Composition Of Ores Research Articles

ПЕРВЫЕ ДАННЫЕ О ЮТЕНБОГААРДИТЕ В РУДЕ ТАСЕЕВСКОГО ЗОЛОТОСЕРЕБРЯНОГО МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ В ВОСТОЧНОМ ЗАБАЙКАЛЬЕ (РОССИЯ)

The relevance lies in the need to have complete data on the features of the mineralogy of the unique in terms of gold and silver content ores of shallow gold-silver formation deposits, one example of which is the Taseevskoye deposit in the Baleisky ore field in Eastern Transbaikalia. The purpose of the study is to determine the mineral composition of the rich gold-silver ores of the Taseevsky deposit. The object of the study is a hessite-uytenbogaardite-electrum-chalcopyrite-calcite-quartz mineral association. The subject of the study is the chemical composition and forms of isolation of uytenbogaardite. Method and methodology used are optical and electron microscopy with the determination of forms of precipitation and variations in the chemical composition of uytenbogaardite. The results are the following: for the first time, the rare Au and Ag sulfide uytenbogaardite was identified in the gold-silver ore of the Taseevskoye deposit, its chemical composition was determined, and it was found that it is in association with electrum, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, hessite, quartz, acanthite, cervelite, and petzite. Subspherical forms of aggregates predominate, less often lenticular and veinlets. The size of its crystals and their intergrowths is 0.005 - 0.5 mm. All crystals are nonstoichiometric. The content of the main chemical elements varies within (wt.%): Ag 52.43 - 64.76; Au 22.57 - 37.35; S 7.32 - 12.84. Among the studied individuals of uytenbogardite, three contain from 2.98 to 5.18% Te. Low grade Au, which is associated with uytenbogardite, contains from 43.32 to 56.42% Ag and is electrum by their ratio. Uytenbogaardite was found only in the upper part of the ore zone of the Taseevskoe deposit. This may be a typomorphic feature for determining whether the chalcedony-like quartz containing it belongs to the supra-ore zone of a deposit of a shallow gold-silver formation

Анализ результатов комплексной обработки технологических скважин для восстановления их работоспособности

Laboratory tests to establish the influence of the material and particle size distribution composition of hydrogenous ores on the intensity of sedimentation of colmatants during in-situ leaching have established that the main reason for loss of productivity of technological wells during in-situ leaching of hydrogenous ores of the Khiagda ore field deposits is colmatation of their near-filter zone. The greatest influence is exerted by mechanical and chemical colmatation, in the process of which fine mechanical suspensions accumulate in the near-filter zone and products of chemical reactions occurring during leaching [4; 9–12]. It has been determined that the most effective way to eliminate mechanical bridging is pneumatic-pulse processing of the filter zone of technological wells, and the use of processing wells with hydrochloric acid and ammonium bischofite allows to remove most of the chemical bridging agents deposited on the structural elements of the well reinforcement [2, 3]. The conducted research makes it possible to improve the regulation of repair and restoration works when treating technological wells in the process of carrying out production works at the hydrogenous deposits of the Khiagda ore field. The results of applying technical solutions to restore the serviceability of injection and injection wells are given in this article

Using the results of the phase composition of magnetit ore for prediction of the concentrate yield

Using the results of the phase composition of magnetit ore for prediction of the concentrate yield

Rare-earth deposits of a non-traditional type in the Azov part of the Ukrainian Shield

