Oleic Acid Composition Research Articles

Cloning of Acyl-ACP Thioesterase FatA fromArachis hypogaeaL. and Its Expression inEscherichia coli

In this study, a full-length cDNA of the acyl-ACP thioesterase, AhFatA, was cloned from developing seeds of Arachis hypogaea L. by 3′-RACE. Sequence analysis showed that the open reading frame encodes a peptide of 372 amino acids and has 50–70% identity with FatA from other plants. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that AhFatA was expressed in all tissues of A. hypogaea L., but most strongly in the immature seeds harvested at 60 days after pegging. Heterologous expression of AhFatA in Escherichia coli affected bacterial growth and changed the fatty acid profiles of the membrane lipid, resulting in directed accumulation towards palmitoleic acid and oleic acid. These results indicate that AhFatA is at least partially responsible for determining the high palmitoleic acid and oleic acid composition of E. coli.

Barrier properties of sodium caseinate films as affected by lipid composition and moisture content

This work analyses the effect of lipid addition (oleic acid, beeswax and oleic acid–beeswax mixtures) as well as the influence of the relative humidity (RH), or the equilibrium water content of the films, on the permeability of sodium caseinate based films to water vapor and gas (oxygen and carbon dioxide). The effect that lipid addition had on the gas and water vapor permeability was dependent both on the composition of oleic acid–beeswax mixtures and the film’s moisture content. The addition of lipid mixtures reduced water vapor transfer as compared to the control films (without lipid), whereas pure oleic acid or beeswax were less effective. Both control films and films prepared with pure beeswax showed the lowest O2 and CO2 permeability, whereas the incorporation of oleic acid exponentially increased these values. A linear increase in water vapor and gas permeability was observed when the water content of the film rose, due to its plasticizing effect, which led to an increase in the molecular mobility. Predictive equations for water vapor permeability (WVP) and gas permeability were established as a function of water content and lipid composition.

Validation of DGAT1-2 polymorphisms associated with oil content and development of functional markers for molecular breeding of high-oil maize

The gene encoding acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1-2) is a key quantitative trait locus that controls oil content and oleic acid composition in maize kernels. Here we re-sequenced the DGAT1-2 region responsible for oil variation in a maize landrace set and in 155 inbred lines (35 high-oil and 120 normal lines). The high-oil DGAT1-2 allele was present in most Northern Flint and Southern Dent populations but was absent in five of eight Corn Belt Dent open-pollinated populations and in most of the earlier inbred lines. Loss of the high-oil DGAT1-2 allele possibly resulted from genetic drift in the early twentieth century when a few Corn Belt Dent populations were selected for the development of high-grain-yield inbred lines. Association analysis detected significant effects of two PCR-based functional markers (HO06 and DGAT04; developed based on DGAT1-2 polymorphisms) on kernel oil content and oleic acid composition using the 155 inbred lines. Zheng58 and Chang7-2, the parent inbred lines of elite hybrid Zhengdan958, were used to transfer the favorable allele from the high-oil line By804 using marker-assisted backcrossing with the two functional markers. In BC5F2:3 populations, oil content of the three genotypes (−/−, +/−, and +/+) was, respectively, 3.37, 4.20, and 4.61% (Zheng58 recipient line) and 4.14, 4.67, and 5.25% (Chang7-2 recipient line). Oil content of homozygous kernels containing the high-oil DGAT1-2 allele increased by 27–37% compared with recurrent parents. Hence, these functional markers can be used to re-introduce the high-oil DGAT1-2 allele into modern inbred lines for increased oil content through marker-assisted backcrossing.

Associations of whole-blood fatty acids and dietary intakes with prostate cancer in Jamaica

To investigate the association of whole-blood fatty acids and reported intakes of fats with risk of prostate cancer (PCa). Case-control study of 209 men 40-80 years old with newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed prostate cancer and 226 cancer-free men attending the same urology clinics. Whole-blood fatty acid composition (mol%) was measured by gas chromatography and diet assessed by food frequency questionnaire. High whole-blood oleic acid composition (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: OR, 0.37; CI, 0.14-0.0.98) and moderate palmitic acid proportions (tertile 2: OR, 0.29; CI, 0.12-0.70) (tertile 3: OR, 0.53; CI, 0.19-1.54) were inversely related to risk of PCa, whereas men with high linolenic acid proportions were at increased likelihood of PCa (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: OR, 2.06; 1.29-3.27). Blood myristic, stearic and palmitoleic acids were not associated with PCa. Higher intakes of dietary MUFA were inversely related to prostate cancer (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: OR, 0.39; CI 0.16-0.92). The principal source of dietary MUFA was avocado intake. Dietary intakes of other fats were not associated with PCa. Whole-blood and dietary MUFA reduced the risk of prostate cancer. The association may be related to avocado intakes. High blood linolenic acid was directly related to prostate cancer. These associations warrant further investigation.

