Composition Of Organic Carbon Research Articles

Icelandic glacial dissolved organic carbon fluxes, composition and variability - relevance for the global glacial carbon budget

Despite their relatively large size, organic carbon (OC) fluxes from Icelandic glaciers have not been explicitly considered in current global glacial OC flux calculations. Most global glacial OC estimates are based on limited individual flux estimates, which show considerable spatial differences, are often based on melt season fluxes, and rarely account for seasonal and diurnal variability of glacial dissolved organic matter (DOM). Using an annual dataset of 25 Icelandic glaciers (and their glacial streams) we investigate DOM concentration and composition, calculating an estimate for downstream OC fluxes from Icelandic glaciers, considering diurnal and seasonal variability. DOM source and composition distinctly changed from a terrestrial character toward a more proteinaceous character as melt increased, both on a seasonal and diurnal basis, likely reflecting the flow path of the meltwater. While DOC concentration did not change on a diurnal basis, DOM composition was more labile in the afternoons, possibly indicating photochemical or biological transformation processes. Overall, the glacial streams predominantly acted as CO2 sinks. However, higher DOC concentrations, along with contributions of more proteinaceous DOM in proglacial streams, led to a decrease in the uptake potential for CO2. Finally, we estimated an export flux of 0.0026 ± 0.0029 Gg C yr−1 km−2 of DOC, and 0.011 ± 0.007 Tg C yr−1 km−2 of POC, from Icelandic glaciers. We reveal larger than previously assumed DOC and POC fluxes from Icelandic glaciers, with higher-than-global-average areal fluxes (~3 % and 9 % of global glacial C flux respectively). Our findings underscore the importance of revising current global estimates to include the not-fully-accounted-for contribution of Icelandic, and other glaciers. This is particularly important considering ongoing climatic changes will likely affect glacial meltwater discharge and sources, leading to altered DOM composition and DOC concentration, having potentially considerable consequences for glacial OC export and CO2 uptake potentials of glacial streams.

Impact of organic carbon composition on bacterial taxa assembly upon phosphorus addition in organic and mineral soil layers of a Robinia pseudoaccacia plantation

Increasing phosphorus (P) inputs significantly affect the nutrient cycle of terrestrial ecosystems. The community structure and assembly processes of soil bacteria, which are the primary participants in nutrient cycling within terrestrial ecosystems, are affected by P inputs. However, the assembly processes and driving mechanisms of soil bacterial communities in artificial forest ecosystems in response to P inputs remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we conducted in situ experimental P additions (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 g P m-2 year-1) to artificial Robinia pseudoacacia forests on the Loess Plateau. We investigated the effects of P addition on the soil organic carbon (SOC) composition, bacterial community characteristics (total, abundant, and rare taxa), and assembly processes in the organic horizon (OH) and mineral horizon (MH) layers of the soil. The results showed that P addition significantly changed soil physicochemical factors, such as available P (AP), SOC content, and SOC composition in terms of the labile (LC) and recalcitrant carbon (RC) fractions. The proportion of the LC fraction increased in OH and decreased in MH, whereas the RC fraction showed the opposite trends. P addition increased the proportion of eutrophic bacteria in OH, whereas it decreased the proportion of oligotrophic bacteria. In contrast to those in OH, the changes in eutrophic and oligotrophic bacteria in MH exhibited the opposite trend. With increasing P levels, the diversity of the bacterial communities in the OH did not change significantly. In the MH, total and rare taxa diversity increased, while the diversity of abundant taxa decreased. During P addition, the total and rare taxa bacterial communities showed stochastic assembly, whereas the assembly of abundant taxa shifted from stochastic to deterministic processes in the OH and from deterministic to stochastic processes in the MH. The structural equation model revealed that during P addition, the assembly of total and rare bacterial communities in the OH and MH was regulated by AP and the LC fraction, respectively. Meanwhile, the assembly of abundant taxa in OH and MH was influenced by the LC fraction and RC fraction, respectively. Our findings highlight the critical role of SOC composition across different bacterial taxa, with abundant bacterial taxa exhibiting heightened sensitivity to environmental filtration and the availability of SOC resources. Our study provides new insights into the community assembly and driving mechanisms of soil bacteria in artificial forest soils during P addition.