The geological structure and prospects of a group of rare earth objects of exogenous origin, unconventional for the Ukrainian industry, are considered. According to the authors, this is mainly the clay weathering crust of granitoids and other aluminosilicate rocks, which contains sorbed or close to them elements of the yttrium group. A feature of ores of this type that may interest investors is the possibility of relatively simple and inexpensive extraction of REE. As an example, a brief description of specific objects within the Azov part of the Ukrainian shield and on its border with Donbas is given. This is the weathering crust of subalkaline rare-metal granites of the Yekateriniv and Starodubiv massifs, aluminosilicate metamorphic rocks of the Valerianiv area, and tectonic mélange zone argillites of the Zhogoliv area. The Y-Ta-Nb type of deposits was established on the massifs, and mainly yttrium-earth deposits on the metamorphic rocks. The actual results of the analytical research made it possible to draw conclusions about the qualitative and quantitative composition of ores and forecast resources. A comparison of industrial technological methods of extracting Y and ∑REE from loose ores of the Zhogoliv ore deposit was made. The expediency of further searches and research in order to expand the mineral raw material rare earth base of Ukraine is substantiated.

Development and Testing of a Method to Estimate the Mineral Composition of Ore from Chemical Assays with a View toward Geometallurgy: Application to an Iron Ore Concentrator

For complex orebodies in which the valuable metal is carried by several minerals that respond differently to the concentration process, an ore block model should not be characterized solely with elemental assays, as this information is not sufficient to anticipate the mill performances. Data from an iron ore concentrator is used to demonstrate the idea. A method is then proposed to estimate the mineral contents of ore samples from elemental assays. The method can readily be extended to combine the estimation of the mineral contents in the feed of the mill with an estimation of the recovery of these minerals into the products of the concentrator. These mineral recoveries can subsequently be incorporated into a block model to predict the concentrator response to the processing of an ore block.

Влияние вещественного и гранулометрического состава гидрогенных руд на интенсивность осаждения кольматантов при подземном скважинном выщелачивании

During the development of hydrogenous uranium deposits using the in-situ well leaching method, there is a gradual loss of productivity of technological wells. This phenomenon is caused by coltmation processes in the productive formation. The most negative impact on the loss of well productivity has mechanical and chemical types of colmatation. Mechanical kolmatation is related to the accumulation of thin clay particles in the near-filter zone of injection wells, which plug up the near-filter space. Chemical kolmatation is the deposition of chemical compounds formed during destruction of rock-forming minerals of the productive formation in the near-wellbore zone by sulfuric acid. Earlier studies of these phenomena showed a direct relationship between the intensity of colmatants’ formation and the material composition of rock-forming minerals composing the host rocks of hydrogenous deposits and their granulometric composition. Each deposit is characterized by a specific set of mining-geological and granulometric parameters, so the colmatation processes for each deposit are individual. This article is devoted to establishing the correlation between the intensity of colmatation processes in the deposits of the Khiagda ore field and their characteristics. The object of the study - technological installations for in-situ borehole leaching. The research objectives are to establish the intensity of colmatation phenomena in the near-filter zone of technological wells and to develop regimes of repair and restoration work with reference to mining and geological and hydrogeological conditions of deposits of Khiagda ore field. The research methodology are presented by collection of information, its chemical and statistical processing and establishment of connection between the material and granulometric composition of ores in order to predict colmatation phenomena. The following research methods: chemical and granulometric analysis of processes occurring during underground borehole leaching of hydrogenous uranium ores, mathematical and statistical analysis of the results, simulation of processes of sedimentation and liquidation of colmatants from the filter zone of technological wells have been used.

Geological position and material composition of ores of gold deposits of the Quang Nam - Quang Ngai region (Central Vietnam)

Geological position and material composition of ores of gold deposits of the Quang Nam - Quang Ngai region (Central Vietnam)

Deep Learning and Pseudo-Labeling for Ore Granulometry

Determining the fractional composition of ore using artificial intelligence is an urgent task in recent decades. Classical methods do not achieve decent quality and deep learning methods require huge labeled datasets. We propose an algorithm for automating the masking of ore stones boundaries on a conveyor using classical computer vision methods. Also, we propose a method for tracking the ore particle size distribution on the conveyor based on the U-Net neural network that was trained on the dataset utilizing pseudo-labels obtained with the algorithm. We compared several deep learning models for segmentation. Experiments on our dataset have shown that it is possible to segment ore with an accuracy of up to 70%. Also, we identified typical problems of granulometric analysis approaches on two-dimensional images and discussed ways for further possible development.