Mapping QTLs for oil traits and eQTLs for oleosin genes in jatropha

BackgroundThe major fatty acids in seed oil of jatropha, a biofuel crop, are palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2). High oleic acid and total oil content are desirable for jatropha breeding. Until now, little was known about the genetic bases of these oil traits in jatropha. In this study, quantitative trait locus (QTL) and expression QTL analyses were applied to identify genetic factors that are relevant to seed oil traits in jatropha.ResultsComposite interval mapping identified 18 QTL underlying the oil traits. A highly significant QTL qC18:1-1 was detected at one end of linkage group (LG) 1 with logarithm of the odd (LOD) 18.4 and percentage of variance explained (PVE) 36.0%. Interestingly, the QTL qC18:1-1 overlapped with qC18:2-1, controlling oleic acid and linoleic acid compositions. Among the significant QTL controlling total oil content, qOilC-4 was mapped on LG4 a relatively high significant level with LOD 5.0 and PVE 11.1%. Meanwhile, oleosins are the major composition in oil body affecting oil traits; we therefore developed SNP markers in three oleosin genes OleI, OleII and OleIII, which were mapped onto the linkage map. OleI and OleIII were mapped on LG5, closing to QTLs controlling oleic acid and stearic acid. We further determined the expressions of OleI, OleII and OleIII in mature seeds from the QTL mapping population, and detected expression QTLs (eQTLs) of the three genes on LGs 5, 6 and 8 respectively. The eQTL of OleIII, qOleIII-5, was detected on LG5 with PVE 11.7% and overlapped with QTLs controlling stearic acid and oleic acid, implying a cis- or trans-element for the OleIII affecting fatty acid compositions.ConclusionWe identified 18 QTLs underlying the oil traits and 3 eQTLs of the oleosin acid genes. The QTLs and eQTLs, especially qC18:1-1, qOilC-4 and qOleIII-5 with contribution rates (R2) higher than 10%, controlling oleic acid, total oil content and oleosin gene expression respectively, will provide indispensable data for initiating molecular breeding to improve seed oil traits in jatropha, the key crop for biodiesel production.

Dietary fatty acid composition and metabolic syndrome in Tehranian adults

ObjectiveSeveral studies have shown that dietary and plasma fatty acid (FA) composition can modulate the development of metabolic syndrome, but epidemiologic data are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between dietary FA composition and metabolic syndrome in Tehranian adults. MethodsDietary FA composition and symptoms of metabolic syndrome were assessed in a population-based cross-sectional study of 822 participants (354 men and 468 women, 18–74 y old) as part of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the guidelines presented by the Adult Treatment Panel III. ResultsThe means ± standard deviations for dietary FA composition of total fat, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and saturated FA were 30.3 ± 7.5%, 1.43 ± 1.76%, 2.87 ± 2.19%, and 5.7 ± 2.2% of daily consumed energy, respectively. No significant correlation between the percentage of linoleic or oleic acids and metabolic syndrome was observed. Participants whose consumption of saturated FA was in the highest quartile had a significantly increased probability of acquiring metabolic syndrome (odds ratios by quartile 1, 0.83, 0.91, 0.95, P for trend <0.03). The odds ratios decreased after adjusting for indicators of a healthy lifestyle, including diet. ConclusionThe data from this study indicate that increased consumption of dietary total fat, especially saturated FA, is associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome in Tehranian adults. The relation, apparently, is influenced by an individual’s lifestyle.