How human activities reshape carbon burial in estuarine sediment systems: Evidence from the Yangtze Estuary

Estuaries are critical zones for understanding the dynamics of organic carbon (OC) burial, particularly in the context of human intervention, yet detailed information remains limited. This study presents comprehensive field observations aimed at assessing the spatial and temporal variations in sedimentary OC sources, composition, and distribution within the Yangtze Estuary. By employing a three-endmember estimation, we determined the contributions of fluvial, marine, and salt marsh plants to OC in the mouth bar as 52 ± 6 %, 28 ± 12 %, and 20 ± 9 %, respectively. To address the complexities introduced by human activities and dispersal processes, we utilized a PCA-MC four-endmember model, which revealed that redispersal terrigenous organic matter from the outer estuary, categorized as “marine origin”, accounted for 26 ± 10 % re-deposited within the estuary. During the construction of the Deep Channel Navigation Project (DCNP), we observed a shift in terrigenous OC deposition from the North Passage (NP) to the South Passage (SP), along with an increased contribution from salt marsh plants. Post-DCNP completion, sedimentary OC compositions exhibited significant differences between the NP and SP, with the SP enriched in fresh terrigenous OC and the NP showing degraded signals due to dredging activities and source discrimination. Human interventions not only altered the estuarine geomorphology and hydrodynamics but also impacted OC burial and sequestration by modifying sources and compositions. This study highlights the transition of estuarine regions from carbon sinks to potential sources, underscoring the necessity for a comprehensive understanding of carbon cycle dynamics in Anthropocene-influenced estuarine environments.

Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration declines with climate warming in subalpine and alpine grassland soils

AbstractWarming as a climate change phenomenon affects soil organic matter dynamics, especially in high elevation ecosystems. However, our understanding of the controls of soil organic matter mineralization and dynamics remains limited, particularly in alpine (above treeline) and subalpine (below treeline) grassland ecosystems. Here, we investigated how downslope (warming) and upslope (cooling) translocations, in a 5-years reciprocal transplanting experiment, affects soil respiration and its temperature sensitivity (Q10), soil aggregation, and soil organic matter carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) composition (C/N ratio). Downslope translocation of the alpine (2440 m a.s.l.) and subalpine (1850 m a.s.l.) to the lowland site (350 m a.s.l.) resulted in a temperature change during the growing seasons of + 4.4K and + 3.3K, respectively. Warming of alpine soils (+ 4.4K) reduced soil organic carbon (SOC) content by 32%, which was accompanied by a significant decrease of soil macroaggregates. Macroaggregate breakdown induced an increased respiration quotient (qCO2) by 27% following warming of alpine soils. The increase in qCO2 respiration was associated with a significant decrease (from 2.84 ± 0.05 to 2.46 ± 0.05) in Q10, and a change in soil organic matter composition (lower C/N ratios). Cooling did not show the opposite patterns to warming, implying that other mechanisms, such as plant and microbial community shifts and adaptation, were involved. This study highlights the important role of SOC degradability in regulating the temperature response of soil organic matter mineralization. To predict the adverse effect of warming on soil CO2 release and, consequently, its negative feedback on climate change, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of C storage and turnover is needed, especially at high elevations in the Alps that are particularly affected by rising temperatures.

Biochar affects organic carbon composition and stability in highly acidic tea plantation soil

Biochar amendments are effective in stabilizing soil aggregates and improving soil organic carbon (SOC) content. However, the effects of biochar on highly acidic soil and their relation with soil SOC stability remain understudied. The study aimed to investigate the impact of biochar on changes of aggregate distribution and SOC stability in a highly acidic tea plantation soils over an eight-year period. Soil samples were collected from plots with varying biochar application amounts (0, 2.5 t ha−1, 5 t ha−1, 10 t ha−1, 20 t ha−1 and 40 t ha−1). The content of SOC, iron bound organic carbon (OC-Fe), particulate organic carbon (POC), mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) and the functional group composition of SOC was analyzed. The results indicated that in the biochar application treatments, the value of soil pH, SOC, POC and MAOC contents were increased from 3.92 to 4.28, 6.68%–187.02%, 8.31%–66.78% and 13.07%–236.47% respectively, compared with CK, while the content of macro-aggregate (particle size>0.25 mm) and soil aggregates mean weight diameter (MWD) significantly increased with higher biochar application amounts. But dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and OC-Fe content exhibited downward trend, decreased from 2.43% to 6.97% and 4.18%–19.91%. Furthermore, aromatic-C levels increased, with increased biochar application amounts. The integration of biochar not only bolstered soil aggregate stability but also amplified the presence of aromatic-C, thereby enhancing the resilience of organic carbon in highly acidic tea garden soil (BC40 > BC20 > BC5>BC2.5 > BC10 > CK), with increases ranging from 6% to 47%. The principal component analysis and structural equation modeling identified soil pH, TN, SOC, POC, MAOC, R > 0.25 and MWD as key factors of soil organic carbon stability. These findings provide crucial insights into the mechanism underlying biochar's efficiency in fortifying organic carbon stability, particularly in the context of highly acidic soil.

