Composition Of Municipal Solid Waste Research Articles

Development of municipal solid waste management guidelines in biological crisis based on international experiences and considering local techno-economic characteristics

In addition to health consequences, the Covid-19 pandemic has had important effects on the environment and lifestyle. Municipal solid waste management faced serious challenges due to consequence of the Covid-19 pandemic. In this study, the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the quantity and composition of municipal solid waste in Tehran were investigated. The international experiences of municipal waste management in the Covid-19 pandemic were reviewed and the results were used to develop a guideline for waste management in epidemic conditions adapted to local characteristics. The results showed that changes in the quantity of municipal solid waste affected by the Covid-19 pandemic had temporal and spatial variation. The most change in quantity by 15.81% was seen at the beginning of the pandemic, and non-recyclable waste had the most ratio change among the components of municipal solid waste (144%). The emergence of scattered point sources of infectious waste generation was the most important consequence of the epidemic in municipal solid waste management. These experiences were the basis for defining a guideline for the management of municipal solid waste in biological crises. A guideline in six activities and more than 90 items based on the local characteristics such as available equipment, general culture, local economy, and quantitative changes was defined.

A STUDY ON EFFICIENT MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FOR DEGRADATION FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE OF CHHATRAPATI SAMBHAJINAGAR, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

With rapid industrial development and the progress of civilization, the problem of increased waste generation has become more complex in urban areas. This research evaluates the composition and characteristics of municipal solid Waste produced in a representative residential neighbourhood. Ten samples were taken from the disposal site of the Chhatrapati—Sambhajinagar (Aurangabad) city area. Gathered from garbage, nine bacterial isolates were made using a nutrient agar medium. Investigations were conducted into the best culture conditions, microbiological traits, biochemical traits within the strains, tolerance to five heavy metals (Cadmium, zinc, Arsenic, lead and mercury), sensitivity to four different antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline, and gentamycin), and extracellular enzyme production of the microbial strains. All six strains that could produce protease were used for the waste degradation efficiency test. Due to these findings, there is now a greater chance of identifying bacteria of scientific significance from municipal waste disposal sites, and these isolates may be a key source of compounds with practical applications in industry. Based on the research, it is possible to extract beneficial bacteria for the environmentally friendly bioconversion of solid Waste from the (Chhatrapati. Sambhajinagar (Aurangabad) city area.

Transitioning towards circular economy through municipal solid waste analysis and characterisation using SowaCLINK software

Municipal solid waste constitutes environmental challenges globally, especially in developing countries, due to increasing waste generation, population growth, inadequate infrastructure, lack of data and poor planning. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive waste audit on the municipal solid waste generated in Aba, a metropolis in southeastern Nigeria. Aba is a commercial city considered the messiest because of the massive municipal solid waste generation and poor management. The study investigated the energy potential and waste regeneration. Municipal solid waste data was sought to provide insight into the quantity and composition of municipal solid waste. The methodology was site-based, in line with the standard test method for determining unprocessed municipal solid waste (ASTM-D5231-92) and SowaCLINK software, a computer-based environmental application, was used for characterization. Linear extrapolation was adopted to quantify the rate of municipal solid waste generated. The geometric mean was applied to forecast the area’s population for a 10-year design period. The chemical elements of the characterized municipal solid waste were utilized based on the ASTM-D5291 standard for municipal solid waste thermochemical conversion, and the high and low heating values were analyzed. The outcomes provided energy recovery potential, the electrical power potential, and the power to the grid of electrical power of the municipal solid waste. The results obtained were 0.7813 kg/p/d and 490,268 t/y for a population of 1,719,185 persons. The percentage of the municipal solid waste components with energy potential was 71%, comprising 48% combustible and 23% organic components on average. The high heating value computed was 176.5 MJ/kg, and the low heating value was 14 MJ/kg. The energy recovery potential was 3,709,463 MWh, the electrical power potential was 38,680 MW, and the power to the grid was 26.1 MW daily. The research reveals a promising direction in transitioning from the linear economy of municipal solid waste management toward implementing an integrated sustainable municipal solid waste management based on the circular economy model. The study recommends adopting detailed steps to proffer solutions to the environmental challenges associated with municipal solid waste in most low-middle-income countries to achieve sustainable municipal solid waste management while generating electricity and bio-fertilizers through incineration and anaerobic digestion.

