Composition Of Municipal Solid Waste Research Articles

Qualitative and quantitative characterization of municipal solid waste and the unexploited potential of green energy in Tunisia

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is one of the major environmental issues in Tunisian cities. Rapid growth in urbanization and population rates and the changes in people’s lifestyle have prompted a dramatic increase quantity and a significant shift in the composition of municipal solid waste. There is insufficient data concerning the quantities and the composition of waste streams along with the absence of a comprehensive complete overview and a wider perspective of MSWM potential that provides detailed information at region and city level. As a result, it is still impossible for the scientific community and the authorities to provide synergetic schemes to tie the problems of MSWM with how to integrate economically feasible and environmentally sustainable practices holistically. In the present study, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive overview of MSW, through a qualitative (compositional) and quantitative (parametric) characterization of the generated total waste generated in Tunisian cities. A 1-year research survey was conducted in seven regions in Tunisia (Great Tunis, Northeast, Northwest, Midwest, Mideast, Southwest, and Southeast) that cover the 24 provinces of the country. Collected samples revealed that the distribution of waste by region was defined by the region’s demographic, economic, and industrial status. Approaches of possibly more efficient procedures that can be undertaken to improve MSW collection are discussed. At a final stage and based on the potential of biogas calculated in the seven regions, we suggest that the scientific community and the authorities should introduce applicable schemes to valorize MSW through generating biogas as a renewable energy.

Seasonal characterisation of municipal solid waste from Astana city, Kazakhstan: Composition and thermal properties of combustible fraction.

This study presents the results of a seasonal municipal solid waste composition campaign, that took place over the period of September 2017 to June 2018 in the capital city of Kazakhstan, Astana. Four sampling campaigns were conducted in order to identify the seasonal variation of municipal solid waste composition, recyclables and energy potential materials, such as combustible fraction, useful for the evaluation of waste-to-energy potential. The combustible fraction was analysed for thermal fuel properties, such as proximate and elemental analyses and gross calorific value. The results over the four different seasons showed that the average recyclable fraction of municipal solid waste on a wet basis of 33.3 wt.% and combustibles fraction was 8.3 wt.%. The largest fraction was the organics (47.2 wt.%), followed by plastic (15.4 wt.%) and paper (12.5 wt.%). Small seasonal variations were observed for organics, paper, plastic and glass fractions. The highest values were found in summer for the organic waste, in spring for paper and plastic and autumn for glass. The recyclables fraction showed an absolute seasonal variation of 5.7% with a peak in the winter season (35.4%) and the combustibles fraction showed a seasonal variation between 8.3 wt.% to 9.4 wt.%. Finally, the average calorific value of the combustible fraction was estimated to be 21.6 MJ kg-1 on a dry basis.

An evaluation of alternatives to energy recovery from municipal solid waste part 1: waste flow and energy potential

ABSTRACT This two-part paper, which consists of Part 1: waste flow and energy potential, and Part 2: energy balance and carbon footprint, respectively, aims to evaluate alternatives to energy recovery from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Pyongyang. This first part focuses on an evaluation of alternatives to energy recovery from MSW in terms of waste flow and energy potential analysis. This paper proposes three alternatives to energy recovery from MSW, and conducts an evaluation of energy potential for the alternatives, based on an analysis of the existing MSW management options (i.e., recycling & reuse, incineration, landfill, and composting) in the municipality, inclusive of MSW composition and characteristics of waste flow (i.e., refuse-derived fuel) being fed to energy recovery. The results show that alternative 3 (i.e., gasification reactor) could produce the largest electricity, followed by alternative 1 (i.e., grate combustor and fixed dome reactor) and alternative 2 (i.e., fluidized bed combustor). In the meanwhile, alternative 1 accounts for 29.9% of the largest gross efficiency, followed by alternative 3 and alternative 2, as 29.7% and 28.0%, respectively. This study can provide a possibility of energy recovery from MSW to the local planners in Pyongyang.