A mechanistic study of the enhancing effect of Tween 80 on the mycelial growth and exopolysaccharide production by Pleurotus tuber-regium

Several new observations related to the enhancement effect of Tween 80 on the mycelial growth and exopolysaccharide production by the submerged fermentation of Pleurotus tuber-regium were reported in the present study. Firstly, it was found that the addition of Tween 80 on the 5th day could significantly increase the glucose consumption rate at the later stage of the fermentation compared to the control. Secondly, addition of Tween 80 could maintain the intact structure of the mycelial pellets of P. tuber-regium with little signs of disintegration as observed under microscope and kept the pH value of the fermentation broth at an acidic level lower than that of the control. Thirdly, the oleic acid (C18:1) composition in the mycelial cell membrane was significantly increased from 2.6% (in the control) to 18.5% (with addition of Tween 80) coincided with a decrease in the concentration of Tween 80 in the culture medium. These new findings provide some important insight to the elucidation of the detailed mechanism by which Tween 80 is used as a stimulatory agent in the submerged fermentation of mushroom mycelium.

Oil production from five marine microalgae for the production of biodiesel

Marine microalgae were studied as potential resources for the production of biodiesel. Five marine microalgae, Tetraselmis suecica, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Chaetoceros calcitrans, Isochrysis galbana, and Nannochloropsis oculata were cultured in f/2 media, 12:12 L:D cycle at 20 ± 1°C with a light intensity of 36.3 μmol/m2/sec using a 15-L circular cylindrical photobioreactor. The dry cell weight, specific growth rate, biomass productivity, oil content and fatty acid composition of palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid of microalgae were determined. T. suecica, I. galbana, and N. oculata showed high dry cell weights of 0.58, 0.57, and 0.57 g/L, respectively. The culture period of T. suecica to reach the stationary phase was 9 days. On the other hand, N. oculata showed the longest culture period of 28 days to reach the stationary phase. T. suecica absorbed nitrate at the initial stages of cell growth, decreasing the nitrate concentration to 0.5 mg/L on day-7 of the culture. The highest oil contents were observed in P. tricornutum with a 25.31% dry cell weight and I. galbana with a 23.15% dry cell weight on day-9 after the stationary phase. I. galbana showed 417.33 mg of palmitic acid per g oil and T. suecica showed 235.61 mg of oleic acid per g oil. Stearic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid did not exceed 30.02 mg/g oil in any of the microalgae. T. suecica showed the shortest culture period of 9 days to reach the stationary phase. Therefore, the highest biomass production of 0.58 g/L was obtained and I. galbana showed high biomass production of 0.57 g/ L and oil content of 23.15% of dry cell weight. Therefore, T. suecica and I. galbana can be selected as a potential candidate for the production of biodiesel.

English

&nbsp; Oleate-&Delta;12&nbsp;desaturase (FAD2) is a key enzyme involved in the conversion of oleic acid (C18:1) into linoleic acid (C18:2).&nbsp;Brassica napus&nbsp;FAD2&nbsp;gene was targeted for silencing by its RNAi gene under the control of a seed-specific napin promoter. This study aims to identify the transgenic plants, and analyze the level of&nbsp;BnFAD2&nbsp;transcripts in addition to fatty acid profile in&nbsp;T3&nbsp;seeds. As indicated by PCR and southern blotting analysis, a total of six transgenic plants were developed. Analysis performed by RT-PCR revealed the significant down-regulation of&nbsp;BnFAD2&nbsp;transcripts in developing&nbsp;T3&nbsp;seeds, which resulted in 13.90 to 32.20% increase of oleic acid composition in mature&nbsp;T3&nbsp;seeds. The data demonstrated that&nbsp;BnFAD2&nbsp;gene was efficiently down-regulated and mediated by its&nbsp;RNAigene, and oleic acid composition in transgenic rapeseeds was significantly enhanced. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;RNAi, oleate-&Delta;12&nbsp;desaturase (FAD2) gene, oleic acid,&nbsp;Brassica napus.

Whole-genome association study for fatty acid composition of oleic acid in Japanese Black cattle

Fatty acid composition, especially oleic acid (C18:1), plays an important role in the eating quality of meat in Japanese Black cattle. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify loci associated with C18:1 in the intramuscular fat of the trapezius muscles in Japanese Black cattle using the Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay. We also evaluated the relationship between C18:1 and three fatty acid synthesis genes, fatty acid synthase (FASN), stearoyl-CoA desaturase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1. In this experiment, we applied a mixed model and Genomic Control approach using selective genotyping to perform a genome-wide association study. A total of 160 animals (80 animals with higher values and 80 animals with lower values), selected from 3356 animals based on corrected phenotype, were genotyped using the Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip and three fatty acid synthesis genes, and the quality of these SNPs was assessed. In this study, a total of 38 955 SNPs, which included SNPs in the three fatty acid synthesis genes, were used, and the estimated inflation factor was 1.06. In the studied population, a total of 32 SNPs, including the FASN gene, had significant effects, and in particular 30 SNPs of all significant SNPs were located between 49 and 55 Mbp on chromosome 19. This study is one of the first genome-wide association studies for fatty acid composition in a cattle population using the recently released Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip.