A method for determining the recycling value of unprocessed municipal solid waste in one cubic meter waste composition analysis technique

The transition from conventional landfill-centric waste management to resource-centric methodologies necessitates an enhanced comprehension of municipal solid waste (MSW) composition and its inherent value. Existing methodologies documented in the literature exhibit a lack of standardization, impending the formulation of a systematic engineering approach for MSW characterization and valuation. This study introduces a methodology specifically tailored to discern the composition of waste origination from urban households and evaluate its recyclability within the confines of a circular economy framework, Employing a volume-based measurement approach, aims to estimate the recycling value of waste materials. The study's outcomes contribute significantly to quantifying the potential recycling value that accrues to society. Furthermore, the validation of the proposed protocol elucidates the dynamic nature of recyclable value as it traverses the intricate pathways of the waste supply chain. This insight facilitates the formulation of commercial models grounded in circular economy principles for the effective management of household solid waste. Empirical findings reveal that the total recycling value fluctuates within the range of USD 3.39 and USD 5.76 per cubic meter of waste volume, contingent upon the specific waste composition at the experiment site. Additionally, the proposed methodology uncovers the nuanced variability in MSW composition and recycling value across diverse household collection patterns, identifying mixed plastic, paper, cardboard, mixed MSW, and clothing as primary constituents. The application of this methodology extends beyond mere quantification, providing a foundational framework for simulating the latent recycling value embedded within MSW samples. This, in turn, offers invaluable support to strategy developers, policymakers, and entrepreneurial ventures engaged in the sustainable management of household solid waste. In essence, this study establishes the groundwork for a comprehensive understanding of MSW composition and its recyclability, facilitating informed decision-making in the pursuit of a circular economy.•Novel methodology based on one cubic meter (1m3) composition analysis of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW).•A new method to evaluate the recycling value of Municipal Solid Waste.•A basis for business model development for the waste-to-resource conversion model.

A Comparative Benefit-cost Analysis for the Potential Waste Management Options for the Western Province, Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka generates 7,000 metric tons of solid waste per day while only 3,242 tons are being collected. Within the Western province 1783 metric tons are collected daily. Management of municipal solid waste is mainly a responsibility of local governmental entities. Only a few waste management options are often practiced while economic aspects of this problem are rarely taken into consideration. The present study was designed therefore with the objective of analysing current and potential waste management options for the western province and identifying the best option that maximises the net benefit to the country. Seven different options for municipal solid waste management were identified for the analysis (option 1–open dumping; 2-sanitary landfilling; 3- recycling paper, polythene, glass and other recyclable waste (15%) and open dumping the rest; 4- composting the biodegradable (62%) and open dumping the rest (38%); 5-composting the biodegradable (62%), recycling paper, polythene, glass and other recyclable waste (15%) and open dumping the remaining; 6–waste to energy handled by the government; 7–waste to energy collaborated with private organizations). Then costs and benefits, including environmental costs related to each option were identified and quantified using literature and information obtained from interviews held with coordinators of waste management projects under both government and private sectors. Economic cost-benefit analyses were conducted for the seven options for a period of 30 years assuming that a constant amount of municipal solid waste (100 MT) per day is treated by each method. All seven models were developed on the basis of current municipal solid waste composition. According to the net present value analysis, five options resulted in negative net present values, while options four and five showed positive net present values. In the next step, the value of compost was re-estimated considering the replacement benefit of imported nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer which has yielded a much higher net present value than earlier. Furthermore, option five was identified as the economically most profitable option. The results of the study will provide guidance toward designing the most economically and environmentally viable waste management options for urban areas of Sri Lanka. 
 Keywords: Municipal solid waste, Composting, Recycling, Cost-benefit analysis