Level identification of the ore composition criticality of rem deposits containing radioactive elements, and risks assessment of their development

Level identification of the ore composition criticality of rem deposits containing radioactive elements, and risks assessment of their development

A Short Review of the Effect of Iron Ore Selection on Mineral Phases of Iron Ore Sinter

The sintering process is a thermal agglomeration process, and it is accompanied by chemical reactions. In this process, a mixture of iron ore fines, flux, and coal particles is heated to about 1300 °C–1480 °C in a sinter bed. The strength and reducibility properties of iron ore sinter are obtained by liquid phase sintering. The silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum (SFCA) is the main bonding phase found in modern iron ore sinters. Since the physicochemical and crystallographic properties of the SFCA are affected by the chemical composition and mineral phases of iron ores, a crystallographic understanding of iron ores and sintered ore is important to enhance the quality of iron ore sinter. Scrap and by-products from steel mills are expected to be used in the iron ore sintering process as recyclable resources, and in such a case, the crystallographic properties of iron ore sinter will be affected using these materials. The objective of this paper is to present a short review on research related to mineral phases and structural properties of iron ore and sintered ore.

Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of Lead-zinc Ore Deposits, and Potential Accompanying Components in the Cho Don - Cho Dien Area, Bac Kan Province, Vietnam

The Pb-Zn mineralization in the Cho Don - Cho Dien ore districts often occurs in 2 types: (1)oxidized ore near to the surface and (2) sulfide ore at deeper section. Based on microscopic observations,sulfide ores can be divided into sphalerite-galena-pyrite and/or galena-sphalerite mineralization types. Toexamine the geochemical features of the Pb-Zn ores, SEM-EDX and ICP-MS analytical methods wereperformed in this study. Previous δ34S data of Pb-Zn concentrates, and sulfide minerals from variousdeposits suggest that the Pb-Zn ore-forming fluids might be related to the felsic-granitic magmaticactivities rather than a genesis of stratiform type. Geochemical data show that the major, minor, and traceelement compositions of lead-zinc ores have wide ranges of variation even in each deposit. The sulfideores are generally higher in economic components than those in the oxidized ores. The positivecorrelations between Pb-Ag can be found in the entire dataset, whereas excellent Zn-Cd correlation canonly be observed from Cho Don ore samples. Apart from the principal components (Pb and Zn), the oresalso contain other accompanying elements that supply high-technological manufacturing industries. Ofwhich As, Cu, Ag, Sb, and Cd could be potential by-products and can be extracted during smelting Pb/Znconcentrate processes, and need more detailed studies for every deposit.

XRF and powder X-ray diffraction analysis of ancient iron slags from the “Sladak Kladenets” and “Malko Dryanovo” archaeological sites, Bulgaria

Using X-ray fluorescence and Powder X-ray diffraction analysis, the chemical and phase composition of ancient iron slags and raw iron ore were investigated. The type of raw ore was identified as self-fluxing. The operating furnace temperature was determined in the range 900–1000 °C. The results obtained are of archaeological importance. They will contribute to the chronological specification of the time of realization of the metallurgical process and the type of used furnaces.

Пижемское титановое месторождение — новый объект ближайшего освоения в Арктической зоне России

The Pizhemskoye titanium deposit (Middle Timan) has become one of the most attractive deposits for the industrial development in Russia as a result of the successful protection and approval of reserves at the State Reserves Committee (November 2020). 60 years have passed since the first finds of titanium mineralization in the basin of the Pechora Pizhma and Umba rivers by the thematic teams of the Ukhta Geological Exploration Department and the Komi branch of the Academy of Sciences, and now the deposit is considered one of the largest in Russia and the World. Together with the Yarega oil-titanium deposit, they contain up to 80% of the reserves and predicted resources of titanium in Russia. Timan becomes the largest raw material base of titanium in the world, the intensive development of which is possible for several hundred years. The article highlights the geological structure of the Pizhemskoye deposit (revealed a cellular, bowl-like structure of ore bodies); material and complex polymineral composition of ores; the Neoproterozoic age. The author proves the hydrothermal-metamorphogenic genesis of the ores, considers the sources of the mineral matter and solution of the technological scheme for processing refractory ores. The Pizhemskoye deposit is classified as a new pseudorutile-leucoxene-quartz subtype of primary metamorphogenic deposits.