Prediction of Biodiesel Properties from Fatty Acid Composition using Linear Regression and ANN Techniques

Biodiesel is currently the most widely accepted alternative fuel for diesel engines due to its various advantages. The fatty acid composition of vegetable oils affects the fuel properties of biodiesel, such as viscosity, flash point, fire point, cloud point, pour point, iodine value and saponification value. In the present work, biodiesel was prepared from different vegetable oils and its physical properties measured. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) with 6-4-1 and 6-5-1 architecture were used to determine the relative importance of the fatty acid (palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and erucic acid) composition of vegetable oils affecting biodiesel properties. The results show that the ANNs precisely predict the properties of biodiesel derived from certain vegetable oils better than a linear regression model. The relative importance of the input variables shows quantitatively the effect on biodiesel properties.

한우거세우 비육후기 배합사료의 적정 조단백질 및 에너지함량 규명에 관한 연구

Nonghyup FeedABSTRACTSeventy two Hanwoo steers in final fattening period(585.87±41.02kg) were randomly assigned to 3 groups, LPLT(relatively low protein and low energy; CP 12%, TDN 73%), LPHT(relatively low protein and high energy; CP 12%, TDN 75%) and HPHT (relatively high protein and high energy; CP 14%, TDN 75%) in concentrate feed for 163 days in order to investigate the effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and longissimus dorsi muscle's chemical compositions. Rice straw was also fed as a roughage. Because ADGs were higher in LPLT and HPHT than LPHT, feed efficiencies were improved in LPLT and HPHT group(P<0.05). Feeding concentrates with different CP and TDN levels had affected to improve back fat thickness and rib eye area in HPHT group but had no effect on carcass weight and meat yield index. Carcass weight for LPLT, LPHT and HPHT were 420.75±30.56, 417.05±32.03 and 418.32±32.03kg, respectively. Meat quality grade was improved in HPHT(P<0.001), because the marbling score was highest in HPHT group. Auction prices(carcass/kg) of LPLT, LPHT and HPHT group were 17,904 won, 18,094 won and 18,899 won, respectively. The percentage of animals over grade 1 appeared in LPLT, LPHT and HPHT were 79.2, 72.7 and 90.8%, respectively. The results of chemical analysis of longissimus dorsi muscle showed no difference between groups but crude fat composition tended to be higher in HPHT group(P=0.088) than the other groups. Stearic acid contents in the muscle was significantly increased in HPHT group than LPLT group(P<0.05). Myristoleic acid and oleic acid composition in HPHT group was higher than LPLT and LPHT group. These results supported the hypothesis that supplementation of higher levels of crude protein and energy in concentrates to Hanwoo steers' during final fattening period improved the growth performance and the carcass quality grade. (Key words : Hanwoo steers, Crude protein, TDN, Growth, Carcass, Fatty acid)

감자튀김 횟수에 따른 식용유지의 산화 안정성 및 지방산 조성 변화

본 연구에서는 감자튀김 횟수에 따른 각종 식용유지의 화학적 특성 변화를 측정하였다. 식용유지로서는 sunflower oil(SO), canola oil(CO) 및 frying oil(FO)을 사용하였으며, 튀긴 감자에서 추출한 기름의 지방산 조성 변화와 산화 안정성에 대하여 실험하였다. 튀긴 감자에서 추출한 기름의 산화 정도는 산가와 과산화물가를 측정하였다. CO 및 FO를 사용하여 튀긴 감자에서 추출한 기름에 대한 산가는 튀김 횟수가 30회의 경우 초기보다 각각 0.20, 0.17 증가한 결과를 나타내었다. SO의 산가는 CO와 FO에 비하여 그 값이 낮게 나타났다. 과산화물가 측정 결과는 일률적으로 증가하지는 않았다. 지방산 조성 변화에 대하여 측정한 결과 SO 및 FO를 사용하여 감자를 튀긴 경우 튀김 반복횟수가 증가할수록 oleic acid 함량은 감소하고 linoleic acid 함량은 증가하였다. 벤조피렌 생성 유무 측정 결과는 SO, CO 및 FO에서 튀김 초기와 반복 횟수에 따라서 큰 변화는 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 결과 튀김에 사용한 식용유지 종류 및 튀김 반복 횟수에 따라서 지방산 조성에 변화가 나타나며 그로 인하여 유지의 산화 안정성에 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었다.