Long-term implications of municipal solid waste (MSW) classification on emissions of PCDD/Fs and other pollutants: Five-year field study in a full-scale MSW incinerator in southern China

Understanding how municipal solid waste (MSW) classification influences the physiochemical properties and incineration emission characteristics of MSW is imperative for sustainable waste management. To investigate how long-term changes in the composition and physical properties of MSW resulting from MSW classification affect the emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and multiple flue gas pollutants, a five-year experiment (2018–2022) was conducted in a full-scale MSW incinerator in Shenzhen City, China. After MSW classification, the food waste in MSW was substantially reduced while the paper, textile, and wood components were notably increased. MSW classification also remarkably decreased the water and chlorine contents of MSW while concomitantly increasing the wet-based calorific value, sulfur content, and nitrogen content. Consequently, the PCDD/Fs emissions declined from 106.7 ng I-TEQ/t MSW in 2018 to 26.0 ng I-TEQ/t MSW in 2022. Moreover, a process-tracing experiment demonstrated noticeable decreases in PCDD/F synthesis in the post-combustion area, with mass-reduction efficiencies of 23.6 %–95.4 %. In a correlation analysis, the PCDD/F emissions were significantly positively correlated with food waste, water content, and chlorine and negatively correlated with the wet-based calorific value and nitrogen content. Furthermore, MSW classification reduced the emissions of conventional flue gas pollutants (SO2, CO, and HCl) and multiple heavy metals (total sum of Sb, As, Pb, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, and Ni). In summary, the long-term study demonstrated that MSW classification can feasibly separate incombustible waste, improve combustion quality, and reduce pollutant emissions from sources. These findings offer practical guidance for promoting MSW classification.

Comprehensive Study of Energy Characteristics and Biohazard Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste from the Landfill of the City of Atyrau

This article presents the results of the study of the morphological composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) from the landfill of Atyrau city, and the waste’s energy characteristics and presence of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. This study was carried out under a government order to determine the feasibility of recycling accumulated and incoming waste into electricity and its hazard to the environment and the workers involved in handling it. At the moment, there is no MSW recycling in Kazakhstan, which has led to the accumulation of more than 125 million tons of waste with an annual increase of 5 million tons. The research included four major cities (Almaty, Shymkent, Atyrau and Astana), which were selected not only on the basis of population, but also because the cities were located in different climatic zones. Samples were collected at the city landfills: 10 samples with an average distance of 100 m from each other were collected to provide a maximum coverage of both recently received waste and long-time stored waste. The research showed that neither climatic conditions nor the population size had a significant impact on MSW density, the values of which ranged from 120.1 kg/m3 to 145.4 kg/m3, as this indicator directly depends on the quality of life. The mass of the combustible fraction ranged from 39.41% to 54.62% and was mainly represented by plastic, textile and paper waste. The average value for the four cities was 50.30%. The higher calorific value fell in the range of 24.22–30.49 MJ/kg, with an average value of 26.71 MJ/kg. Microbiological studies showed little difference in average composition regardless of climatic conditions. Thus, no sharp differences in MSW composition, its energy characteristics and microbiological composition were found. The results of this study may be useful for optimising MSW recycling and disposal processes, as well as for developing measures to reduce their negative impact on the environment and human health.