Минеральный состав руд, использовавшихся на укрепленном поселении бронзового века Устье-I (Южное Зауралье)

At the fortified settlement of the Bronze Age, Ustye-I (South Trans-Urals), metal products of copper, arsenic and tin bronzes, numerous fragments of metallurgical slags, as well as fragments of copper ores have been discovered. According to the results of early studies, pure copper predominates among metal items (53.4% of finds), but also a significant part contains an admixture of arsenic (25.4% of finds), tin (13.6% of finds) and both components simultaneously (7.6% of finds). Several alloying components of the samples are simultaneously found in slags: Pb (50% of cases), As (49% of cases), Zn (40% of cases), Bi (38% of cases), Sn (7% of cases), Ni (4% of cases), Sb (1% of cases). To identify the relationship between the incoming raw materials and the received metal, 15 ore samples were examined. The ores studied are ‘gravelly’ clasts with a size of 5 mm to several centimeters, and ‘sandy’ ores with a size of 2–3 mm. According to their mineral composition, ores are subdivided into malachite, azurite, and limonite. The main copper minerals are malachite and azurite; chrysocolla is found occasionally, chalcopyrite, cuprite are rarely found. Copper is bound to Fe- and Mn-hydroxides. We have identified copper slag fragments in ‘sandy’ ores. In all types of ores, natural alloying components are very rare and are represented by Pb and Zn. These elements can form their own minerals (mottramit, a mineral of the plumbogummite family) or act as an impurity to malachite (up to 0.62 wt% ZnO), azurite (up to 1.12 ZnO and up to 2.37 PbO), iron hydroxides (up to 2.66 ZnO and up to 2.02 PbO) or manganese hydroxides (up to 0.41 ZnO and up to 9.48 PbO). No As and Sn impurities were found. The presence of numerous fragments of brown iron ore at the settlement, the close location of copper mines indicates that the settlers were engaged in the extraction and processing of copper ore. The widespread occurrence of ores, consisting mainly of malachite and azurite, indicates that the ores were mined from the upper parts of the oxidation zone, and the metal smelted from these ores must correspond to pure copper. The distribution of Pb and Zn impurities indicates that some of the copper ores originate from the oxidation zones of pyrite ores or deposits of other formational types with a similar ore composition. The difference in the compositions of the ores found at the settlement and the compositions of slag and metal is associated with several sources of ores. The sources of copper ores could be mines located near the settlement. Arsenic-bearing ores could have come from mines in adjacent areas. Tin ores were brought in as a result of trans-regional exchange with the Central Asian region.

Enhancing magnetite quartzite processing efficiency at Karelsky Okatysh

The article focuses on increasing efficiency of ferrous quartzite processing at Karelsky Okatysh JSC. The processing technology currently in use at Kostomuksha GOK is characterized by higher losses of fine magnetite (-0.02 mm) and by insufficient dissociation of aggregates, due to ore over-grinding and extended circulation of middlings along the process chain of the concentrator. To increase the production efficiency, it is proposed to withdraw the concentrate at each stage of grinding using the expanded-front fine screening and subsequent combined magnetic/gravity separation. This approach to improving the process flow chart takes into account the mineral and material composition of ore, the features of ore pretreatment and separation operations, and ultimately can ensure the production of a concentrate with the quality of 70% Fetotal at the concurrent increase in the technical and economic performance owing to the rational use of energy in the ore pretreatment processes. To implement the technology of stage-wise concentrate withdrawal, it is proposed to use TAPP Group’s Banan-type AURY high-performance multicyclone screens for the preliminary classification of crushed ore and Derrick Corporation’s Superstack fine vibrating screens in combination with magnetic gravity separators MGS-2.0 to produce the finished concentrate. The proposed technology is based on the general principles formulated by Academician L. A. Vaisberg, to whom this article is dedicated.