Selective deficits in erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid composition in adult patients with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder

Background Epidemiological and controlled intervention trials suggest that omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid deficiency represents a reversible risk factor for recurrent affective disorders. However, there is limited comparative information available regarding the n-3 fatty acid status and associated mood symptoms in medication-free patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). Methods The fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes from adult male and female healthy controls ( n = 20) and medication-free patients with MDD ( n = 20) and BD ( n = 20) was determined by gas chromatography. Associations with depression and mania symptom severity scores were investigated. Results After correction for multiple comparisons, both MDD (− 20%) and BD (− 32%) patients exhibited significantly lower erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) composition relative to healthy controls, and there was a trend for lower DHA in BD patients relative to MDD patients (− 15%, p = 0.09). There were no gender differences for DHA in any group. Other n-3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosapentanoic acid (22:5n-3), and n-6 fatty acids, including arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), were not different. Erythrocyte DHA composition was inversely correlated with indices of delta-9 desaturase activity (18:1/18:0), and associated elevations in oleic acid (18:1n-9) composition, and delta-6 desaturase activity (20:3/18:2). DHA composition was not significantly correlated with depression or mania symptom severity scores. Limitations Data regarding diet and life style factors (cigarette smoking) were not available to evaluate their contribution to the present findings. Conclusions Male and female patients with MDD and BD exhibit selective erythrocyte DHA deficits relative to healthy controls, and this deficit was numerically greater in BD patients. Selective DHA deficits are consistent with impaired peroxisome function, which has implications for n-3 fatty acid interventions aimed at preventing or reversing this deficit.

Separation of Oleic Acid from Soybean Oil Using Mixed-Bed Resins

Two mixed bed ion-exchange resins (Dowex Monosphere MR-450 UPW and Amberlite MB-150) were investigated for their ability to remove oleic acid from a laboratory-prepared 5 % (w/w) oleic acid/soybean oil mixture. The performance of the heterogeneous mixed-bed resins to remove oleic acid from the mixture was investigated for resin loading and reaction duration while the mixing rate, reaction temperature, and initial oleic acid composition of the mixture were kept constant. Both resins removed > 93 % of the oleic acid in the sample within 4 h with a 20 % (w/w) resin loading in a nonpressurized batch reactor system at 50 °C. The maximum adsorption capacity for Amberlite MB-150 and Dowex Monosphere MR-450 UPW was determined to be 0.27 g·g−1 (oleic acid/wet resin) and 0.26 g·g−1 (oleic acid/wet resin), respectively. Ion-exchange of oleic acid onto the quaternary ammonium site of the mixed-bed resin was determined to be the mechanism of oleic acid removal. The presented research has promising application in the a...

Simultaneous silencing of FAD2 and FAE1 genes affects both oleic acid and erucic acid contents in Brassica napus seeds

The fatty acid composition in the seed oil was significantly modified following the introduction of transgenes. To further enhance the desirable characteristics of rapeseed oil, it would be beneficial to develop a new approach for the simultaneous silencing of two or more target genes. Our goals in the current study were to (1) increase oleic acid to more than 75%, (2) reduce polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to about 10% and erucic acid to zero, and (3) accomplish these changes in a single-transformation event. In a single transformation, two fragments amplified from the fatty acid (Delta12)-desaturase 2 (BnaFAD2) and fatty acid elongase 1 (BnaFAE1) genes of Brassica napus were linked together to form a fusion fragment. The fusion fragment was then used to assemble unique intron-spliced hairpin interfering constructs. In the transgenic plant FFRP4-4, the expression of BnaFAD2 and BnaFAE1 genes was completely inhibited. The composition of oleic acid in FFRP4-4 rose to 85%, PUFA dropped to 10% and erucic acid was undetectable. All hybrid F(1) seeds obtained from the reciprocal crossing of FFRP4-4 and GX-parents (with different genetic backgrounds) contained more than 80% oleic acid, about 10% PUFA and very low, or undetectable, erucic acid. The results confirmed that the fusion fragment silencing construct can simultaneously and effectively silence the target genes on a consistent basis. The strategy provides a useful tool for detecting gene function and advancing genetic engineering techniques for the improvement of agricultural crops.