Cooperative Event-Triggered Fuzzy-Neural Multivariable Control With Multitask Learning for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Process

Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is an industrial process with multiple mechanism reactions, which has strong coupling and time-varying dynamics. It is extremely difficult to design a feasible multivariable controller for MSWI process due to the complex composition of municipal solid waste and fluctuation of calorific value. To solve these problems, a cooperative event-triggered fuzzy-neural multivariable controller with multi-task learning (CETFNMC-MTL) is proposed to realize the adaptive multivariable control of MSWI process. First, a fuzzy-neural multivariable controller is established to control furnace temperature and oxygen content synchronously. Second, a dynamic self-organizing mechanism based on multi-task learning is designed, which splits and merges neurons by calculating the dynamic time warping distance and cumulative contribution of neurons in the continuous time. Third, a cooperative event-triggered mechanism is introduced to improve controller update efficiency while reducing mechanical wear and computational burden. Then, the stability of parameters learning and structure self-organizing process is analyzed to guarantee the successful application of CETFNMC-MTL. Finally, the effectiveness of the controller is tested with process data from an MSWI plant in Beijing, China. The results show that the proposed CETFNMC-MTL has adaptive learning ability, while reducing energy consumption and improving control accuracy.

Study on morphological composition of waste and the estimation of greenhouse gases from waste landfilling from the Republic of Moldova

The paper summarizes the research results on the development country country-specific emissions factors for the Greenhouse Gas Inventory (GHGI) for Source Category “5A Solid Waste Disposal on Land”, namely the degradable organic carbon (DOC), fraction of degradable organic carbon which decomposes (DOCf) and fraction of methane. The factors are determined based on the results of the survey on the composition of municipal solid waste, which was investigated during one year in the Republic of Moldova: from spring 2023 to 2024. The obtained morphological composition and results refer to three seasons: spring, summer and autumn and offer the opportunity to observe the variations among the seasons. After finalizing the survey on morphological composition, the final results will be used for estimation of country specific emission factors, which will allow to estimate accurately the emissions of methane from landfilling of waste in the Republic of Moldova, necessary for the development of a policy framework and tracking the progress in achievement of NDC. It will also improve the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) methodologies and Emission Factors for assessing the GHG emissions originating from the waste sector.

Sustainable Energy from Waste: A Feasibility Study in Miri, Malaysia

The growth of urban populations, industrialization, and economic development has led to a surge in solid waste production. When local recycling infrastructure falls short, much of this waste ends up in landfills, causing environmental and social challenges. This study aims to assess the feasibility of converting municipal solid waste (MSW) into energy, with a focus on combustion chamber modeling in Miri, Sarawak. Data on MSW composition are obtained from secondary sources. Ansys Fluent software is used to model the combustion chamber, and simulations are conducted to explore temperature, turbulence, and species distribution. MSW composition illustrates higher substantial fractions, with 39.8% being food waste, followed by 20.7% plastic/rubber. Calorific values range from 4652 kJ/kg for food waste to 32564 kJ/kg for plastic/rubber. Combustion simulations result in maximum flue gas temperatures of 1500 °C, 1200 °C, and 1800 °C under varying air inlet conditions. Turbulence intensities on the grate range from 125% to 174% for these air inlet configurations. The study concludes that moisture content significantly affects calorific value and heat generation during combustion. Higher turbulence intensities lead to increased reaction rates and heat generation, improving the energy efficiency of the process.

Ordu İlinde Kentsel Katı Atık Yönetimi ve Sıfır Atık Stratejisinin Değerlendirilmesi

Zero waste management is a broad concept that covers all areas that produce waste such as public institutions and organizations, local governments, industrial facilities, hospitals, educational institutions, tourism facilities and workplaces. In this study, the amount, composition, management and transition process to zero waste management system of municipal solid waste in Ordu were investigated. In Ordu, a coastal city of the Eastern Black Sea region, municpal solid waste is collected by the dual collection method and disposed of in a sanitary landfill. Approximately 69% of the municipal solid waste composition consists of organic waste and 7% consists of hazardous and non-recyclable waste. The recycling potential of municipal solid waste in the province is 24%. The zero waste approach has reduced the amount of solid waste going to landfills, increased the amount of waste going to recycling and facilitated energy recovery from non-recyclable waste in Ordu.

