Paint Composition Research Articles

On Proto-Modernist Traits in Early Modern Art Theory

Early modern art and art theory are still considered by historians and theorists of art mainly in terms of aesthetic principles in the service of the representation of political and ideological concepts. However, the body of early modern art and especially theory abounds with notions, which anticipate the modernist tendencies of self-criticism. In this paper, we would like to suggest that self-criticism also characterized pre-Modernist art, complemented by advanced art criticism, especially during the Mannerist era. We would like to point out that the notion of self-criticism equally applies to both early modern art and art theory in which the specific concentration on problems of construction and composition of painting based its foundations on abstract mathematical rules, serving to justify and dignify the medium itself. Furthermore, this tendency divorced the art of painting, specifically, from the illusion of reality, thus entrenching it more firmly in its own area competence, to use Clement Greenberg’s phrase. We would also like to demonstrate that late 16th-century art theory pushed well beyond its time, especially the theory written by artists. Their programmatic reliance on pre-existing pictorial models allowed these artists-theorists to abandon the question of realism and naturalism for pure speculation, which could not have been achieved in contemporary practice. We would like to suggest that ideas of abstraction and speculation, so characteristic of Modernist art, featured well before Modernism in the writings of Mannerist artists and theorists Giorgio Vasari, Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo, and Federico Zuccari. Article received: March 26, 2018; Article accepted: April 10, 2018; Published online: September 15, 2018; Original scholarly paperHow to cite this article: Milosavljević, Angelina. "On Proto-Modernist Traits in Early Modern Art Theory." AM Journal of Art and Media Studies 16 (2018): 19−28. doi: 10.25038/am.v0i16.251

PERFORATIONS ON THE SURFACE OF IRON CASTINGS

The mechanism of the formation of veinings on cast iron castings whose cores are made of a cold-hardening mixture is studied. It is shown that the cause of the formation of the veinings are the stresses in the surface layer of the core that arise when a-quartz is converted to a-tridymite. The possibility of reducing the number and size of veinings due to the selection of the composition of paints and the thickness of their layer on the surface of the rods was tested.

Owalne tempietta w małej architekturze sakralnej w Polsce

The most commonly applied compositional motif in Polish Baroque altarsis an aedicula, variously transformed – in the Berninian spirit – with an intermittent or curved finial, and multiple side pillars. I believe that it would be advisable to distinguish a set of solutions that stem from the idea Francesco Borromini applied while designing the bays within the pillars of the nave in the Archbasilica of St. John [in] Lateran in Rome. This composition refers to the concept of tempiettoson a circular plan, and the modification there lies in its extensive transformation: lowering the frontal pillars, and giving it an oval plan with an intermittent finial. Thus, what we have there is an attempt to design a pillared canopy that opens towards the interior of the church and which contains either sculptures or a painting composition.

Sanguine Paint: Production, Characterization, and Adhesion to the Glass Substrate

ABSTRACTFor centuries, the only painting materials used in stained-glass production were grisaille and yellow (silver) stain. At the end of the fifteenth century, stained-glass painters began to use a new material, sanguine. This paint is mainly produced with iron oxide particles, usually haematite, and allowed to obtain a colour that can vary from yellowish to brownish-red due to the nature and particle size of the iron oxide. A translucent sanguine was mostly applied as flesh and hair colour, with an opaque sanguine used for drapery, architectural motifs, and heraldry. The main goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between historic sources on the preparation and use of sanguine from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries and the evolution evidenced in the recipes regarding the production method. Representative recipes from several centuries (sixteenth to nineteenth centuries) were selected and reproduced for this study. These reconstructions were thoroughly characterized using X-ray powder diffraction, optical microscopy (OM), and fibre optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS). The OM and FORS data were correlated with historic sanguine paints applied on historic stained-glass. The similarities and differences between historic and reconstructed paints are presented. The study of reconstructed sanguine’s adhesion to glass using cross-cut testing was also performed, revealing that the adhesion is strongly influenced, not only by the binder, but also by the composition and morphology of the sanguine paint.