QUANTIFYING THE ORGANIC WASTE GENERATED FROM THE FRESH MARKET IN KUNDASANG TOWN, SABAH

It is necessary to assess solid waste generation to identify the rate by which we generate waste. A rapid increase in solid waste generation constitutes a significant challenge for developing countries such as Malaysia. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is the primary source of solid waste generated in Malaysia and covers 64% of the total waste composition. 45% of the average composition of Malaysian MSW is dominated by organic waste (e.g. food, vegetable and fruits). This is followed by recyclable waste (e.g. plastic, paper and metal) at 30% with the remaining made up of non-recyclable waste (e.g. polystyrene). The Fresh Market in Kundasang town, Sabah is a major contributor to the increase of organic waste generated in the Ranau district. As such, it has the potential to implement effective composting practices. This study was conducted to determine the total amount of organic waste generated as well as the organic waste generation rate in the Fresh Market. The sampling was conducted among 148 sellers in the Fresh Market over a period of two weeks (5th August - 18th August 2017). Total organic waste generation was 13,147.50kg, while the organic waste generation rate was 6.35kg/premise/day. The value for municipal solid waste generation recorded by Majlis Daerah Ranau (MDR) in three varied routes of Kundasang during August 2017 (Jalan Pekan Kundasang, Jalan Mesilou and Jalan Kota Kinabalu) were 17 tonnes, 15 tonnes and 13 tonnes respectively. This shows that the solid waste generated in Jalan Pekan Kundasang was the highest compare to Jalan Mesilou and Jalan Kota Kinabalu. This study presents the current status of organic waste generation which can serve as preliminary baseline information.

QUANTIFYING THE ORGANIC WASTE GENERATED FROM THE FRESH MARKET IN KUNDASANG TOWN, SABAH

It is necessary to assess solid waste generation to identify the rate by which we generate waste. A rapid increase in solid waste generation constitutes a significant challenge for developing countries such as Malaysia. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is the primary source of solid waste generated in Malaysia and covers 64% of the total waste composition. 45% of the average composition of Malaysian MSW is dominated by organic waste (e.g. food, vegetable and fruits). This is followed by recyclable waste (e.g. plastic, paper and metal) at 30% with the remaining made up of non-recyclable waste (e.g. polystyrene). The Fresh Market in Kundasang town, Sabah is a major contributor to the increase of organic waste generated in the Ranau district. As such, it has the potential to implement effective composting practices. This study was conducted to determine the total amount of organic waste generated as well as the organic waste generation rate in the Fresh Market. The sampling was conducted among 148 sellers in the Fresh Market over a period of two weeks (5th August - 18th August 2017). Total organic waste generation was 13,147.50kg, while the organic waste generation rate was 6.35kg/premise/day. The value for municipal solid waste generation recorded by Majlis Daerah Ranau (MDR) in three varied routes of Kundasang during August 2017 (Jalan Pekan Kundasang, Jalan Mesilou and Jalan Kota Kinabalu) were 17 tonnes, 15 tonnes and 13 tonnes respectively. This shows that the solid waste generated in Jalan Pekan Kundasang was the highest compare to Jalan Mesilou and Jalan Kota Kinabalu. This study presents the current status of organic waste generation which can serve as preliminary baseline information.

Anaerobic Conversion of Biodegradable Municipal Solid Waste to Biogas: A Review

Huge quantity of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is generated daily. This waste comprises a biodegradable portion which can be converted into biogas (bioenergy) by anaerobic digestion (AD). This study reviews MSW and its management, AD feedstock and their characteristics, factors affecting biogas production in a biodigester and anaerobic co-digestion of Organic Fraction of MSW (OFMSW) with other substrates. Municipal solid waste is managed through waste diversion (reduction, reuse, recycling and recovery) and waste disposal (controlled incineration, landfilling and controlled dumping). AD feedstock includes agricultural waste/residues, animal wastes, energy crops, food waste, forestry crops and residues, organic industrial waste and wastewater, weeds, aquatic algae, sewage and OFMSW. The essential factors that influence the production of biogas are temperature, pH, mixing rate, carbon/nitrogen ratio, organic loading rate, micro and macro-nutrient availability, retention time, nature of the feedstock and digester type. Anaerobic co-digestion of OFMSW with other substrates results in improved AD process stability, enhanced biogas productivity, maximization of the capacity of available feedstock for anaerobic digestion. It is also a cost-effective and improved technique to optimize anaerobic digestion process via the increase in nutrients and bacterial variety in substrates. The generation rate and composition of MSW, as well as the characteristics of OFMSW feedstock for anaerobic digestion, are required for the design of a full-scale biodigester for municipal use. The information provided in this review is invaluable to researchers, governments, industries and other stakeholders interested in anaerobic conversion of biodegradable solids to bioenergy.