Data-Driven Optimal Control for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Process

Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is a dynamic industrial process involving complex physical and chemical reactions. Due to the uncertain municipal solid waste (MSW) composition and dynamic operation conditions, it is difficult to guarantee optimal operation for the MSWI process. To solve this problem, a data-driven optimal control scheme is proposed with a hierarchical control structure. In the set points optimization stage, an online adaptive fuzzy neural network (OAFNN) is designed to construct the objective functions, including combustion efficiency and NOx emission concentration. An adaptive mutation particle swarm optimization (AMPSO) algorithm is developed to obtain the optimal set points of oxygen content in flue gas. In the control stage, a double long short-term memory neural networks-based model predictive control (DLSTM-MPC) strategy is exploited. A self-organizing long short-term memory (SOLSTM) network is employed to predict the oxygen content in flue gas with a compact structure. To reduce the influences from dynamic disturbances and further improve the tracking control performance, another long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network is established to correct the prediction results. Finally, the set points optimization method and DLSTM-MPC strategy are combined to realize the optimal operation of the MSWI process. The effectiveness of the proposed optimal control scheme is verified by real industrial data. The experimental results demonstrate that the optimal control scheme can achieve promising tracking control performance of oxygen content in flue gas and improve the operational performance of the MSWI process.

Characterising and Analysing the Composition and Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Delhi, India

This research presents a comprehensive analysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) composition and characteristics from four landfill sites in Delhi, India. The study reveals that the moisture content in the MSW from all sites was below 40%, impacting leachate formation and microbial activities. Varied compositions were observed among the sites, with the Okhla landfill having higher paper and plastic content, while the Ghazipur landfill exhibited elevated wood content. Recycling emerges as a crucial focus, with approximately 36.5% of the waste comprising reusable materials like plastic and paper. Composting, particularly vermicomposting, proves to be a promising waste disposal method due to the substantial organic content (approximately 75%) in the MSW. These findings hold significant implications for waste management policies in Delhi, encouraging sustainable practices and effective waste treatment strategies for a greener future.

Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste in Some Urban Agglomeration in the Past Five Years

The treatment and disposal of municipal solid waste has increasingly become a common concern around the world, and the characteristics of municipal solid waste(MSW) are an important basis for the selection of terminal treatment methods. In this study, more than 400 MSW samples from over 30 cities across China were collected, and the basic physical and chemical properties, such as the physical composition, pollutant content, and calorific value, were analyzed. Shenzhen was taken as an example to analyze the influence of time and waste sorting measures on the physical and chemical characteristics of MSW. The correlation model between MSW composition and calorific value was established using partial least squares(PLS) regression, and the model was verified. The results showed that with per capita GDP increasing by 10,000 yuan, per capita MSW production and the low calorific value of MSW increased by 0.1 kg·(person·d)-1 and 373.8 kJ·kg-1, respectively. However, when per capita GDP was less than 60,000 yuan, the correlation between per capita GDP and per capita MSW production was relatively poor. Kitchen waste was still the most abundant component of MSW, and the content of most samples was between 40% and 60%. The combustible content of rubber/plastic and paper was relatively high, between 20%-30% and 10%-20%, respectively. The inorganic content did not usually exceed 5%, and the moisture content of the MSW was between 50% and 60%. After the implementation of waste classification in 2019, the content of kitchen waste in MSW had been significantly reduced, the content of rubber/plastic had increased, and other components had not changed much. Additionally, the calorific value of waste had been improved to a certain extent. The pollution element contents in MSW, S Cl, and N were all below 1%, and the average value was:N>Cl>S. The contents of Hg, As, Cr, Cd, and Pb in MSW samples did not change significantly with the composition and sampling time, and the content of Pb and Cr in MSW was affected by the environmental background value. The model analysis revealed that rubber/plastics and moisture content were the main variables that affected the calorific value of MSW. The deviation between the measured value and the predicted value was less than 20% for 85.96% of the samples. The model established in this study can meet the needs of the prediction of the calorific value of MSW.

