Composition Of Municipal Waste Research Articles

Seasonal variability of the quantity and morphological composition of generated waste and selectively collected waste.

Waste delivered to the Marszów Plant was tested in order to research the effect of seasonal fluctuations on the quantity and composition of generated municipal waste and on the quantity and composition of selectively collected waste. Waste samples were collected once a month from November 2019 to October 2020. The results of the analysis showed that the quantity and composition of municipal waste generated during a week are different in terms of the subsequent months of the year. The quantity of generated municipal waste per capita per week ranges from 5.75 to 7.41 kg (cap·wk)-1, on average 6.68 kg (cap·wk)-1. The maximum values of the weekly indicators for generating the main material components of waste per capita were higher than the minimum by several up to more than 10 times (textiles). The total quantity of selectively collected paper, glass and plastics increased significantly during the conducted research at a rate of approx. 5% per month. The level of recovery concerning this waste over the period between November 2019 and February 2020 averaged at 29.1%, and between April and October 2020 it was nearly 10% higher (39.0%). The material composition of selectively collected waste in subsequent measurement series often differed. It is difficult to link the observed changes concerning the quantity and composition of the analysed waste streams with the seasons of the year, although weather conditions undoubtedly impact the consumption and functioning models of people, thus impacting the size of waste streams.

Multi-level stratification of territories for waste composition analysis.

The fundamental knowledge at all levels of decision-making related to waste management is the quantity and composition of waste. Many articles deal with methods for estimating the composition of municipal waste, but most details are given as to how many categories should be chosen and what technical procedure should be followed. In order to obtain a broader view and a reasonable evaluation of the results, it is necessary to select the areas where the analyzes will be performed effectively. Current approaches have insufficiently addressed this issue at the regional and national levels. This paper presents a method that uses multi-level stratification to divide municipalities into similar groups to reduce the number of observations needed to obtain an estimate of the composition of waste in a selected area (region or state level). The method combines expert knowledge with statistical considerations and makes use of cluster analysis. Socio-economic and waste-related parameters are used within the individual steps. Regarding the available financial resources and the required accuracy of the results, the municipalities in which the analyzes should take place are selected. These representative municipalities represent other municipalities in the created groups, and thanks to them, it is possible to estimate the composition of waste in any municipality, region, or larger territory. Waste analysis planning is an essential procedure for waste management, but the respective costs represent a crucial factor at the national level and even more for individual municipalities. Estimating waste composition impacts the transition to sustainable waste management and is thus a key element for further development in this sector. The presented method demonstrates the selection of 10 representative municipalities from the Czech Republic, but an arbitrary number can be set respecting the financial resources. Estimating the composition of the mixed municipal waste for the Czech Republic should cost around 72,000 euros for ten representatives with different distribution of dwelling types. The method is described in general and can be applied to any territory/country in the world, considering local conditions and possibilities.

The Real Share of the Morphological Components of Municipal Waste Generated in Municipal Systems in Poland

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the real share of the morphological components of the municipal waste generated in the municipal systems in Poland (all municipal waste collected from the communes). So far, the analysis of the morphological composition of municipal waste has not involved all of the waste streams. In addition, it is necessary to use factors for correcting estimates of waste mass to prevent false increases in the mass of certain groups of waste. Determining the real morphological composition of municipal waste is necessary for proper calculation of the levels of readiness for the re-use and recycling of municipal waste. This study shows that bio-waste accounted for the largest mass share of 28.68%, followed by paper, glass, and plastic, constituting 10.78%, 10.59%, and 10.29%, respectively. This study reveals the proportion of the rubble and mineral fractions is 6.60% in total; however, these fractions should not be found in municipal waste, according to the given definition of this waste and the indicated codes for municipal waste. The content of <10 mm and 10–20 mm fractions was high, amounting for a total of 11.60%. The <20 mm fine fraction contained, among other components, glass, earth, bio-waste, plastics, ceramics, and small stones. The following conditions contributed to the high share of the fine fraction: the crumbling of various groups of waste, the time of storage at the place of production, incorrect separate collection of waste by primary producers, and the means by which it was transported to waste treatment plants. This causes the morphological composition of the generated waste to differ from that of the waste supplied for treatment. For this reason and others, it is necessary to change the methodology for determining the morphological composition of municipal waste generated in the Polish municipal systems.