Properties of Polysiylate Binders for Sol-Silicate Pains

Information is provided on the composition of polysilicate solutions obtained by mixing liquid glass and silica sol. It was found that the introduction of the sol leads to an increase in the silicate module and contributes to an increase in the fraction of high-polymer fractions of the silicon-oxygen anions. The results of the kinetics of the variation of α-SiO2 and β-SiO2. It is shown, that coatings based on the polysilicate solutions are characterized by faster curing. The was found correlation between the content of high-polymer fractions of silicic anions in a polysilicate solution and the tensile strength of films. Increase in the g-SiO2 content promote increase in the tensile strength of films. The composition of sol silicate paint is developed. Coatings based on paint have a high performance property.

Compositional Analysis by p‐XRF and SEM–EDX of Medieval Window Glass from Elgin Cathedral, Northern Scotland

Thirty shards of medieval window glass from Elgin Cathedral in north‐east Scotland have been subjected to compositional analysis by portable X‐ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy – energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Comparison with previous analytical studies suggests that the majority of the glass was probably produced in France, while a smaller group may have been made in Germany. Significant differences in base glass composition were observed between colours. Two distinct blue glasses compositions were identified. The composition of the grisaille paint differs from paint on the continent, providing the first evidence that it was made using local Scottish lead and iron pigments. This work represents the largest analytical study of Scottish medieval window glass yet undertaken and presents insights into the transfer of medieval materials, technologies and trade routes.

METHODS OF PIGMENTATION OF POLYSILOXANE RESIN AND HEAT-RESISTANT COATINGS ON THEIR BASIS

The purpose of the work is carrying out the comparative analysis of methods of receiving compositions on the basis of organic silicon resin for creation of a heat-resistant coating and a research of their physical, chemical s and serviceability properties. The method of a dispersion and influence of a dispersing agent and fillers on process of production and properties of heat-resistant paint on the basis of polyorganosiloxane resin was established. The grinding was carried out in two modes: dispersing mixer and beaded mixing. The mode of a beaded mill gives the increased lathering. It is established that adhesion of a film of paint to steel considerably worsens at a high thickness of a coating. Introduction of a disperser minimizes dependences of adhesion on coating thickness. Dependence of adhesion on the maintenance of an aluminum powder in composition and thickness of coating was established. Selection of components for composition of heat-resistant paint is experimentally reasonable and its compounding is developed. The carried-out assessment of properties of composition of paint and coating on its basis indicates compliance of their main serviceability properties. The received coating composition conforms to requirement for heat-resistant paint. The composition is recommended for applying heat-resistant anticorrosion coatings to the exhaust devices of cars, thermo-furnaces, external surfaces of chimneys, heaters exposed to temperatures in the range of 500-600 °C. properties. The received coating composition conforms to requirement for heat-resistant paint.Forcitation:Kazhuro I.P., Koshevar V.D., Shkadretsova V.G. Methods of pigmentation of polysiloxane resin and heat-resistant coatings on their basis. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 3. P. 77-82

NATURE AND QUANTITY OF SILICATE FILLER INFLUENCE ON SILICATE PAINT PROPERTIES WITH LOWERED CONTENT OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS

This article is addressed to the problem of composite silicate paint development. Silicate paints have a large field of application, for example, it can be used as a protective coating or decorative coating with protective properties in industrial and civil construction for many aims: walls plastering, painting of stone, glass, ceramic, brick, concrete, wood, metal and other surfaces. The main difference of developed paint in comparison with the existing analogues is a low organic component content. The mass content of acrylic polymers was 5%, while actual silicate paints have a high content of organic modifiers (up to 25 %). The modifiers additive improves the technological properties, stability and viability of silicate paint. However, a high content of organic components reduces the environmental and fire protection properties of silicate paint coating. In comparison with analogues, proposed silicate paint composition is free from drawbacks listed above. In response to low content of volatile organic compounds, the paint has long spreadable life and improved technological and operational characteristics. Hiding power, viscosity, and degree of chalking were determined by standard methods. All characteristics meet the requirements of GOST. Many silica high dispersion fillers like a sand, marshalite, perlite, aerosil were tested in silicate paint composition. It was found that the coatings obtained with aerosil additive in a quantity of 0.25 % had the minimal water absorption value (0.15 %) and ultimate adhesion strength (1.7 MPa).Forcitation:Lebedeva E.Yu., Kazmina O.V. Nature and quantity of silicate filler influence on silicate paint properties with lowered content of volatile compounds. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 3. P. 70-76

Analysis of the risk at the finishing of the building products and construction of paint compositions

Information is provided on the application of risk management technology in the analysis of the quality of paint coatings of building products and structures. The methodology for estimating the value of the permissible risk is given.