DPD Simulations of PMMA‐Oleic Acid Mixture Behaviour in Organic Capped Nanoparticle Based Polymer Nanocomposite

AbstractDissipative Particle Dynamics has been used to investigate the different morphology of polymer nanocomposites. Such a study was addressed to the definition of a suitable tool for understanding the distribution of oleic acid (OA) capped nanoparticles embedded into poly‐methylmethacrylate (PMMA) matrix for the formation of nanocomposite materials. In particular, simulations of PMMA/OA mixtures at different composition have exhibited the self‐assembly of amphiphiles to form separated nanosized domains with different morphologies going from spheres, to tubules up to the formation of continuous planar sheets as the OA composition increases. On the other hand, simulations carried out on nanocomposite systems have shown that NPs do not perturb the observed phase behaviour of PMMA/OA mixtures. In fact, at low OA compositions nanoparticles are confined in the spherical lipid domains to form NP clusters, while at high OA composition NPs appear homogeneously distributed in the continuous lipid domain.

Canola oil increases in polyunsaturated fatty acids and decreases in oleic acid in drought‐stressed Mediterranean‐type environments

AbstractSeed fatty acid (FA) composition, oil and protein (meal) was assessed on five canola (Brassica napus) varieties in 14 cropping environments in southern Australia, including several low rainfall drought‐stressed environments. We modelled the relationship between seed quality attributes and growing season rainfall and temperature using a linear mixed model. Variance components for variety and years within locations were relatively large, but variance components for variety × environment interaction were small or insignificant for most seed quality traits. Mean oleic acid content varied from 57% in ‘Surpass 300TT’ to 62% in ‘ATR‐Beacon’. As growing season rainfall decreased from 300 mm (moderate) to 150 mm (severe drought stress), mean oleic acid decreased by 3.8%, linoleic acid increased by 2.0%, linolenic acid increased by 1.7%, and saturated FA decreased by 0.4%. Seed oil (% dry weight) decreased by 3.2% and protein in meal (% dry weight) increased by 3.9% across the same rainfall range. High oleic acid composition was associated with higher rainfall and cooler average minimum and maximum temperatures during the growing season.

Differences in Adipocytokines and Fatty Acid Composition between Two Adipocyte Fractions of Small and Large Cells in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Objective: This study was conducted to compare the differences in adipocytokines and fatty acid composition between two fraction sizes of small and large cells from subcutaneous and visceral fat of mice receiving a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods: Body weight, blood glucose and cholesterol levels, and adipocyte diameter distribution were examined. Total adipocyte fractions could be separated into the small-cell fraction (SCF) and the large-cell fraction (LCF). Adipocytokine expression, fatty acid composition and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) expression were compared between SCF and LCF. Results: In HFD mice, body weight, glucose and cholesterol levels were significantly higher than in NCD mice. The adipocyte diameter of HFD mice continuously increased throughout the feeding period regardless of the fat depot. The expression of adipocytokine genes such as angiotensinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, adipsin, leptin, TNF-α and adiponectin was higher in LCF than SCF. The ratio of stearic acid to the total fatty acid content was lower in SCF than LCF, whereas oleic acid composition was higher in LCF. SCD expression was higher in LCF than SCF. Conclusion: Our results indicate that large adipocytes strongly express adipocytokine genes and show high oleic acid composition via SCD upregulation. Based on these findings, the differences in fatty acid composition between adipocyte sizes may be related to adipocytokine expression.

Agronomic Management System and Precipitation Effects on Soybean Oil and Fatty Acid Profiles

This study investigated long‐term agronomic management systems and precipitation level effects on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] total oil content and fatty acid composition. Management systems evaluated included conventional (CT), no‐till (NT), low chemical input (LI), and zero chemical input (ORG). Total oil content and major fatty acids profiles were analyzed by accelerated solvent extractor (ASE 200) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (FID). The results showed these four management systems have limited influence on soybean grain total oil content and oleic acid (O) and linoleic acid (L) compositions. The NT management system significantly improved soybean oil yield on a land‐area basis as a result of higher annual grain yields. Soybeans grown under the NT management system had as high or higher palmitic acid (P) composition than the other three management systems; similarly, the CT treatments had as low or lower linolenic acid (LN) composition in soybean when compared with the other three management systems. The levels of stearic acid (S), O, L, and LN had a significant quadratic relationship (R2 = 0.64–0.75) with total (July–September) precipitation. The oil quality ratio of O/(L + LN) had a quadratic relation with precipitation.