Effects of socio-economic status and daily variation on municipal solid waste composition: a preliminary analysis for sustainable planning and development in Aligarh City.

In the context of developing countries such as India, with great differences in people's living standards and different communities, municipal solid waste (MSW) management is one of the most promising problems in front of municipal organizations. Unlike every city in India, Aligarh City also faces the same problem of municipal solid waste management. This problem not only affects the esthetic view but is also hazardous to people nearby health. Currently, solid waste collected is either dumped in landfill unscientifically or partially treated by A to Z waste management (limited) by composting. In the present study, an effort was made to know about the per capita waste generation and variations in the quantity of different components of the MSW in five different regions of the city with dissimilar living standards. Also, weekly variation was analyzed in the study. One-way ANOVA analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences is performed to investigate the variations in the mean composition of different components. The per capita solid waste generation in Aligarh City was found to be 0.42 kg/person/day. From the analysis, we came to know that compostable component (35.4%) is the highest, then inert (24.6%), plastic (12.2%), paper (10%), textile (9.2%), and sand (8.6%). After analysis, the results can help sort out the problem of MSW management in the city by selecting appropriate units as per the composition of MSW.

Municipal Solid Waste Composition and Generation with Emphasis on Plastics in Nablus City, Palestine

The aim of this study was to characterize the municipal solid waste (MSW) in Nablus city in Palestine, while focusing on the plastic waste fraction. The plastic fraction—an environmentally problematic waste stream—was further characterized into the different polymer types and formats with the aim of suggesting feasible recovery and recycling solutions. Locally generated studies lack data about the recyclable fractions in the MSW and a thorough characterization of the plastic waste stream, although there is global action to minimize and optimally treat this waste fraction. The composition analysis was conducted by collecting 60 samples from five districts with different characteristics (e.g., income, density, level of education, building formats). The fraction of bio- and organic waste is significant in the collected MSW in Nablus, representing about 68% of the total MSW. The recyclables (paper and cardboard, glass, metals and plastics) amount to 27.4% of the generated MSW in the city. The plastic fraction (10.1%) is mainly composed of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films (39.8%), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles (21.9%), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) rigids (19.0%), and polypropylene (PP) rigids (11.5%), all of which are technologically recyclable. The polymer types and container formats indicated that the collected plastics originate mostly from packaging. The outcomes of this research indicate the need to implement a separate collection system for the organic waste fraction, which could be used to produce compost for the agricultural activities in the region. By having such a system, the dry recyclables (including plastics) can be easily recovered with less degree of contamination for recycling, helping the local recyclers to access cleaner materials. Furthermore, the state of Palestine lacks strict regulations for the end-of-life treatment of the different waste fractions; therefore, having clear guidelines and incentive systems will result in the minimization of the generated waste as well as better achievement of recovery and recycling targets. In addition, expertise, funding, public awareness, facilities, equipment and other provisions are currently lacking or inappropriate. In future, these factors must be addressed to enhance sustainable solid waste management.

Prospects for hydrogen production by the method of gasification of MSW at operating TPPs

The work is devoted to the development of a thermal scheme for the conversion of a cogeneration power plant to threegeneration with the production of hydrogen as a new product.The purpose of the work is to assess the possibility and potential of hydrogen production from MSW at the existing thermal power plants of St. Petersburg.To achieve this goal, it is necessary to develop a methodology for selecting the site of an existing thermal power plant in order to integrate a hydrogen production complex by the MSW gasification method, as well as a methodology for estimating the amount of hydrogen that can potentially be obtained from a given amount of MSW. The research methods include simulation of the thermal circuit of a steam power plant in the United Cycle program.The paper proposes an algorithm for selecting the site of an operating thermal power plant for the integration of a complex for the production of hydrogen by the method of MSW gasification. The algorithm can be applied to any subjects of the Russian Federation, and its relevance is confirmed by strategic documents. Potential locations for the new TPP are being considered in the territories of TPP-21 and TPP-22, which have the necessary resources and good infrastructure. As a result of the study, the site of TPP-22 was selected as the most suitable for the placement of new facilities.A new thermal scheme of a threegeneration power plant has been developed, including a hydrogen generation unit by the MSW gasification method. This allows the production of hydrogen in parallel with the production of electricity and heat. The efficiency evaluation criterion is the fuel heat utilization factor (FHUF). Regardless of the hydrogen content in the generated synthesis gas, the integration of the synthesis gas cooler into the thermal circuit of the TPP leads to an increase in the FHUF and an additional energy effect. This scheme increases the efficiency of existing TPP plants, regardless of the morphological composition of municipal solid waste.