Long‐Term Biochar Application Improved Aggregate K Availability by Affecting Soil Organic Carbon Content and Composition

ABSTRACTStraw biochar is an effective amendment at improving soil aggregate structure and increasing soil carbon and potassium (K) content. However, little information is available on the relationship between soil organic carbon (SOC) and aggregate‐associated K distribution under long‐term biochar application conditions. To address this, a field trial established in 2013 was used to examine the impact of biochar (B0: 0 and B1: 2.625 t ha−1 year−1) and K fertilizer (K0: 0 and K1: 60 kg ha−1 year−1) on the variation in soil aggregate K and reveal the associated influencing factors. A total of four treatments (B0K0, B0K1, B1K0, and B1K1) were included in this study. The soil analysis results obtained in 2021 showed that after 9 years' amendment, B1K1 increased the aggregate exchangeable K (EK) and nonexchangeable K (NEK) pools by 27.40% and 39.55%, respectively, and the increment was primarily because biochar enhanced > 0.25 mm aggregate fractions and strengthened soil K+ adsorption capacity, which benefit from a synergistic increase in SOC and humic acid (HA) content by biochar. 13C NMR analysis showed that long‐term biochar applications altered the chemical composition of SOC, with an outcome of increased aromaticity and hydrophobicity but decreased the lipidation of SOC, indicating that the complexity of SOC molecular structure was enhanced and eventually contributed to strengthening the macroaggregates stability and soil K+ adsorption capacity. The correlation analysis revealed that soil aggregate EK and NEK contents were positively correlated with SOC and HA contents, which further proved that increase of SOC and soil HA is a significant mechanism for biochar ameliorate soil aggregate‐associated K availability.

Thermal stability of sedimentary organic carbon in a large river dominated marginal sea

The thermal stability of organic carbon (OC) in marine sediments is one of the critical factors that influences its burial efficiency in marine environments. However, the distribution patterns and influencing factors of the thermal stability of OC in marginal seas remain poorly understood. In this study, we conducted the thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) of OC in surface sediments of the Changjiang Estuary (CE) and its adjacent East China Sea (ECS) shelf. Both labile and refractory organic matter (OML and OMR) contents derived from the TGA were higher in the CE and Zhe-Min Coast (ZMC) mobile muds relative to those in the sandy areas. The average Carbon Reactivity Index (CRI) is 69.3 ± 4.2 %, ranging from 62.8 % to 85.1 %. Most of the stations in the CE and ZMC mobile muds were characterized by relatively low CRI values, while only some stations in the inner estuary and outer shelf had higher CRI values. As a result, the CRI values correlated reversely with the OC contents and positively with the median grain size, especially in sandy sediments. Despite being sandy sediments, there were significant differences in the thermal stability of OC among the three different sandy sediment areas, with the highest CRI value in the inner estuary, lower CRI values in the outer estuary and outer shelf sediments, possibly related to the sources and composition of OC in different regions as shown by the negative correlation between CRI and δ13C for sandy sediments. Compared with certain European marginal seas, the sedimentary OC (SOC) in the CE and ECS shelf exhibits greater thermal stability, which is probably linked to the reduced preservation efficiency of OC caused by the extensive sediment dynamics in this area. This study supports the notion that organo-mineral interactions and the sources are two major factors controlling the reactivity of OC.