Energy Recovery from Waste—Closing the Municipal Loop

Municipal waste management in the EU has been challenged to a thorough transformation towards a Circular Economy. It is addressed by a number of quantitative policy targets, including a restriction on municipal waste landfilling to 10% in 2035. This paper presents the data on municipal waste composition in a large Polish city, based on thorough waste sorting analyses. On average, 374 kg of municipal waste is collected per capita in Wroclaw, of which 41% are separately collected fractions. The approach to implement the EU recycling targets until 2035 is presented, including an increase of sorting and recycling efficiency and a significant share of recyclables being retrieved from the residual waste fraction. Notwithstanding the recycling targets, an important stream of residual waste remains, amounting to 200 k ton in 2020 and approx. 130 k ton in 2035, which is available for energy recovery. The respective LHV values range from 8.5 to 7.6 MJ/kg. The results indicate that the residual waste stream, after satisfying the recycling targets, is still suitable for energy recovery through the whole period until 2035. Moreover, it is a necessary step towards closing the materials cycling in the municipal sector and the only option so far to reduce landfilling sufficiently.

Evolution of pyrolysis and gasification as waste to energy tools for low carbon economy

AbstractThe paper aims to review the state of the art in the field of pyrolysis and gasification of waste and to identify approaches that can be prospective considering the upcoming transformation of society. The results show that the transition to a circular, low carbon economy will significantly change the composition of municipal wastes, making thermochemical approaches more and more competitive. However, it does not mean that pyrolysis and gasification will outperform incineration in the field of traditional waste to energy. Novel thermochemical waste management approaches must not be viewed as competitors, but rather as the successors of the traditional mass‐burn incineration. The transition to a circular, low carbon economy will result in an emergence of new needs, new products and thus in possibilities of new pyrolysis and gasification‐based business models different from the waste to energy concept. Negative emissions, energy storage, stabilization of renewable grids as well as renewable fuels must be mentioned as examples of such new products. Thus, thermochemical processing technologies should be embedded into the wider concept of circular, low carbon economy as the source of energy for recycling, a technology of tertiary recycling of synthetic polymers and as a way to transform nonrecyclable rejects into fuels, negative emissions, and other marketable products.This article is categorized under: Bioenergy > Systems and Infrastructure

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM EFFICIENCY IN SOME COUNTIES FROM ROMANIA AND POLAND

In recent years, technology and innovation have also reached the field of waste. They provide an excellent opportunity to improve policies aimed at minimizing waste generation and achieving resource efficiency. However, the degree of introduction of innovative equipment and practices varies significantly from one territory to another. The comparative analysis carried out on within 5 years, showed noticeable changes in the counties in Romania and Poland initiated by the EU and national legislation which indicated an increase in the amount of waste recovered. However, the achieved efficiency of limiting the deposited waste was different at the level of exceeding 70 % and higher of 0.10 kg an average indicator of waste accumulation per capita in Bacau County. Two counties mainly difference composition of municipal waste with predominance of biodegradable waste (60 %) in Bacau County and glass waste (35 %) in Nowy Sącz County with raw material properties. Differences were also noticeable in the case of hygiene fees with exceed of average value 20 EUR in Nowy Sącz County. The gradual increase in the amount of recycled waste and covering all residents with hygiene services should be considered beneficial which indicates an improvement in environmental awareness.