Stench Sources and Impact Analysis in Automobile Making

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are an important source of industrial stench. This study was aimed at sampling and analyzing the stench source and its impact on the sensitive spot residential areas, concentrating on certain automobile manufacturing enterprise. The odor concentration and VOCs species of each vent stack, plant boundary, and sensitive spot in the enterprise were determined for November 15 and 17, 2016 via qualitative and quantitative analysis using the triangle odor bag method and gas pre-concentration system-gas chromatography-mass spectra. The results show that the odor concentrations of all vent stacks in the original equipment manufacturing plant and the engine plant were below the criterion level, those of the plant boundaries in the engine plant were below the limits, and those of the plant boundaries and sensitive spots in the original equipment manufacturing plant exceeded the allowed standards. A total of 54 VOCs species were identified, including aromatics, halogenated compounds, alkanes, alkene, cycloalkanes, ketones, esters, ethers, alcohols, sulfur compounds, and oxygen ring compounds. Halogenated compounds were the most abundant VOCs species, followed by aromatics. As a result, aromatics and halogenated compounds are the representative odorants in automobile making. 1,3-Butadiene and ethyl toluene were selected to be the typical odorants of sensitive spots according to mass concentration, detector odor threshold, and threshold dilution multiples of characteristic VOCs species in sensitive spots. The results show that the majority of characteristic VOCs species were from paint composition through the qualitative analysis based on paint used in coating shops. 1,3-Butadiene, which contributed the most to odor pollution, excluding the impact of other emission sources on sensitive spots, originates from spraying and drying processes of coating shops in the original equipment manufacturer. It is recommended that the enterprise should adopt environmentally friendly paints with low VOCs components or RTO purification equipment with higher processing efficiency to reduce the impact of stench on the sensitive residential areas from automobile making.

Investigation of Multi-Stage Deposition Techniques of Industrial EPD Paint for High Film Thickness and Multi-Layer Applications

EPD paint systems are well established industrially for applying coatings to a wide variety of metal items. Being aqueous systems, deposition is principally driven by electrolysis rather than electrophoresis. Polarisation of the deposit by diffusing or retained electrolytic gas leads to a self-limiting rate of deposition. Self-limitation is beneficial for equalising thickness distribution, but prevents higher thicknesses that may be required for protection. If electrodeposition is interrupted and the polarising gas bubble blanket removed, electrodeposition can be resumed with electrophoresis becoming more significant, and higher thickness achieved. Multiple layers of different paint compositions are also possible. Substrate movement as opposed to whole bath agitation can be significant for refining the deposit. Studying the final composition of multiple layers of different paints provides insight into the deposition processes. Practical advantages include enhanced corrosion protection from higher thickness, and various functional attributes from multiple layering.

Effect of tempera paint composition on their superficial physical properties- application of interferometric profilometry and hyperspectral imaging techniques

Abstract Interferometric profilometry and hyperspectral imaging techniques combined with traditional analytical techniques such as spectrophotometry, stereomicroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, particle size analysis, and thermogravimetry were used to characterize tempera paint mock-ups. These paint mock-ups were prepared as binary mixtures made by mixing either egg yolk or rabbit glue binders with one of ten pigments traditionally used by mediaeval artists, namely lime, calcium sulfate, white lead, minium, hematite, cinnabar, azurite, lapis lazuli, blue smalt and malachite. We evaluated the effects of mineralogical composition, pigment particle size and morphology, as well as the type and concentration of the binder on the physical properties of the paintś surface. Results showed that all the above compositional aspects had a direct influence on the paintś color, reflectance, and roughness. Moreover, mineral impurities and neoformed minerals due to pigment-binder interaction during paint preparation had a crucial effect on the superficial physical properties of paints. The analytical results proved the usefulness of interferometric profilometry and hyperspectral imaging techniques for the characterization of paint surfaces. The gained information will help conservation specialists in the evaluation of the impact of conservation treatments on the paint surface and the assessment of surface damage caused by weathering processes.