Enhancing the freshness of particulate organic carbon through the regulation of dam and river-lake interactions

The composition and fluxes of organic carbon transported by river systems are important for the terrestrial carbon cycle in terms of source to sink, and the impacts of dam regulation on large rivers are well documented. However, complex river–lake interactions and extreme weather events still hinder a comprehensive understanding of the transformation of riverine carbon within the large river basin. This study investigated particulate organic matter during the 2012 flood in the Changjiang Basin (CJB) and collected suspended particles from the mainstream of the CJB, Dongting and Poyang lakes. The amount, grain size, particulate organic carbon (POC) content, chlorophyll a (Chl-a), and lignin phenols of samples were measured. The results indicate that soil is the primary source of POC in lake-unaffected stations (46.9%–86.9%), while lake-affected stations exhibit significant contributions from phytoplankton (41.4%–78%). Notable alterations in the composition of terrestrial organic carbon occur during its transfer from soil to the river and from the upper to the lower reaches. Comparing the POC characteristics in the Changjiang across various years and hydrological conditions reveals that the characterization of POC in the Changjiang during flooding is mainly influenced by the dams. Another notable finding is that Dongting and Poyang lakes intercepted sediment and transported algae-rich organic matter to the mainstream. This process potentially converts the middle reaches of the Changjiang into a carbon source. River-lake interactions are complex and affected by lake morphology and flooding events. This study enhances our understanding of biogeochemical processes in dam-regulated rivers under extreme weather conditions, and emphasizes the importance of river–lake interactions for the transformation and transportation of riverine organic carbon in large fluvial system.

Sorption and desorption behavior and mechanism of oxytetracycline on soil aggregates organic matter separated from soils and sediments in the Yellow River Delta

Soil aggregates organic matter (SAOM) is composed of free particulate organic matter (fPOM), intra-aggregate particulate organic matter (iPOM), and mineral-associated organic matter (mSOM), which are major antibiotic sorbents that play a significant role in the soil organic matter (SOM) turnover process. To date, the oxytetracycline (OTC) sorption and desorption behavior and mechanisms on SAOM have not been contrastively analyzed. SAOM organic components have been used to study scientific problems and to determine their influence on the fate and migration of OTC among the SOM turnover process. Results demonstrated that SAOM had great OTC sorption capacity ranging from approximately 12100–513,000 mg kg−1 and the desorption proportion was no more than 33.60%. The slow organic carbon pool (mSOM) had greater OTC accumulation capacity than the intermediate active pool (iPOM) and the active pool (fPOM), while OTC was more likely to reside in the active pool in wetlands (fPOM-w) and oil waste land (fPOM-o) than the organic carbon pool (mSOM-f) in farmland with human activity interference. The hysteresis was affected by SAOM's physical surface characteristics when the OTC initial equilibrium sorption concentration was higher than 200 mg L−1. When it was lower than that, it was affected by the organic carbon composition. Hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and π-π interactions dominated the SAOM-OTC interactions. The results of this study will be useful for evaluating the long-term behavior and migration of antibiotics in SOM turnover processes and could refine risk assessments of antibiotics contamination in soil environmental systems.

The Early Cretaceous Sembar Formation, Southern Indus Basin, Pakistan: Biomarkers and Trace Element Distributions to Investigate the Sedimentary Palaeoenvironment and Organic Matter Input.

The Early Cretaceous clay-rich facies of the Sembar Formation represent the most significantly occurring organic-rich sediments in the Southern Indus Basin of Pakistan. In this study, detailed geochemical research of total organic carbon, biomarker, mineralogy and trace elemental compositions, together with kerogen microscopic analysis, were carried out and used to understand the organic matter input and the dispositional environmental setting of the organic-rich Sembar shale. The Sembar shales have high organic matter, as indicated by the total organic carbon (TOC) content of up to 2.31 wt %. These shales contain a high abundance of liptinites (i.e., alginite and bituminite), with significant reactive vitrinite maceral, reflecting a mixed-organic matter with a high contribution of marine-derived input. The biomarker distributions evidence the finding of mainly marine organic matter. The biomarker characteristics such as Pr/Ph, Pr/n-C17, Ph/n-C18, and tricyclic terpane ratios together with C27-C29 regular sterane distributions show that the source of organic matter was primarily marine-derived from mainly phytoplankton algae, along with amounts of land plant input, and accumulated under a low oxygenated environment. The Sembar shale facies are characterized by high Mo trace element content and high V/Ni and Mo/TOC ratios, suggesting anoxic and nonsulfidic environmental conditions during time deposition. The geochemical proxies such as the Sr/Ba ratio and gammacerane/C30 hopane (G/C30) index suggest that the Sembar shale facies were deposited in a relatively low moderate stratified water column. The higher gallium (Ga) than rubidium (Rb), with high Ga/Rb ratios, indicates a high abundance of the kaolinite mineral, thereby deducing the subaerial weathering during the warm and humid climatic conditions. In this case, these warm and humid climatic conditions cause an influx of masses of nutrients, which could be attributed to increasing marine primary bioproductivity. These large masses of nutrients into the photic zone are also attributed to the presence of the upwelling system during the deposition time. Therefore, such conditions of bioproductivity and preservation of organic matter (OM) resulted in the accumulation of organic carbon in the shale facies of the Early Cretaceous Sembar Formation.