Feasibility and Barriers for Anaerobic Digestion in Mexico City

Due to the high organic fraction in municipal solid waste (MSW) composition in Mexico City, anaerobic digestion (AD) is considered as a viable treatment method for organics in this study. The most feasible way refers to the waste from the wholesale market Central de Abasto, which is predominantly organics. This work aims to perform a business plan and discuss the barriers for AD technology in Mexico. In this case study, the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) approach is applied to estimate the profitability of the project. The net present value of this project is positive, and the model resulted in a payback period of 7 years. Identified barriers to feasibility of energy generation through biogas of MSW in Mexico include the need for large investment, low profitability through sales of electricity, and no use for generated heat. An attractive panorama for clean energy in Mexico was not evidenced, even though the Energy Reform took place in 2013. However, the environmental analysis also demonstrates a positive environmental impact of 730 kg CO2 per 1 Mg of MSW. Therefore, support incentives are needed to promote the use of other by-products of the AD process, such as heat and digestate.

Analysis of the Composition and Properties of Municipal Solid Waste and Their Use as Carbonaceous Feedstock in Underground Coal Gasification Process

The development of new technological solutions in municipal solid waste management will reduce the adverse impact on the environment and human health. There are different methods of thermal disposal of municipal solid waste, such as incineration, pyrolysis,and gasification. The most effective and environmental method of thermal disposal is the gasification of solid wastes. This paper discusses the possibility of municipal solid waste gasification in underground coal gasification process and the prospects of gasification method following on from the analysis of the composition and properties of municipal solid waste. Municipal solid waste is a valuable carbonaceous feedstock that can be used in an underground coal gasification process to increase the life cycle of the underground gasifier, to produce additional volumes of synthesis gas, to stow the ash of municipal solid waste in mined-out space of underground gasifier. Operations of municipal solid waste preparation need to improve the efficiency of the gasification process. A considerable volume of municipal solid waste is an alternative carbonaceous resource, which can provide the needs of power and chemical industry for synthesis gas.

Feasibility study of municipal solid waste for producing refuse-derived fuel (RDF): A case study of Bangkok, Thailand

The objective of this study was investigated the potential of municipal solid waste (MSW) to produce refuse-derived fuel from Bangkok municipality. The composition, heating value and proximately content were analyzed. The amount of MSW in Bangkok generated was approximately 4.86 million tons or 13,327 tons/day in 2017. About 79.5% was disposed by landfill and 20.5% was recycled. The compositions of MSW were biodegradable (49.58%), combustible (36.32%) and non-combustible (14.10%) wastes. Moisture content was 59.5±8.6% (as received), volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash were 72.4±3.2%, 8.2±0.5% and 19.4±0.5% (as dry basis), respectively. Heating value was 20.03±0.52 MJ/kg. These results indicated that MSW from Bangkok municipality is potential to produce the refuse-derived fuel. To reduce the environmental impacts as well as energy recovery, the MSW might be alternative sources of renewable energy in the future.

Assessment of the Environmental, Technical and Economic Issues Associated with Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste in Malaysia

Malaysia is a fast emerging economy country and its outlook on sustainable energy production are at the center of debate. Although waste to energy (WtE) technologies are well established but the disconformity of the municipal solid waste (MSW) composition, the complexity of the treatment facilities, and the pollutant emissions still express considerable issues for these technologies. Hence, this study focuses on WtE technologies in Malaysia by considering the energy potentials of the landfill sites and incineration plants as the most common effective MSW in Malaysia. The major environmental, technical and economic issues associated with WtE technologies were evaluated. An annual growth rate of 3.3% has been projected for MSW production in Malaysia. The most common used WtE technologies were incineration and controlled landfill to capture Landfill Gas (LFG). Malaysia MSW contains 60% biodegradable fraction, making landfills a potential source of LFG. Although, the potential of energy recovery from waste in Malaysia is high but the current production is less than 20 MW of electricity per day.

THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOUR IN A COMBINED CYCLES OPERATING WITH BIOGAS AND MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

The research and development of technologies using wastes have been advanced over the last decades. Along these lines, the use of biogas from landfills, and Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) as fuel has a relevant role in the context of energy generation and environmental protection. The use of MSW as fuel to produce energy has the advantage to abate the use of landfills, which are responsible for problems such as space loss and sanitation that large cities have to deal with. However, the MSW and biogas available in landfills have been used individually to generate power, or in systems where energy conversion is in development. Thus in this research the choosing of the technology that better fits in thermal conversion systems, using MSW and biogas, was carried out. The main technologies of thermal conversion of MSW, including gasification, pyrolysis, and incineration, were verified. Among the technologies above, incineration is the most and its present used in huge-sized facilities in the world. Regarding the most used technologies for thermal energy conversion of biogas, combustion in boilers, or engines and small turbines, can be addressed. Therefore, it is possible to verify that most of those systems can use many kinds of fuels; furthermore, there are many options to combine these technologies, for instance, using Combined Cycles. The present work aims to perform a thermodynamic analysis (energy and exergetic analyses) of a Combined Cycles composed of the internal combustion engine to burn biogas, and a gasification system of MSW combined with a system to burn syngas to produce steam and operate in a Rankine cycle. Because the MSW and biogas compositions are not singular over time, a thermodynamic analysis evaluating the influence was performed of this variation in the behavior of the power plant.

Compressibility and shear strength behaviour of fresh and aged municipal solid wastes

The effects of ageing on the compressibility and shear strength parameters of synthetic representative average municipal solid waste (MSW) compositions of Europe (E), Turkey (T) and the USA (U) were investigated in comparison with those of fresh samples. In addition to the synthetic fresh and aged samples, tests were conducted on natural fresh and aged MSW samples which had been collected from the Manisa landfill. The results have shown that the primary compression index ratio value of the fresh E sample is lower than that of the aged E sample, which has a higher content of paper and cardboard waste. As ageing progresses, the compression index ratio values of T and U samples increased. The results of the large-scale direct shear test present that aged samples have a higher angle of internal friction. In contrast, the cohesion values decrease as ageing progresses. The results have shown that the most important waste constituents affecting the primary compression index ratio of fresh and aged MSW samples are the kitchen and garden waste fraction and the paper and cardboard waste fraction.

ESTUDO DA COMPOSIÇÃO GRAVIMÉTRICA DOS RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS EM SANTA CRUZ DO SUL, BRASIL

A implementação de estratégias de gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) parte da etapa de estudo das características dos resíduos. O conhecimento dessas características permite a identificação das melhores ações, seja visando a redução da geração dos resíduos ou para coleta destes, além da viabilização da implantação de tecnologias para o tratamento e para a disposição dessas matérias. O presente trabalho objetiva a obtenção de informações relativas à composição gravimétrica dos RSU gerados no município de Santa Cruz do Sul, município brasileiro de médio porte, buscando apresentar subsídios para a tomada de decisões no que diz respeito ao gerenciamento dos RSU. Para tal, foi realizada a caracterização dos RSU gerados no município. As amostras de resíduos coletadas foram encaminhadas para separação de seus componentes por meio da técnica de quarteamento, segundo a ABNT nº. 10.007/2004. Observou-se que os materiais passíveis de reciclagem representam 28,44%, a fração orgânica corresponde a 41,65%, e os rejeitos somam 29,91% da massa de resíduos sólidos gerados e coletados. A realização do estudo permitiu constatar o alto potencial de aproveitamento dos RSU gerados, bem como a importância da adoção de políticas públicas que visem à separação dos resíduos na fonte, implementação de coleta seletiva e triagem dos resíduos passíveis de reciclagem, além do aproveitamento dos resíduos compostáveis.

