Composition Of Leaf Oils Research Articles

Essential Oil Composition of Leaves from Syzygium claviflorum

Essential Oil Composition of Leaves from Syzygium claviflorum

Comparative Study of the Chemical Composition of Root, Stem and Leaf Essential Oils from Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn

This study aims at investigating the chemical composition of root, stem and leaf essential oils from Ivorian Synedrella nodiflora, with the root oil being described for the first time. Sixty, fifty-one and forty-nine constituents were, respectively identified in the root, stem and leaf oils using a combination of GC(RI), GC-MS and 13C-NMR analyses. They accounted for 95.6–97.3%, 92.6–97.6% and 93.3–98.8% of the total composition, respectively. The main components of the root oil samples were γ-curcumene, (E)-β-caryophyllene, α-curcumene and curcuphenyl acetate. Three stem oil samples (S1, S2a, S3) were dominated by myrcene and limonene, while the most abundant components of sample S2b were thymol, germacrene D and β-elemene. (E)-β-caryophyllene and germacrene D were the major compounds of the leaf oil. Hierarchical cluster and principal component statistical analyses were performed and confirmed that the location does not influence the chemical composition. Group I consisted of the seven leaf oil samples, group II consisted of four stem oil samples and group III consisted of three root oil samples. The root oil composition differed considerably from the stem and leaf oil composition due to the presence of curcumene derivatives as major constituents. The leaf oil showed significant amounts of (E)-β-caryophyllene and germacrene D, while the stem oil stood out for its high myrcene, limonene and thymol contents.

Variation in plant morphology and leaf essential oil composition of a representative <em>Cinnamomum verum</em> collection from Sri Lanka

Sri Lankan cinnamon germplasm is an underexploited genetic resource of high breeding potential. A representative collection of a cultivated cinnamon germplasm with 48 accessions, is established at the University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka. From that collection, 40 three-year-old vegetative-propagated accessions, were used in this study to study the variations in plant morphology and leaf oil composition. Flush colour was determined as four main categories of pink, red, brown, and green in all 48 accessions. Leaf length, leaf width, leaf length to width ratio and petiole length varied from 7.9 to 14.5 cm, 3.8 to 7.3 cm, 1.8 to 3.07 cm, and 1 to 2.2 cm, respectively, in the selected 40 accessions. Both the good fragrant aroma category of bark fragrance and the sweet pungent category of bark taste were recorded in 21 of the 40 accessions. Twenty (20) accessions from above collection were selected for leaf oil analysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of leaf oil revealed the presence of 146 chemical compounds. Eugenol was the major compound of 17 accessions (52.2% to 79.5%). Two accessions with zero eugenol contained 86.8% and 91.9% of benzyl benzoate (BB), in contrast to that of 0%-0.65% from other accessions. One accession produced 16.6% eugenol and 22.3% BB. A green flush colour associated with a higher BB percentage suggested a potential morphological marker for BB. The PCA for 20 accessions explained 88.11% of total variance. The cinnamon accessions with high BB, KA11 and GB17, were clustered together, and HB12 was isolated on a different cluster. Positive correlations were detected between linalool and β-caryophyllene (0.649), linalool and BB (0.770) (p < 0.01), and negative correlations between eugenol and linalool (-0.630) and eugenol and BB (-0.886) (p <0.01).

Chemical Composition, Mosquito Larvicidal and Antimicrobial Activities, and Molecular Docking Study of Essential Oils of Cinnamomum melastomaceum, Neolitsea buisanensis and Uvaria microcarpa from Vietnam.

The leaf oil compositions of two Lauraceae and one Annonaceae plants cultivated in Vietnam were analysed by GC/MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis. The leaf oil of the first Lauraceae plant Cinnamomum melastomaceum contained 34 identified compounds, in which benzyl benzoate (38.5 %), linalool (19.9 %), (E)-caryophyllene (10.5 %), and α-terpineol (6.9 %) were the major compounds. The leaves of the second Lauraceae plant Neolitsea buisanensis gave an oil with the main compounds (E)-β-ocimene (24.0 %), benzyl benzoate (15.8 %), bicyclogermacrene (14.9 %), and (E)-caryophyllene (6.3 %). The leaf oil of the Annonaceae plant Uvaria microcarpa consisted of the principal compounds (E)-caryophyllene (18.0 %), bicyclogermacrene (8.1 %), and δ-elemene (6.1 %). Two Lauraceae oil samples exhibited strong mosquito larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus with LC50 and LD90 values of less than 50 μg/mL. The Annonaceae oil sample showed strong antimicrobial activity against the fungus Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015 with the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) value of 32 μg/mL. In the docking approach, the major compounds (E)-caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene, and benzyl benzoate interacted with the mosquito odorant-binding protein 3OGN, whereas (E)-caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene, and δ-elemene also potentially interacted with the 4ZA5 protein of fungus A. niger.