Study on organic carbon in medium-low mature shale oil reservoirs rich in type II kerogen: Oxidation behavior, thermal effect, and kinetics

In-situ combustion technology (ISC) was a potential technology for efficient development of medium–low maturity shale oil reservoirs. Clarifying the exothermic behavior of organic carbon oxidation will be beneficial for better control of ISC processes. In this work, the organic carbon composition, type II kerogen and residual oil, were separated and extracted from the shale samples of typical medium–low maturity shale oil reservoirs in the Ordos Basin, China. The synchronous thermal analyzer and mass spectrometry (STA-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ROCK-EVAL VI were used to study the products, heat release, and functional group changes of type II kerogen, residual oil, and shale during the oxidation process. The results indicated that the oxidation heat release of shale mainly came from the oxidation reaction between its residual oil and type II kerogen, but the oxidation heat release range of shale was relatively lagging compared to the single residual oil or type II kerogen affected by rock debris. Secondly, under atmospheric pressure, the type II kerogen experiences obviously higher heat release than residual oil and heavy oil, indicating its superior potential of in-situ heat release. In addition, the major productions that CO, H2O, SO2, and CO2 were quantitatively characterized, with CO2 having the highest production of 882.25 mg/g. Furthermore, combined with the molecular weight, an oxidation reaction equation of type II kerogen was constructed. Finally, the oxidation kinetics parameters of type II kerogen, residual oil, and shale were determined using Friedman and Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW) models. It was found that the activation energy of shale was higher than II kerogen and residual in low temperature oxidation (LTO) and fuel deposition (FD) stages. This may be due to the joint reaction between kerogen and residual oil, thus exacerbating the challenge of shale in-situ ignition. However, due to the catalytic effect of rock debris, the activation energy of shale was lower than LTO in high temperature oxidation (HTO) stage, indicating that once fuel deposition was completed, organic carbon will undergo stable combustion. This study has theoretical guidance for the numerical simulation research of ISC development technology of maturity-low shale oil reservoirs.

Redox conditions influence the chemical composition of iron-associated organic carbon in boreal lake sediments: A synchrotron-based NEXAFS study

The global carbon and iron cycles are intimately linked as redox-sensitive iron oxides readily bind organic carbon in a variety of environmental settings, including marine and lacustrine sediments. While these iron-organic carbon complexes sequester vast quantities of organic carbon, the composition of the organic matter within them remains unknown for lacustrine environments. Here we present C K1s and Fe L3,2 edge Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectra of surface sediments and authigenic iron complexes from adjacent basins of a pristine boreal lake located in Québec, Canada, with contrasting oxygen exposure regimes. We demonstrate differences in organic carbon speciation in sediments from both basins, as well as co-localization of organic carbon and iron on a sub-micron scale in 100 nm thick samples. Differences in redox cycling across these two basins allow for a direct comparison of the effect of oscillating redox conditions on the composition of organic carbon sequestered by iron. Our results suggest that reactive organic molecules, which may be polysaccharides, were found preferentially associated with iron in the perennially oxic sediments compared to more phenol rich organics in the seasonally anoxic sediments, highlighting the importance of iron oxides in the protection and preservation of labile organic compounds. Traces of aliphatic carbon were observed in sediments from the anoxic basin, alongside carboxyl and aromatic functionalities. This carboxyl-rich aliphatic material could possibly interact with the sediment mineral matrix either through a ligand exchange mechanism between the mineral phases and the carboxyl functionalities, or via non-specific hydrophobic interactions involving the aliphatic moieties. Finally, our work also shows that OC:Fe ratios should be used with caution when inferring a binding mechanism between OC and iron oxides.