The Implementation of Character Building to Improve Resident Participation in Waste Management

Household waste commonly dominates the municipal waste composition, indicating a vital role of residents’ participation in solving waste problems. Various efforts have been made to encourage resident’s participation. However, many approaches implemented cannot keep participation sustainable. Previous studies showed that educating residents through nurturing moral values is influential in improving waste management behaviour. Meanwhile, the moral value becomes the core of character building, implying that character building could have a role in resident-based education to enhance waste management behaviour. In fact, character building can change individual behaviour sustainably. Thus, this study aimed to figure out the possibility of implementing character building to nurture sustainable waste management behaviour and investigate how character-building was implemented. Using a case study approach, we explored a resident-based education in Neglasari, Bandung, Indonesia, that implemented moral value as the educational strategy. This study found that some primary activities were conducted to transfer moral value. The learning activities were focused on nurturing moral knowing, moral feeling, and moral action as central components of character building. However, implementing character building seemed to take time and required iteration to get a sustainable change in the behaviour. Nevertheless, it is worth to continue to gain significant benefits.

Perencanaan Teknis Operasional Pengelolaan Sampah Di Permukiman Padat Penduduk (Kelurahan Kota Bambu Selatan)

In 2019 the West Jakarta Administrative City was recorded to be able to produce 700 tons of waste per day. The existence of a high level of population density causes problems in waste management operations to also increase. Especially in the procurement of land, facilities and infrastructure for waste management. The purpose of this planning is to plan an effective and efficient waste management system through the 3R concept (Reuse, Reduce, Recyle) in densely populated residential areas. The method used is based on SNI 19-3964-1994 concerning Methods for Taking and Measuring Samples of Generation and Composition of Municipal Waste. Waste management planning which includes packaging, collection, removal, processing, and final transportation will be planned for 20 years (2020-2040) through three stages of planning. Based on the sampling results, the amount of waste generated in Kelurahan Kota Bambu Selatan was 152 liters/day with a waste generation rate of 1.5 liters / person / day. The composition of the waste consists of 64.97% organic and 35.03% non organic. The planned waste reduction potential is 70% with a target of 30% of the amount of waste entering the TPST. The main components in 3R-based planning are reducing waste at the source and increasing the potential for waste reduction through waste banks and 3R TPS.

Analysis of kitchen organic waste for processing using Black Soldier Flies in Kecamatan Cibiru, Bandung, West Java

Black Soldier Flies (BSF) is a type of fly that is larger than ordinary flies and is famous for its ability to consume and reduce organic waste, especially kitchen organic waste (KOW). KOW processing using BSF will be carried out in Kecamatan Cibiru, Bandung City, so the characteristics of KOW produced by the community need to be analyzed. The number of samples is calculated based on SNI M 36-1991 on Method of Taking and Measuring Example of Formation and Composition of Municipal Waste, obtained 63 households, which are then divided into 3 income groups. Results show the average KOW generation in populations with high, medium and low incomes are 0.223, 0.153, and 0.103 kg/person/day, respectively. Based on the speed of consuming KOW by BSF where the composition of KOW is divided into 3 categories, the results are obtained that 47% KOW is consumed quickly, 29% KOW is consumed slowly, and 24% KOW is not consumed. It was also found that the high income population turned out to contribute the highest fast eaten KOW compared to the middle and low income population. This turned out to be influenced by cooking patterns and patterns of handling leftovers.

Overview of Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Energy Utilization Potential in Major Cities of Indonesia