Effect of Compaction Effort on Penetration Resistance and Shear Strength of Landfilled and Fresh Municipal Solid Waste

High quality in-situ compaction of municipal solid waste (MSW) is required to ensure landfill stability. However given the heterogeneous composition of MSW, it is important to assess the potential sensitivity of Dynamic cone penetrometers (DCP) and direct shear apparatus to changes in compaction effort, composition and aging effect and different specific work per blow of DCP on penetration resistance (DPI) and shear strength parameters of fresh and excavated Johannesburg landfill municipal solid waste. The results reveal that for average density range of 354kg/m3 to 722kg/m3 the mobilized penetration resistance, DPI was 15–40 mm/blow for DCP specific work per blow of 144 kJ/m2 and 10– 33 mm/blow due to reduced work per blow of 92kJ/m2. The friction angle and cohesion of fresh waste and landfilled waste with fibrous content of 45% and 64% respectively are 19° and 12kPa for fresh waste and 21°and 31kPa for landfilled waste. 24 hours soaking of waste resulted in reduction in friction angle of fresh waste and cohesion of landfilled waste respectively. Controlling the ratio of sand, organics and fibrous content in recycling program is required to increase the stability of landfilled sites exposed to high tropical rainfall.

CONSIDERATIONS ON WASTE CHARACTERIZATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF ENERGY: HOW USEFUL CAN WASTE BE?

The proposed work reports a compilation of municipal solid waste composition in several geographies, discussing the impacts and repercussions of different waste classification nomenclature and related definitions. In addition, different scenarios are evaluated using the average waste composition in each location to further describe the possibility of covering the energy demand in those places, with energy produced from waste. For that, the thermal conversion efficiency of each Waste-to-Energy (WtE) procedure (combustion, incineration, hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis, gasification, and plasma gasification) was used, so that a comparison of performances is put forward, to potentially aid in policy- and/or decision-making processes. Hydrothermal liquefaction presented higher efficiencies, followed by gasification-based techniques. Incineration, combustion and pyrolysis show a declining performance. In terms of waste production, OECD countries exceeded the average waste production values as well as the energy demand per capita, while Europe and Central Asia depicted the lowest contribution of energy produced from the waste generated.

Multi-condition operational optimization with adaptive knowledge transfer for municipal solid waste incineration process

To satisfy incineration efficiency and nitrogen oxides ultra-low emission requirements, it is of great importance to improve the operational performance of the municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) process. However, due to the complex and fluctuating composition of municipal solid waste, it is challenging to guarantee optimal operation under changing conditions. To address this issue, a multi-condition operational optimization method based on adaptive knowledge transfer (MCOO-TR) is proposed for the MSWI process. First, an integrated optimization scheme, where different operation conditions are identified based on cluster analysis and expert knowledge, is developed. Second, a surrogate-assisted multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm is designed to solve the data-driven optimization problems for optimal operation, where the surrogate model selection mechanism is proposed to cope with multi-condition characteristics. Third, an adaptive knowledge transfer strategy, corresponding to condition identification, is designed aiming to improve optimization efficiency. Finally, the proposed MCOO-TR method is evaluated based on actual industrial data. The experimental results demonstrate that the MCOO-TR method can achieve satisfactory operational performance under changing operation conditions.