Pengaruh Variasi Minyak Daun Jeruk Purut Terhadap Sediaan Lotion Mengandung Gelatin Tulang Ayam dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Staphylococcus aureus

Indonesia has a tropical climate, and it causes skin diseases such as acne. One of the bacteria causes acne is Staphylococcus aureus. Acne is caused by clogged skin pores so that oil secretion becomes clogged and then enlarges and dries. Antibacterial agents can be applied to the skin with the help of topical preparations, one of which is lotion. Lotion with kaffir lime leaf oil as the main ingredient contains high flavonoid compounds that have an antibacterial activity that can prevent acne, and chicken leg bone gelatin, contains collagen which can moisturize the skin. This research is experimental laboratory research. Lotion is made with different concentrations of kaffir lime leaf oil 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% w/v. The lotion was tested for physical (organoleptic, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesion, viscosity) and chemical (pH) properties. Antibacterial activity test was carried out by well diffusion method. The research data were processed using SPSS 21 with the Kruskal Wallis Test. The test results showed that the lotion preparation with the strongest antibacterial activity was the preparation with 1.5% kaffir lime leaf oil, with a yield of 11.26 mm. The more composition of kaffir lime leaf oil, the stronger the antibacterial inhibition. The more composition of kaffir lime leaf oil causes the viscosity to decrease, the pH to increase, the adhesive power to decrease, the dispersion power to increase, and the bacterial inhibitory power to increase.

Formulation And Evaluation Of Nanoemulgel Clove Leaf Oil (Sygyzium Aromaticum) (L.) Merr & Perry As Anti-Acne

Acne also known as acne vulgaris, is an inflammatory condition of the polysebaceous layer that is brought on by the buildup of keratin. Active oil glands under the skin cause acne. Androgen hormones function as a stimulant for this activity. Cloves are herbal plants that contain essential oil chemicals. The chemical composition of clove leaf oil is mainly composed of eugenol. Eugenol has pharmacological effects as antibacterial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory. Nanoemulsion is a nanocarrier that gets a lot of attention, because of its small particle size so that it can be thermodynamically stable and can increase drug penetration. Recent advances in nanoemulsion research have created new prospects in a number of industries, including pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food, and cosmetics. This research was conducted by formulating clove leaf oil into nanoemulgel preparations, followed by evaluation of the preparations and testing of antibacterial activity against acne-causing bacteria. The result of the nanoemulgel formulation is yellow, smells of clove leaf oil, is transparent and homogeneous. Nanoemulgel viscosity 3434-3109 M.Pas, pH 6.15-6.41 and particle size 12.3-13.3 nm. Physical studies of nanoemulgel been carried out for three cycles and there is no change in color, change in odor and phase separation. The results of the antibacterial activity of Staphylococcus epidermidis at NEG1 12.03 mm, NEG2 16.93 mm, NEG3 18.96 mm and EG 18.03 mm. The results of the antibacterial activity of Propionibacterium acnes at NEG1 11.50 mm, NEG2 16.16 mm, NEG3 18.03 mm and EG 17.33 mm. The results of the study concluded that clove leaf oil nanoemulgel with a concentration of 7% was the best formula, because it is stable during storage and has the greatest antibacterial activity compared to emulgel.

Chemical composition of essential oils from leaf and bud of clove and their impact on the antifungal and mycotoxin inhibitory activities of clove oil-in-water nanoemulsions

The impacts of clove oil (CO) type on the physicochemical properties, antifungal activities, and mycotoxin inhibitory efficacies of CO-in-water nanoemulsions were investigated. By blending 25 wt% of clove oil with 75 wt% of corn oil in oil phase (5 wt%), clove bud oil (CBO)-in-water nanoemulsion and clove leaf oil (CLO)-in-water nanoemulsion showed highly physical stable with the mean particle size < 170 nm. The concentration of major chemical constituents such as eugenol and caryophyllene in nanoemulsion maintained constant during storage time. The antifungal activities of nanoemulsions against two Fusarium graminearum isolates were strongly dependent on the CO concentration. For instance, CLO nanoemulsion displayed an appreciable higher antifungal activity compared to CBO nanoemulsion at a lower CO concentration. Both nanoemulsions could effectively inhibit fungal mycelial growth and spore germination , but in a different antifungal mode of actions. Regarding the mycotoxin inhibitory efficacy, both CO nanoemulsions could effectively inhibit mycotoxin production including deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives: 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3ADON), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15ADON). • Chemical composition of clove bud oil (CBO) and clove leaf oil (CLO) showed differences. • The physicochemical stability of clove oil (CO)n nanoemulsions were fabricated. • Antifungal activity of CO nanoemulsions was in a dose-dependent manner. • Different antifungal modes of actions between CBO and CLO was observed. • Both CO nanoemulsions could effectively inhibit mycotoxin production.