Problems in municipal solid waste sector remains a challenge to solve for the government of Indonesia. Processing waste into fuel, or known as refuse derived fuel (RDF), are some of the technological alternatives considered to tackle the waste problem. This paper aims to describe recent information on municipal solid waste generation in major cities of Indonesia, including DKI Jakarta, Tangerang, Bekasi, Bandung, Semarang, Surakarta, Surabaya, Makassar, Denpasar, and Palembang, and to overview its potential for energy utilization as refuse derived fuel (RDF). Municipal solid waste generation in Indonesia was assessed based on sources, generation rate, and composition data by year of 2018. Data was obtained from the State Ministry of Environment and Forestry’s (SMEF) national inventory of waste generation website, the National Waste Information System (SIPSN). To assess refuse derived fuel (RDF) potential, waste characteristics such as calorific value, water content, volatile content, ash content is evaluated for each composition. In those cities, municipal solid waste generation rate was 0,69 kg/capita-day, with 1780 tonnes/day generated on an average per city. Household sector was significantly the largest source of municipal solid waste generation in all cities in Indonesia, which contributed 44-75% to total waste generated. The composition of municipal waste consists of 43.78% of food waste, 16.05% of paper, and 14.08% of plastics. The result of calculations showed that, mixed municipal solid waste from those cities has high water content with average of 49.94%, high volatile content with average of 53.34%, and low ash content with average of 6.12%. Calculated heating value of the mixed municipal solid waste is 9.5 MJ/kg which is lower than standard for refuse derived fuel of 12.56 MJ/kg. Therefore, sorting and pre-treatment mixed municipal solid waste in Indonesia is necessary to meet the criteria of refuse derived fuel material.

Municipal Solid Waste Mass Balance as a Tool for Calculation of the Possibility of Implementing the Circular Economy Concept

Municipal waste management system modeling based on the mass balance of individual waste streams allows us to answer the question of how the system will react to organizational changes, e.g., to the expected reduction in the amount of plastics or the introduction of a deposit for glass and/or plastic packaging. Based on the data on Polish municipal solid waste and the forecast of changes in its quantity and composition, as well as demographic data, a balance model was prepared to assess the impact of introducing higher and higher levels of recycling, in accordance with the circular economy assumptions on the waste management system. It has been shown that, for the Polish composition of municipal waste, even if the assumed recycling levels of individual streams are achieved, achieving the general target level of 65% recycling in 2025/30 may not be feasible. The possibility of achieving a higher level of recycling will be possible due the introduction of selective ash collection from individual home furnaces, while the impact of reducing the amount of plastics or introducing a deposit on packaging is minimal. The calculations also showed that, to complete the waste management system in Poland, we need at least 3.5 million Mg/year of incineration processing capacity and the present state (approx. 1.3 million Mg/year) is insufficient.

Issues of municipal wastes utilization in urban territories

In present work the analysis of the solid municipal waste management system of the city of Samara was carried out. The utility garbage generated by the city district of Samara and its handling methods were assessed. The experimental studies were carried out to determine the morphological composition of SMW formed from the activity of different age groups of the population. Ii was found that municipal waste composition was dominated by food, plastic and paper wastes which could be easily used as secondary raw materials. The lack of primary sorting was found to impede waste recycling processes. The measures to change the existing garbage disposal system in Samara were proposed.

Municipal solid waste management in Gachsaran county, Iran – landfill site selection

This study was conducted as part of the Integrated Waste Management Plan of Gachsaran county. Gachsaran county suffers from serious problems with regard to municipal solid waste management (MSWM). Poor collection and transportation systems, poor final disposal in landfill, illegal recycling activities and illegal waste pickers are among current problems. The required data regarding waste characteristics were collected through field studies. The current MSWM in Gachsaran county including waste generation, handling, separation and transportation as well as physical and chemical analyses were examined. According to the results, urban and rural per capita waste generation rates in the county are 844·5 and 551·1 g/d, respectively. Biodegradable materials have the highest percentage of the municipal waste composition. Also, since the current landfill location was seriously opposed by locals, a landfill site-selection study was performed by using Arc GIS software. Considering certain criteria, the analytical hierarchy process was used to determine the relative weight of each criterion. Finally, a number of suggestions were provided to enhance the performance of waste management in the study area.