Wet depositional fluxes of fossil fuel-derived carbon in East Asia: Dynamics of Brown carbon

Over the past 50 years, fossil fuel consumption has increased dramatically, rising approximately eight-fold since 1950 and doubling since 1980. This surge has led to increased emissions of brown carbon (BrC) into the atmosphere, which are subsequently deposited onto oceans and land through dry or wet deposition processes. However, the source-specific fluxes of atmospheric organic carbon (OC) and BrC into the ocean are not adequately represented in the global carbon cycle. For the first time, we calculated BrC concentration using the optical intensity of organic matter and determined the global wet depositional flux of fossil fuel-derived BrC. Using the ratio of humic-like substances to OC fluxes, we estimated the global wet deposition of fossil fuel-derived BrC to be 2.0 ± 0.6 Tg C yr−1. Of this amount, the flux into oceans (0.7 ± 0.2 Tg C yr−1) represents 1.6% of the production rate of refractory dissolved organic carbon (RDOC) in the ocean (43 Tg yr−1). Notably, an increase in the proportion of fossil fuel-derived BrC in atmospheric OC may change the composition of OC in precipitation, resulting in a more refractory composition, which deviates from previously established paradigms. Our findings indicate that the flux of fossil fuel-derived RDOC from the atmosphere into the ocean, which is inadequately represented in current global DOC cycling models, may play a significant role in oceanic carbon cycles. These findings necessitate reconsidering our understanding of oceanic carbon cycling and highlight the need to improve existing models to better account for these newly identified processes and their potential impacts on global carbon dynamics.

Organic Matter Enrichment in Jurassic Hydrocarbon Source Rocks from the Turpan-Hami Basin: Insights from Organic and Elemental Geochemistry.

Petroleum can be generated by thermal cracking of organic matter within sediments, and the organic matter within sediments plays the dominant role in determining oil and gas generation. Organic matter within sediments is characterized by various sources, such as sapropelic organic matter from algal, microbial, and planktonic organisms and humic organic matter from higher plants. Paleo-productivity, terrestrial influx, and depositional environments could obviously influence the enrichment processes of the organic matter within sediments. Organic and elemental geochemical proxies can investigate the sedimentary process and reflect the enrichment characteristics of organic matter. In this study, hydrocarbon source rocks from the Shuixigou Group were collected from the Taibei Sag of the Turpan-Hami Basin, rock-eval pyrolysis was conducted, and stable carbon isotope composition of organic carbon and major and trace element distributions were measured. Based on this, the type and maturation of organic matter, paleo-productivity, terrestrial influx, and depositional paleo-environments were investigated. The results show that the Jurassic hydrocarbon source rocks are characterized by type III kerogen and are in the oil-window stage of maturation. The depositional paleo-environments of hydrocarbon source rocks in different formations are not remarkably different. The water bodies have freshwater oxidizing environments, and the paleo-climatic characteristics are warm and humid. However, the paleo-productivity of samples from the lower Jurassic Sangonghe Formation is higher than samples from other formations. Overall, the organic matter enrichment in Jurassic hydrocarbon source rocks of the Turpan-Hami Basin could be mutually controlled by the paleo-productivity and depositional paleo-environments. The results of this study could provide theoretical insight into deep petroleum exploration and resource evaluation in the Turpan-Hami Basin.

Research progress on the impact and mechanisms of different passivators on soil organic carbon transformation.

Passivators can reduce the bioavailability and mobility of heavy metals by forming stable complexes or precipitates, and achieve the remediation of heavy metal-polluted soil. Organic carbon is an important parameter reflecting soil quality and health. Organic carbon transformation process plays a decisive role in atmospheric chemistry and global carbon cycling, and is affected by land use ways, agronomic measures, and restoration activities. On the one hand, the application of passivators will change soil physical and chemical properties, such as soil structure, aggregate composition, pH, CEC, which in turn will affect the structure and diversity of soil microbial communities, the activities of organic carbon conversion enzymes, and the transformation of soil organic carbon. The above effects are regulated by various factors such as the type, application amount, and application time of passivators. We discussed the composition of soil organic carbon and its changes under different passivator application conditions, and explored the mechanism underlying the effect of passivators on soil organic carbon transformation. In the future, new types of passivator with both carbon sequestration and heavy metal passivation functions should be developed. The temporal and spatial distribution patterns of soil organic carbon turnover and stable organic carbon after the application of passivators should be examined.