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE QUANTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION IN BANYUWANGI, INDONESIA

<strong>Aim:</strong> This study aims to identify the characteristics and generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Banyuwangi. <strong>Methodology and Results:</strong> The solid waste characterization was carried out in two areas in Banyuwangi, referring to the Indonesian National Standard (<em>Standar Nasional Indonesia</em>/SNI) 19-3964-1995. The results show that the highest composition is organics of 36% (39% from households/HSW and 35.35% from Non-HSW). The highest solid waste (SW) generation from industrial areas and train station are 0.61 and 1.38 kg/population.day, respectively, while the SW density from the bus station is 375.46 kg/m3. The weight, volume, and density of household solid waste (HSW) are 0.17 kg/population.day, 2.02 L/population.day, and 81.07 kg/m3, respectively. The population of Zone 1 and Zone 2 is 142.054 in 2016, generating 8,814 tons of HSW per year (tpy). <strong>Conclusion, significance and impact study:</strong> The main MSW compositions in Banyuwangi are organics (36%), plastics (17.20%), and papers (15.78%). Household solid waste generation in Banyuwangi reaches 8.8 tons per year with the primary compositions of 39% organics, 18.92% residues, 18.4% papers, and 14.4% plastics. The highest number of residue defines that 81% of solid waste can be recycled.

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE QUANTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION IN BANYUWANGI, INDONESIA

Aim: This study aims to identify the characteristics and generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Banyuwangi. Methodology and Results: The solid waste characterization was carried out in two areas in Banyuwangi, referring to the Indonesian National Standard (Standar Nasional Indonesia/SNI) 19-3964-1995. The results show that the highest composition is organics of 36% (39% from households/HSW and 35.35% from Non-HSW). The highest solid waste (SW) generation from industrial areas and train station are 0.61 and 1.38 kg/population.day, respectively, while the SW density from the bus station is 375.46 kg/m3. The weight, volume, and density of household solid waste (HSW) are 0.17 kg/population.day, 2.02 L/population.day, and 81.07 kg/m3, respectively. The population of Zone 1 and Zone 2 is 142.054 in 2016, generating 8,814 tons of HSW per year (tpy). Conclusion, significance and impact study: The main MSW compositions in Banyuwangi are organics (36%), plastics (17.20%), and papers (15.78%). Household solid waste generation in Banyuwangi reaches 8.8 tons per year with the primary compositions of 39% organics, 18.92% residues, 18.4% papers, and 14.4% plastics. The highest number of residue defines that 81% of solid waste can be recycled.

Composition, Generation and Management Method of Municipal Solid Waste in Addis Ababa City, Central Ethiopia: A Review

Municipal Solid Waste management is one of the most fundamental issues in the contemporary urban environments particularly in developing countries like Ethiopia. A huge generation of waste coupled with unbalanced waste management services is the major challenges facing the City of Addis Ababa. A continuous increase of production of more wastes and change in the composition of waste into complex, the waste management practice is challenged by low prioritization of waste management, limited revenues for financing waste management with the ever increasing population of this city. This retrospective study received documents from books, thesis works, annual waste management conference reports, journals on waste management, newsletters, abstracts and proceedings which can properly address the main factors that strongly hinder proper waste management and the extent to which community is aware of appropriate waste disposal systems in Addis Ababa city. The mechanism of Addis Ababa city Sanitation, Beautification and Park Development Authority to coordinate stakeholders has played a vital role in waste management. However, the daily monitoring of waste management by the community development section has not been sufficient because of poor governance where accountability, participation and transparency are lacking. It is also unauthorized solid waste dumping practice problem in different locations and has an effect on water sources and its resources. Effective involvement of both private and public sectors should improve waste management and provide door-to-door collection, street sweeping and facilitate drainage disposable canals. Therefore, an integrated solid waste management practice should be implemented for the City and also for the surrounding environment. As a result, strong political will, multi-sectoral approach, public awareness and participation, strategic planning, adequate funding and the adoption of Integrated Solid Waste Management is recommended SWM system required in Addis Ababa city.