Heavy Mineral Sands Mining and Downstream Processing: Value of Mineralogical Monitoring Using XRD

Heavy mineral sands are the source of various commodities such as white titanium dioxide pigment and titanium metal. The three case studies in this paper show the value of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and statistical methods such as data clustering for process optimization and quality control during heavy mineral processing. The potential of XRD as an automatable, reliable tool, useful in the characterization of heavy mineral concentrates, product streams and titania slag is demonstrated. The recent development of ultra-high-speed X-ray detectors and automated quantification allows for ‘on the fly’ quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis and truly interactive process control, especially in the sector of heavy mineral concentration and processing. Apart from the information about the composition of a raw ore, heavy mineral concentrate and the various product streams or titania slag, this paper provides useful information by the quantitative determination of the crystalline phases and the amorphous content. The analysis of the phases can help to optimize the concentration of ores and reduction of ilmenite concentrate. Traditionally, quality control of heavy mineral concentrates and titania slag relies mainly on elemental, chemical, gravimetrical, and magnetic analysis. Since the efficiency of concentration of minerals in the different product streams and reduction depends on the content of the different minerals, and for the latter on the titanium and iron phases such as ilmenite FeTiO3, rutile TiO2, anatase TiO2, or the various titanium oxides with different oxidation stages, fast and direct analysis of the phases is required.

Characterization of polymetallic ore and flotation concentrate from the Mária Mine (Rožňava, Špis-Gemer Ore Mts., Eastern Slovakia)

The contribution deal with the study on composition of tetrahedrite-bearing siderite ore from Maria Mine nearby Rožnava and of tetrahedrite concentrate prepared from this ore by froth flotation. The Rožnava ors field consists of two main vein systems, namely Mária and Strieborná (Argenteous/Silvery) ones, respectively. The both vein systems are situated in the Early Paleozoic Gelnica Group of the Gemeric Superunit, in Bystrý Potok Formation (Upper Silurian) and in the Drnava Formation (Early Devonian). The filling of vein systems is formed mainly by siderite, quartz, tetrahedrite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, ankerite, albite, pyrrhotite, marcasite, less tourmaline, sericite, chlorite, apatite, magnetite, etc. The rock surroundings is represented by quartzy metapsammite, sericitic-quartzite and sericitic-graphitic phyllites (Jakubiak, 2008, Blišt’an, 2009, Varga, 2013, Mikus, 2018). Thus, metal ore as a feed to froth flotation and obtained concentrate were subjected to grain size analysis. The grain size fractions were assayed using GA, AAS, MS-ICP and CHNS. Mineral composition of samples was studied using XRD. So, polymetal ore contains 18.99 % SiO2, 37.01 % FeO, 1.84 % MnO, 7.36 % C, 2.36 % Cu, 1.70 % Sb, 0.15 % As, 2.32 % S, 770 ppm Ag and 216 ppm Hg. Tetrahedrite concentrate containing 25.59 % Cu, 19.68 % Sb, 1.19 % As, 20.08 % S, 0.57 % Ag, 1.20 % Hg, 1 % SiO2, 16.16 % FeO, 0.48 % MnO and 2.17 % C at a mass yield of 4 % was prepared. XRD study showed that siderite occurs as a dominant mineral in metal ore. Quartz, tetrahedrite and sericite are presented as accompanying minerals. Accessories are represented by chlorite, probably clinochlore. As to flotation concentrate, tetrahedrite is dominant mineral, which accompanied by siderite. Accessories can be represented by chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, sericite, pyrite, quartz and chlorite.