Wildfire-vegetation-climate-human interactions in the central Taiwan region during 17.3–2.0 cal kyr BP, inferred from sediments of Toushe Basin

In this study, a long-term relationship amongst wildfire, vegetation, climate, and human in the central Taiwan region, spanning from 17.3 to 2.0 cal kyr BP, is explored. To investigate this relationship, multiple proxy approaches were employed, including charcoal (CHAR and fire frequency), pollen data (Liew et al., 2006), magnetic susceptibility, and the carbon isotopic composition of organic carbon, along with the elemental ratio of total organic carbon to total nitrogen in the core sediments of the Toushe Basin, central Taiwan. From 17.3 to 14.5 cal kyr BP, the Toushe Basin experienced drier climate conditions, leading to high-intensity fires and reduced area of wetland. Between 14.5 and 11.5 cal kyr BP, a wetter climate corresponded with low-intensity fires and an increase in tree prevalence. From 11.5 to 5.0 cal kyr BP, the climate remained relatively stable with peaks of extreme wet phases, with frequent low-intensity fires promoting herbaceous plant growth. During the period from 5.0 to 2.0 cal kyr BP, wetter conditions persisted, but increased human activities likely intensified high-intensity fires, resulting in reduced tree and herbaceous plant populations and an expansion of wetlands, leading to complex impacts on the region's ecological dynamics. The pollen diversity index (PDI) and pollen richness index (PRI) showed that ecological diversity in the Toushe Basin decreased with high-intensity fires and increased with low-intensity fires, highlighting the complex interactions between natural and human factors during 17.3–2.0 cal kyr BP. In addition, this study showed a strong link between El-Niño events and increased wildfire activity in the Toushe Basin. El-Niño conditions, with reduced rainfall and increased dryness, likely heightened wildfire frequencies and intensity by lowering moisture levels and ignition thresholds. Increased lightning during these periods further exacerbated wildfires. This connection highlights El-Niño ‘s role in driving high-intensity fires, impacting the region's vegetation and ecological dynamics.

Impacts of temperature and fluid seepage on organic matter composition in sediments of an active hydrothermal basin

Marine sediments are one of the largest organic carbon (OC) sinks on Earth. Yet, major knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of sedimentary OC cycling, particularly regarding temperature-induced alteration processes of OC from different sources. Here, we investigate OC-rich sediments of Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California) across two hydrothermal areas, one with only conductive geothermal heating and the other additionally experiencing seepage of hydrocarbon-rich fluids from deeper layers. We use Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to investigate diagenetic OC changes and show that cold control sites in both hydrothermal areas are dominated by similar contributions of lipid-derived compounds, nitrogenous (likely protein-derived) compounds, carbohydrates, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These OC compound groups are largely derived from phytoplankton detritus from overlying water. Conductively heated sediments, which reach in situ temperatures of ∼ 80 °C, have similar general OC compositions and contents to these cold sites, but show evidence of diagenetic modifications of individual carbohydrate groups in deeper layers. By contrast, strong decreases in carbohydrate and nitrogenous compound abundances at the seep sites indicate that these compound groups are not only modified but also selectively degraded at the higher temperatures (>80 °C) of these sites. Increases in pyrolysis products of PAHs, prist-1-ene, and alkanes with depth, moreover, show that import of OC by deep hydrothermal fluids contributes significantly to sedimentary OC pools mainly in deeper layers of these sites. Our study provides the first comprehensive analysis of major OC compound groups in Guaymas Basin sediment and indicates that the supply of OC by hydrothermal fluid flow only has minor impacts on particulate organic matter compositions at the seafloor, even at active seep sites. We furthermore show that temperatures up to ∼ 80 °C already result in thermochemical modifications of organic matter (OM) that are potentially linked to the onset of kerogen formation. The sequence and time scales of chemical modifications and activations in relation to temperature are an important subject for future investigations.

Wildfire Impacts on Molecular Changes of Dissolved Organic Matter during Its Passage through Soil.