Potential of Fruit Peels in Becoming Natural Coagulant for Water Treatment

Recycling, composting and the conversion of waste to energy go hand-in-hand in Malaysia, which striving for sustainable waste management. In order to assess what the best alternatives are, it is important to first understand the generation and composition of municipal solid waste (MSW). The objective of this study was to determine the generation rate and composition of MSW in Malaysia TVET campus. The survey was conducted at the Industrial Training Institute, Kuala Lumpur (ITI KL). In this study, the waste composition was categorized into 6 components, in reference to the 2014 World Bank Guidelines, namely organic/food, paper, plastic, glass, metal and others. The results from this study revealed that the rate of solid waste generation at the cafeteria was 0.141kg/capita/day (9,176.00kg per year) and 0.039kg/capita/day with an estimated 7,811.00kg per year at the dining hall. The highest composition for both sampling points was organic or food waste with cafeteria generating 82.87% (20.84kg/day) and dining hall 92.53% (19.80kg/day). This study recommends three effective practices that are suitable for improving commercial solid waste management at TVET campus in Malaysia, which are composting of food waste, giving a reward/merit/penalty as enforcement and providing adequate systematically segregated recycle bins.

Physical components and influence factors of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the residential area of Beijing

The treatment, disposal and management of municipal solid waste strongly depend on the composition and characteristics of municipal solid waste. The Physical composition of MSW and its influencing factors were investigated and analyzed in the residential of Beijing area. The result showed that the composition of MSW in four seasons was similar, and the kitchen was the main composition of MSW, accounting for 69-74% of the total amount of MSW. The average age of families, educational backgrounds, family income and building area have a great influence on the physical proportion of MSW. As the average age of the family increases, the proportion of other wastes was gradually reduced, the proportion of the harmful waste was increased. With the increase of educational backgrounds and family income, the content of kitchen waste decreased, while the content of recyclable waste increased obviously. The 50 square meters was used as a dividing point for the residential area of the family, the kitchen waste decreased at first and then increased, while the proportion of disposable packaging and other waste increases at first and then decreases with the increase of building area.

The Generation Rate and Composition of Municipal Solid Waste During the Asian Games XVIII at Jakabaring Sport City Palembang

Jakabaring Sport City is an integrated sports area of 325 Ha, consisting of sports and residential facilities. During the sporting event, the volume of municipal solid waste (MSW) from this region increases along with the number of visitors and athletes who are active in the region. This study aims to measure the generation rate and composition of MSW in the Jakabaring Sport City area during the sporting activities, namely the XVIII Asian Games. Measurements were carried out for seven days in the span of the XVIII Asian Games (18 August 2018 - 2 September 2018). Sampling was carried out in nine sports facilities and all residential facilities located at Jakabaring Sport City (athletes homestead, rental apartments, and apartments), according to the distribution of MSW containers in each facility. The MSW generation rate is obtained by dividing the total volume of waste by total visitors and the day of use of sports or residential facilities. While the composition of MSW (in the wet weight fraction) is divided into organic waste and inorganic waste (plastic, paper and residue). The measurement results show differences in the rate of MSW generation between sports facilities and residential facilities in the Jakabaring Sport City area. In sports facilities, MSW generation rate is measured at 0.0329 kg/person/day with the composition of MSW dominated by organic waste (= 59.19%). The measured density of MSW in sports facilities was 525.80 kg/m3. Whereas in residential facilities, the MSW generation rate is measured at 0.7255 kg/person/day, with the composition of MSW dominated by inorganic waste (= 42%). The average waste density in residential facilities is 270.57 kg/m3. The rate of MSW generation in residential facilities is higher than the rate of MSW generation in the sports area, may be due to differences in usage hours of the two types of facilities. Further research is needed on the rate of waste generation per hour of use in sports facilities during a sporting event in the region.

Forecast of the morphological composition of municipal solid waste in Moscow (Russia)

The article provides data on forecasting the composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the city of Moscow (Russia). The paper proposes a methodology for predicting the morphological composition of MSW and checks its operability. It was found that using the regression equations it is possible to fairly reliably (with an error within 5%) predict the composition of the main fractions of MSW (food waste, polymers, paper, screenings, etc.), however, it is almost impossible to predict the particle size distribution in this way, since it depends on changes consumer pReferences and should be evaluated in an expert way.