Analysis of municipal waste generation rate in Poland compared to selected European countries

The generated municipal waste rates provided in the planning documents are a tool for forecasting the mass of waste generated in individual waste management regions. An important issue is the decisive separation of two concepts: waste generated and waste collected. The study includes analysis of the generation rate for Poland with division into urban and rural areas. The estimated and projected rate of municipal waste generation for Poland provided in subsequent editions of National Waste Management Plans (KPGO) changed since 2000 within wide range from about 300 to more than 500 kg per capita in an individual year (kg/pc/year). Currently, the National Waste Management Plan for the years 2017-2022 estimates municipal waste generation rate at approx. 270 kg/per capita/year with a projected increase to 330 kg/per capita/year in 2030. Most European countries adopt higher municipal waste generation rate, often exceeding 600 kg/per capita/year. The objective of the paper is therefore to analyze the causes of this difference in the declared values. The morphological composition of municipal waste stream in Poland and in selected European countries (e.g. France, Belgium, Switzerland) was analyzed. At present it is not possible to balance the value of the generation rate with the rate of waste collection in Poland. The conducted analyzes allow for determining a number of reasons for variation of the rate value in particular countries, mostly morphological composition of municipal waste, inclusion of household-like waste from infrastructure facilities or not and amount of waste collected in rural areas. The differences in the generation rates and provided possible reasons indicate the need to harmonize the methodology for estimating rates of municipal waste generation in various countries, including Poland.

SIMULATIONS OF THE INFLUENCE OF CHANGES IN WASTE COMPOSITION ON THEIR ENERGETIC PROPERTIES

The objective to obtain the recommended (at least 50% by weight) level of recycled and reprocessed raw fractions of municipal waste in the perspective of 2020 might in turn contribute to the deterioration of the fuel properties of waste stream that is intended for incineration. In order to avoid oversizing heat recovery plants their construction should be based on well-defined properties of the waste fuel. The author carried out simulation calculations of the impact of changes in the composition of municipal waste on their energetic properties. The calculations of the calorific value of the waste fraction (so called combustible fraction) with the potential to be used as an alternative fuel were done.

Pilot Study of Generation and Disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes in Selected Household in Rural Areas in the South-Western Poland

Abstract Pilot study of the composition of wastes was carried out in 15 rural family households engaged in agricultural activity. In the study group the average resident of rural areas generates about 166 kg of municipal wastes annually. The conducted studies showed that the composition of municipal wastes coming from rural households changes seasonally. During the periods of summer and autumn, the quantity of bio-wastes increased distinctly. The average mass of wastes transferred to the companies engaged in the collection of wastes in the analyzed rural households is almost 50 kg · M–1. year–1. The studies showed that over 80% of organic wastes (kitchen and garden) is utilized in the place where they are generated. In the studies, organic wastes were collected selectively (in separate bags), which undoubtedly had infiuence on their humidity (70–90%). Laboratory analysis of these wastes showed that the ratio C:N in it was from 7 to 19, whereas pH lay within the limits from 5.8 to 6.9 indicating its very good properties for the composting process. Therefore composting of organic waste from rural household should be recommended as the best way for its disposal and the weight reduction of biodegradable waste going to landfills. Comparison of the analyzed variants showed that some waste other than kitchen and garden does not leave the holding (it is re-used or burned in home hearths).

Seasonal variation of municipal solid waste generation and composition in four East European cities

The quality of recyclable and residual municipal solid waste (MSW) is, among other factors, strongly influenced by the seasonal variation in MSW composition. However, a relatively marginal amount of published data on seasonal MSW composition especially in East European countries do not provide sufficient information on this phenomenon. This study provides results from municipal waste composition research campaigns conducted during the period of 2009–2011 in four cities of Eastern European countries (Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine and Georgia). The median monthly MSW generation values ranged from 18.70 in Kutaisi (Georgia) to 38.31kgcapita−1month−1 in Kaunas (Lithuania). The quantitative estimation of seasonal variation was performed by fitting the collected data to time series forecasting models, such as non-parametric seasonal exponential smoothing, Winters additive, and Winters multiplicative methods.