The frequency and intensity of global wildfires are escalating, leading to an increase in derived pyrogenic dissolved organic matter (pyDOM), which potentially influences the riverine carbon reservoir and poses risks to drinking water safety. However, changes in pyDOM properties as it traverses through soil to water bodies are highly understudied due to the challenges of simulating such processes under laboratory conditions. In this study, we extracted soil DOM along hillslope gradients and soil depths in both burned and unburned catchments post wildfire. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry and a substrate-explicit model, we observed significant increases in the relative abundance of condensed aromatics (ConAC) and tannins in wildfire-affected soil DOM. Wildfire-affected soil DOM also displayed a broader spectrum of molecular and thermodynamic properties, indicative of its diverse composition and reactivity. Furthermore, as the fire-induced weakening of topsoil microbial reprocessing abilities hindered the transformation of plant-derived DOM, the relative abundance of lignin-like compounds increased with soil depth in the fire regions. Meanwhile, the distribution of shared molecular formulas along the hillslope gradient (from shoulder to toeslope) exhibited analogous patterns in both burned and unburned catchments. Although there was an increased prevalence of ConAC and tannin in the burned catchments, the relative abundance of these fractions diminished along the hillslope in all three catchments. Based on the substrate-explicit model, the biodegradability exhibited by wildfire-affected DOM fractions offers the possibility of its conversion along hillslopes. Our findings reveal the spatial distribution of DOM properties after a wildfire, facilitating accurate evaluation of dissolved organic carbon composition involved in the watershed-scale carbon cycle.

Revegetating Mine Soils with Different Tree Species Influences Molecular Characteristics of Soil Organic Matter

ABSTRACT Although molecular characterization of soil organic carbon is crucial for understanding its dynamics, studies on reclaimed coal mine soil are comparatively limited. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to ascertain the influence of tree species on the soil organic carbon content and molecular characteristics of soil organic carbon in a chronosequence of reclaimed coal mine soil. To investigate the effects of reclamation time on soil organic carbon characteristics, a chronosequence of three coal mine soil was used, each exhibiting different ages of reclamation: 8, 14, and 25 years. Along a re-vegetation age gradient of 8 to 25 years, the total soil organic carbon content increased. Within the 25 years of restored soil, the FTIR absorption intensities were lowest within the range of 2,920 and 2,850 cm−1, while they were highest within the range of 1,685, 1,425, and 1,285 cm−1which indicates presence of aromatic C=C. This shows that aromatic compounds contributed more significantly to the composition of soil organic carbon compared to aliphatic structures. Based on molecular characteristics, it is suggested that the soil organic carbon in 25-year old revegetated coal mine soil consists of aromatic and recalcitrant carbon. Among three tree species Dalbergia sissoo can be used for reclamation as quality and quantity of carbon found was higher under this tree species. In conclusion, the results indicated that the molecular properties of soil organic carbon were extremely important for understanding the dynamics of soil organic carbon in a restored coal mine soil chronosequence.

13C evidence for the selective loss of active and inert organic carbon in soil aggregates under rain-induced overland flow erosion

Due to the hierarchical structure of aggregates, raindrops cause changes in the composition, distribution and state of aggregate-wrapped organic carbon (OC) fractions during erosion, greatly affecting soil carbon turnover and sequestration. To explore these regulatory mechanisms, the selective transport of light (LFoc) and heavy (HFoc) fraction OC within aggregates of varying sizes was traced via the 13C/12C carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) under splash and sheet erosion conditions. A “three-zone” variable-slope soil pan was filled with loess soil with a high aggregate concentration to monitor rainfall erosion on a slope. The OC aggregate composition, aggregate stripping and δ13C values of the sediment aggregates of various particle sizes were measured. When the erosion intensity was low, the splash-eroded sediment was mainly enriched in 13C-rich HFoc, and as the rainfall intensity increased, the concentrations of 12C-rich LFoc and HFoc gradually increased. That is, under heavy rainfall, aggregate fragmentation exposed more large fragments rich in younger HFoc and LFoc, and these fragments underwent saltation. There was no obvious correlation between the trends in splash erosion and OC, so runoff transport was an important factor influencing the correlation between δ13C and OC (P < 0.05). Raindrop impact exposed HFoc-rich aggregate fragments of different sizes, e.g., stable mineral-associated OC. Runoff promoted the obvious preferential transport of LFoc and the redistribution of particulate OC (POC) among different sediment particles. Mineral-associated OC and 2–0.05 mm easily decomposable LFoc or POC were preferentially transported, causing OC with the highest and median δ13C values to be preferentially transported. Overall, the transport order of aggregate-exposed OC particles was clay + silt particle-bonded OC, POC, POC-bonded aggregate fragments and silt-bonded aggregate fragments. These results verified the selective loss of aggregate-detached OC fragments during erosion, which led to a change in the OC sequestration and reaggregation potential of OC in the eroded and deposited soil.