35%); and Ca(18.82%). The conclusion was that the three propolis samples contained 2 constant elements, namely Calcium (Ca) and Potassium (K). Calcium and Potassium were found to be essential functions in all organisms.

A Review of The Potential Applications of Propolis in The Malaysian Poultry Industry

Antibiotics are used in the poultry industry as feed additives to improve growth, prevent disease, treat sick animals, stabilize intestinal microflora, and improve growth performance. Due to the risks regarding long-term antibiotic resistance development of pathogenic bacteria in humans, the utilization of synthetic antimicrobials in livestock feed has been banned in most animal production practices. However, antibiotic prohibition in livestock can result in poor performance of the animals in terms of yield of production, quality, and health status. Therefore, it is important to find natural alternatives such as propolis to substitute for antibiotic usage in livestock feed. Propolis is a natural resin produced by honeybees. There are over 300 beneficial compounds found in propolis. It contains various bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and others which contribute to its antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. Various studies have been carried out to determine the biological and chemical activities of propolis as well as its function as an alternative natural feed additive. Thus, this review focuses on propolis composition, the potential of stingless bee propolis in Borneo, its potential as an antioxidant with antimicrobial properties, and the potential of propolis as a natural feed additive for poultry.

Development, Characterisation of Menthol based non-alcoholic propolis extracts and its effect on chemical composition of propolis analysed using RP-HPLC

Propolis had been used as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antibacterial and antiviral agent since ages and proven to cure wounds, sore throats and colds. The challenge throughout these years has been its poor solubility, several methods have been applied to improve its solubility in water, oil and waxy mixtures, as ethanolic extracts have its limitation to be applied in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. Active ingredients  of propolis are readily soluble in ethanol, though they are scarcely soluble in the oil, water or waxy extracts. To address this issue menthol in combination with lactic acid and salicylic acid based propolis extract was developed and its chemical composition was analysed and compared with the alcoholic extract as control. Non-alcoholic extract showed 2-fold less solubility of propolis compared to control. HPLC of menthol based non -alcoholic extracts indicated the presence of active ingredients such as Ferulic acid, Cinnamic acid, Naringenin, Pinocembrin, Chyrsin and Galangin similar to alcoholic extract except Quercetin. These solvents find their application in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry as topical formulations, as terpenes enhance the permeability of the active ingredients.

Effect of propolis and polymer content on mechanical, bioadhesive and biological properties of nanostructured film forming platforms for topical drug delivery

Film form systems (FFS) composed of thermoresponsive and bioadhesive polymers have shown properties for the improvement of topical application. FFS are easy for administration, can increase the local residence time, control the drug delivery and improve the skin permeation. Propolis displays important biological properties like anticancer, healing, antimicrobial, antioxidant and can improve the structuring of FFS. It is a safe bioactive compound for wound healing and the treatment of skin diseases. However, propolis displays drawbacks for administration. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of polymeric and propolis composition on morphological, rheological, bioadhesive, drug release and skin permeation properties of designed FFS. In-vitro cytotoxicity, antitumoral and wound healing activity were also evaluated. Formulations composed of different amounts of polymers and propolis were proposed. The presence of propolis enhanced the bioadhesiveness and structuring of FFS. They displayed excellent capacity to form nanostructured film, displaying controlled propolis delivery and improved skin permeation. FFS were not cytotoxic and displayed in-vitro antitumoral activity and stimulated the cell migration. The selected preparations containing propolis extract (12%, w/w) and carbomer 974P or polycarbophil (0.25%, w/w) indicate a potentially advantageous role to be topically administered and suggest they are promissory formulations for clinical evaluation.

Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activities of Geniotrigona thoracica Propolis Extracts Derived from Different Locations in Malaysia

Propolis, a natural resinous substance secreted by bees, has garnered considerable interest due to its diverse bioactive compounds and potential health benefits. Nevertheless, the phytochemical composition of propolis exhibits significant variation, influenced by multiple factors including geographical region, and botanical origin. These determinants exert profound effects on the distinctive properties and biological diversities of propolis. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of Geniotrigona thoracica propolis extracts collected from three apiary sites, designated as apiary A, apiary B, and apiary C, located in different regions within Selangor. The ethanolic extracts of propolis were prepared using 70% of ethanol and subjected to phytochemical screening to identify the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and cardiac glycosides, whilst the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. Additionally, the antioxidant activities of the propolis extracts were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and cardiac glycosides in all propolis extracts. The propolis from apiary A exhibited significantly higher TPC (302.21 ± 0.11 mg/mL GAE) and TFC values (99.08 ± 0.03 mg/mL QE) compared to apiary B and C. The results also indicated that propolis from apiary A possessed significantly higher antioxidant activities, with IC₅₀ value of DPPH at 25.27 μg/mL and FRAP value of 727.53 ± 0.09 μM Fe²+, in comparison to apiary B and C. A strong correlation was observed between TPC, TFC, and IC₅₀ of DPPH. This study highlights significant variations in the phytochemical compositions and antioxidant activities of propolis samples collected from different geographical and botanical sources. Further investigation is in progress to identify the specific phytochemical constituents responsible for these variations.