Effectiveness of commercial anti-graffiti treatments in two granites of different texture and mineralogy

Abstract This paper presents a study of the efficiency of two chemically different anti-graffiti coatings (sacrificial and permanent anti-graffiti products) on two different compositional and textural granitic stones, Rosa Porrino and Albero. First, both uncoated and coated surfaces of the granites were characterized using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, static contact angle measurements, colour spectrophotometry and gloss measurements. Results showed that both anti-graffiti products increased the static contact angle of the surfaces. The permanent anti-graffiti made them water-repellent without causing notable colour changes. Second, effectiveness of the anti-graffiti products was evaluated by means of the removal of two different spray graffiti paints (blue and silver colours) on both granites protected with the above-mentioned anti-graffiti products. The cleaning procedures were those recommended by the manufacturers. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and the previously mentioned techniques were used to assess the cleaning efficiency of the coated surfaces by detecting or not the presence of graffiti remains. As a result, textural differences in the granites, chemical composition of the graffiti paints and removal time were found to be the key parameters controlling the effectiveness of graffiti removal. On Albero granite, more residues of paint were found in its fissure system. Blue graffiti based on alkyd and polyester resins was more readily removed than silver paint. In general terms, graffiti extraction was more effective 30 days after painting than 3 days after.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF FILLERS IN FINE-GRAINED CONCRETE MADE FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE WITH BINDING MATERIAL

The work is dedicated to the development of nano-structured paints with a barrier effect. The process of the preparation of such compositions has been studied. The influence of various technological parameters on the processing of these compositions is shown. A practical and effective method for monitoring the progress of this process is proposed. The contribution of technological parameters that allow scaling of the obtained results to experimental and industrial technological lines equipped with serial equipment for the production of paint and varnish composite materials for various purposes is estimated, namely, the dependence of the processing efficiency of carbon nanotubes in the solution medium of an epoxy oligomer on the angular velocity is established. In addition, the temperature limits for the processing of these nanotubes are established for the preparation of nano-structured paint and varnish compositions, which have a barrier effect. It has been established that for the intensification of the processing process, it is necessary to use dispersing bodies and assess the effect of their geometric parameters together with the degree of filling on the efficiency of this processing process. On the basis of this research, the mathematical expression connecting volume capacity with various technological parameters for an estimation of efficiency of process of manufacture of the nano-structured paint and varnish compositions possessing barrier effect is offered.

Усть-Ковинский мамонт: результаты микроскопического исследования

Purpose. The Ust’-Kova site is one of the most famous Upper Paleolithic multi-layered sites of the Northern Angara region in which ivory artifacts were found. The postulate that works of art could play a decisive role in highlighting local differences in the Upper Paleolithic of Eurasia remains a topical one. This figure of the mammoth is a rare case of a zoomorphic Paleolithic image in general and a unique image of this animal in a Siberian archaic tradition, in comparison with the known images found in Europe and on the Russian Plain. Restoration work on this unique figure of the mammoth opened up new possibilities for a comprehensive microscopic study related to the technology of manufacturing art figures and the analysis of paints on their surface. Results. To determine the elemental composition of paint on the surface of the figure, we used the scanning electron microscopy method and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. This allowed us to study the microstructure of the paint, determine the elemental composition of the pigment in the sample and its quantitative indices. We distinguished black paint with domination of manganese, iron and magnesium and red paint with the dominance of chlorine, phosphorus, alum inosilicates, iron, manganese. In the latter case, we definitely identify an artificial pigment, as indicated by a wide range of additives. Conclusion. As a result of experimental and technological research, we established that the process of making the figure occurred in several stages. On every stage we reveal peculiarities of using the tools. High efficiency of the manufacturer's work is evident due to using the minimum of the tool kit, only a planning knife and a pair of cutters. Small details of the figure remained unworked. They are unlikely to be a consequence of the personal abilities of the work of the ancient master. The master did not use such tools as a carver or a simple drill. This can be considered a characteristic detail of the process of manufacturing. Relative primitiveness of the item is probably due to the scantiness of the toolkit and the relatively low level of technology development during the period studied. In general, the figurative art of the Ust’-Kova site is characterized by geometrized stylization, primitive surface treatment, lack of detail and ornamentation, which gives it a peculiar individuality.

The impact of color palettes on the prices of paintings

We emphasize that color composition is an important characteristic of a painting. It impacts the auction price of a painting, but it has never been considered in previous studies on art markets. By using Picasso’s paintings and paintings of Color Field Abstract Expressionists sold in Chrisite’s and Sotheby’s auctions in New York between 1998 and 2016, we demonstrate the method to analyze color compositions: How to extract color palettes from a painting image and how to measure color characteristics. We propose two measures: (1) the surface occupied by specific colors, (2) color diversity of a painting composition. Controlling for all conventional painting and sale characteristics, our empirical results find significant evidence of contrastive paintings, i.e., paintings with high diversity of colors, carrying a premium than equivalent artworks which are performed in monochromatic style. In the case of Picasso’s paintings, our econometric analysis shows that some colors are associated with high prices.

Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis for treatment decisions: The case of a white sculptural environment by Louise Nevelson

In this work both solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and unilateral NMR have been applied to investigate the paint composition and to inform the treatment decision for a white sculptural environment by Louise Nevelson completed in 1977. Within ten years of installation, the sculpture required restoration and was repainted by a restorer. The restoration paint is currently stained, dirty and flaking. The original paint and the restoration paint composition were determined using solid state NMR. The original and the restoration paint were identified as an alkyd and a polyvinyl acetate paint, respectively. Pentaerythritol, a compound from the alkyd paint, was identified in the restoration layer and in some areas as a white powder on the surface of the sculpture. The original alkyd paint seemed to be in better condition than the restoration paint, suggesting that the migrated pentaerythritol had contributed to the degradation of the restoration layer. The free pentaerythritol may be a result of excess in the alkyd paint formulation rather than degradation of the original paint. The analytical study guided the decision to remove the highly degraded restoration paint. Cleaning systems using viscous carriers for the solvents were investigated and potential mechanical changes in the alkyd paint were evaluated using unilateral NMR.

Artists before Columbus: A multi-method characterization of the materials and practices of Caribbean cave art

This study represents the first positive identification of plant gum binding media in pre-Columbian art, and the first dates from indigenous cave art in the Caribbean. Mona Island reveals an extensive and well-preserved pre-Columbian and early colonial subterranean cultural landscape with dense concentrations of newly-discovered cave art in up to 30 caves. A multi-method approach to the research of pigments and binding media, charcoal, and cave sediments was used to elucidate the technologies, chronologies and processes of indigenous art and artists. Analyses included on-site use of a portable X-ray fluorescence (P-XRF) device to inform sample selection, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) on paint and charcoal samples, polarized light microscopy (PLM) for material characterizations, and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for detailed chemical analysis of paint structures and composition. In addition direct dates of cave art using radiocarbon (C14) and Uranium-thorium (U-Th) dating methods are discussed. Results demonstrate multiple centuries of cave use during indigenous occupation and multiple phases and techniques of mark-making in dark zone locations within extensive cave systems. Visitors set out on pre-meditated journeys underground, making rock art using pigments from the cave floors, which they mixed into complex paints with the addition of plant gums from outside. This study is the first of its kind in the Caribbean providing insight into native paint recipes, material choices, and mark-making techniques. The methods have scope for widespread application and advance the integration of cave art research in archaeology.

Improving Masonry and Protective Paints Quality

The environment, along with other reasons, is a key factor influencing the living conditions of urban population in Russia today. One of the main drawbacks restraining the process of aesthetic improvement of modern Russian cities is the unsatisfactory protection of buildings from the atmospheric phenomena. Industrial waste, however, is another reason preventing long-lasting decoration of urban buildings. The article presents an overview of the composition and physical properties of masonry paints used in Chelyabinsk Region. The traditional technology of obtaining coatings, e.g. liquid glass, is studied, the drawbacks of this technology are examined, the new applications are offered. The influence of additives on the basic properties of masonry paints, viz. weather resistance, viscosity, hardness, cost, is considered. The application of new technologies utilizing industrial waste can solve the above-stated problem, which also will, along with improving the basic physical and chemical properties, result in reducing the cost and increasing the hardness of masonry paints.

Lost Foam Casting with the Use of Recycling and Nanostructured Materials

A relevant technology issue in lost foam casting is preventing the metal penetration appearance on steel and cast-iron mouldings. As a result of the research the appropriate parting model paint compositions with the use of recycling and nanostructured materials were developed. The basic technological characteristics of the developed parting model paint compositions are: relative stickiness due to VZ-6 18...25 s; residual moisture content 1...1.5 %, permeability to gases 40...50 ea. The parting paint effectiveness is determined by defect reduction of the castings on the core blow, uncertainty in geometry, metal penetration, and also the use of available and environmentally friendly molding materials in their composition, that makes the product to be highly competitive.