Study of gold-bearing ores material and mineralogical composition in Lower Angara region

In connection with the involvement in new deposits exploitation, represented by refractory oxidized ores with a fine-dispersed phase and valuable component low content, there have been trends in the processing of this type of raw material. The alluvial gold-bearing sands of Lower Angara region are of practical interest. The results of the material and mineralogical composition of gold-bearing ores made it possible to establish that most rock fragments are quartz-mica schists, which are dilapidated by weathering up to 15% of the sample mass and clay inclusions. Ore by 61.5% is presented with grain size of more than 20 mm. Gold is distributed almost evenly by size class. Basically, gold is found in intergrowths with quartz, mica, pyrite, and clay components. The size of the gold grains ranges from 0.03 to 0.05 mm to several microns. The content of the valuable component was about 3-5%. The result of gravity concentration of the original ores showed the possibility of obtaining gravity concentrates with a metal content of 220-250 g/t, with extraction up to 93-95% and obtaining tailings from 0.3-0.5 g/t, followed by leaching of cyanide and sulfur-alkaline solutions. The extraction of the valuable component into the solution was 80% and 98%, respectively. The results obtained indicate the possibility of processing these types of ores in Lower Angara region.

Material composition analysis and process flow development for the porphyry copper ores of the Yoshlik-1 deposit

The purpose of this research was to analyze the material composition of porphyry copper ores of the Yoshlik-1 deposit (Uzbekistan) and select a cost-effective processing technology for them. It has been found that the deposit has gold- and molybdenum-bearing ores, composed by 83.84–87.68 % of lithophilic components with a distinct silica prevalence (51.6 %). The mass fractions of quartz and feldspars in the sample are 17 and 40 %, respectively. The total mass fraction of alkali and alkaline earth metals is 16.03 %. The mass fraction of carbon is 0.25 %. All carbon is found in carbonates. The mass fraction of iron is 5.12 %, with oxidized iron being the predominant form. According to the sieve analysis data, the mass fraction of copper in the ore samples is 0.34 %. The grain-size analysis showed a sample gold grade of 0.38 g/t. The valuable components are copper, molybdenum, gold, and silver with the grades of 0.34 wt%, 0.0054 wt%, 0.38 g/t and 0.73 g/t, respectively. A centrifugal concentrator was used for a preliminary assessment of free gold recovery into the gravity concentrate. A series of flotation experiments were carried out to select the collector types and rates for the flotation of ore ground to the 70 % passing –0.074 mm class. Potassium butyl xanthate, 442F, and MX5125 were used as collectors at various rates. Based on the results of the studies, a combined gravity/flotation concentration process was recommended for the ore of the Yoshlik-1 deposit.

Integration assessment of the hybrid sulphur cycle with a copper production plant

Copper is the third-most widely-used metal worldwide. However, copper processing is an energy-intensive process consuming large quantities of fossil fuels, both as the reducing agent and for energy which contributes significantly to anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. The hybrid sulphur cycle combines concentrating solar thermal energy with electrolysis to offer strong potential for low-cost green hydrogen production. A preliminary evaluation is reported of the techno-economic potential of this cycle to displace current fossil-based energy sources in an integrated copper mine and refinery (cradle-to-gate approach) at a remote location in Australia with an excellent solar resource. The effect of ore composition on the integration of the hybrid sulphur cycle and copper processing plant is evaluated using models developed in Aspen Plus. The evaluations show that sizing the hybrid sulphur cycle cycle to meet the oxygen demand of the copper refining process is more techno-economically viable than sizing the hybrid sulphur cycle to meet the hydrogen required to replace the fossil fuel demand of the copper processing process. Moreover, it has been found that the integration of the hybrid sulphur cycle with the copper process plant has the potential to decrease both the carbon dixoide emissions and the operational expenditure of copper refineries for ores with a sufficiently high sulphide content (∼50% mass fraction).