STUDY ON THE COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE IN URBAN AREAS OF PRAHOVA COUNTY

In Romania s industrialized areas there are a large number of people, and therefore the amount of generated waste becomes important. Moreover, waste management activities have a high share in local and national administration. Prahova County had the highest national average density of 62.83 inhabitants/km2. With two major cities, Ploiesti and Campina, the composition of the urban and rural waste stored in landfill does not always respect the existing norms at national and local level. The study developed in the present paper was elaborated in order to find the alternatives and practices necessary to be implemented to reduce the landfilled municipal waste and to increase the degree of recycling. This is based on the analysis of municipal waste composition in the two areas. Based on this analysis, we proposed the construction of a sorting station to reduce the amount of recyclable waste landfilled and to minimize environmental impacts.

The effect of developing nations' municipal waste composition on PCDD/PCDF emissions from open burning

Open burning tests of municipal waste from two countries, Mexico and China, showed composition-related differences in emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs). Twenty-six burn tests were conducted, comparing results from two laboratory combustion facilities. Waste was shredded to isolate composition-specific effects from those due to random waste orientation. Emissions ranged from 5 to 780 ng toxic equivalent/kg carbon burned (ng TEQ (kg Cb)−1) with an average of 140 ng TEQ (kg Cb)−1 (stdev = 170). The waste from Mexico (17 ng TEQ (kg Cb)−1) had a statistically lower average emission factor than waste from China (240 ng TEQ (kg Cb)−1. This difference was attributed primarily to waste composition differences, although one time-integrated combustion quality measure, ΔCO/ΔCO2, showed statistical significance between laboratories. However, waste composition differences were far more determinant than which laboratory conducted the tests, illustrated using both statistical techniques and comparison of cross-over samples (wastes tested at both facilities). Comparison of emissions from previous waste combustion tests in Sweden and the U.S.A, showed emission factors within the range of those determined for Mexico and China waste. For laboratory-scale combustion, existing emission factors and test methodologies are generally applicable to both developed and developing countries.

Waste composition analysis to estimate prevalence of recyclables to develop a

Waste composition analysis is an internationally recognized approach to collecting data to help inform decision makers, improve the waste management service and to develop effective waste management strategies for a given region. Past research has shown that the amount of waste generated is proportional to the population and the average mean living standards or the average income of the people. In addition, other factors may affect the amount and composition of waste. These are climate, living habits, level of education, religious and cultural beliefs, and social and public attitudes. This paper presents the findings of a study carried out in a Kirulapone Division in Colombo municipal area in Sri Lanka within a week in September 2009 to determine waste composition based on field work. The aims of the study were to determine the aggregate composition of the Kirulapana division disposed MSW Stream, and assessing the levels of recyclables and bio degradable waste remaining in the residual waste. In order to collect the data for the given aims, unloaded waste was mixed together byusing front-end loader. Then mixed waste was divided into several piles each pile approximately weighing one ton. Three composite samples were taken at randomly selected points of each pile. Each collected sample was weighted and the components were separated as bio degradable, polythene, plastics, glass, paper and cardboard, tin (metal), coconut shells and others (textile, leather, shoes, ceramic and stone). Thereafter each part was weigted separately. Collected data was analyzed to calculate the mean prevalence of each item. At present, about 8 tons of solid waste is generated daily from activities in Kirulapana division. According to the gross composition of municipal waste (percentage by weight) in Kirulapana waste stream, the largest fraction of the waste consisted of organic matter (58.13%), followed by polythene (11.8%), plastics (3.2%), card board and paper (9.75%), metal (tin) 1.18%, glass (1.8%), and coconut shells (3.6%). In aggregate, these seven material classes constitute 89.46% of the total weight, with each of the remaining components constituting 10.54%. The finding shows that 58.8% of bio degradable materials which is good source for the compost and 29.53% of non biodegradable recyclable materials. At present there is a high demand for non degradable recyclable materials. Therefore 89.46% of waste can be used for income generation. It will help maintaining an economically viable waste management project if approached through source separation at the household.