Pembuatan Cairan Pembersih Lantai dengan Memanfaatkan Minyak Atsiri dan Hidrosolnya

Floor cleaning products on the market usually use synthetic active that can interfere with health and the environment. Therefore, highly recommended to substitute synthetic active with natural active substances such as essential oils. The by-product of essential oils is hydrosol which is also not safe for the environment. This research aims to analyze hydrosol's effectiveness as an antibacterial and get an optimal formulation of oil essential and hydrosol as antibacterial in floor cleaning products. Kaffir lime leaf oil, lemongrass oil, and its hydrosol have been used as an additive in floor cleaners. pH value, free alkaline level, viscosities, and antibacterial effectiveness have been analyzed for floor cleaning products produced in this research. This research found a pH value of 6-8, viscosities is 1516-1867 cP, and free alkaline level of 0,1519-0,1627 b/b. The most antibacterial effectiveness found in the composition of kaffir lime leaf oil and its hydrosol is 15% and 30%, have bacteria inhibition of 10 mm. pH value, free alkaline, and viscosities have been fulfilled the standard of SNI 1842:2019.

Chemical composition of essential oils isolated from leaves, twigs, roots and cones of Vietnamese Keteleeria evelyniana Mast

ABSTRACT Keteleeria evelyniana Mast. is a species of conifer native to southern China, Laos and Vietnam. The species has been listed as vulnerable in Vietnam. Oil samples have been isolated from leaves, twigs, roots and cones, and analyzed by combination of GC(FID), GC-MS and 13C NMR. The composition of leaf oil, dominated by α-pinene (37.8%) and β-pinene (17.9%), varied substantially from that previously reported. Twig, cone and root oil compositions are reported for the first time. Twig oil contained mainly (E)-β-caryophyllene (25.4%) accompanied by α-pinene (15.9%), limonene (15.4%). (E)-β-caryophyllene (40.8%) was predominant in root oil, followed by α-Pinene (27.9%) and α-humulene (8.1%). Lastly, the composition of cone oil was characterized by a high content of α-pinene (58.8%) followed by β-pinene (22.0%). The occurrence of the diterpene iso-abienol (1.3%) could be noted. It could also be highlighted that the conformers βα and ββ of (E)-β-caryophyllene have been evidenced by 13C NMR spectroscopy.

Impact of exogenously applied trehalose on leaf biochemistry, achene yield and oil composition of sunflower under drought stress.

This study was carried out to assess the influence of trehalose, a non-reducing disaccharide involved in improving plant stress tolerance, on two cultivars (Hysun 33 and FH 598) of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) grown under control and drought stress conditions. At pre-flowering stage, varying concentrations (10, 20 and 30 mM) of trehalose were applied to the foliage. Drought stress significantly suppressed the plant growth, total soluble proteins, chlorophyll, achene yield per plant, oil percentage, organic contents, as well as oil palmitic and linoleic acids in both sunflower cultivars. External application of trehalose significantly reduced RMP (relative membrane permeability), and the accumulation of H2 O2 (hydrogen peroxide), while a considerable improvement was recorded in shoot fresh and shoot and root dry weights, total soluble proteins, glycinebetaine, AsA (ascorbic acid), total phenolics, achene yield per plant, oil contents, inorganic and organic contents, and the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes under water-limited regimes. The cultivar Hysun 33 was superior to the other cultivar in plant growth, RMP, glycinebetaine, proline, achene yield per plant, oil contents, and palmitic and linoleic acids. Overall, foliar-applied trehalose improved plant growth, oxidative defense system, yield and oil composition of sunflower under drought stress conditions.

Raising the Efficiency of Lemon Trees to Produce Essential Oil by Exogenous Cysteine Under Various Soil Structures

Lemon essential oil (EO) has several biological activities especially against breast carcinoma cells. Cysteine (CYS) and soil structures play an important role in the production of lemon EO. The application of CYS in various soils is one way of scientific technique which leads to a modification of the EO production. Thus, the aim of this investigation was to evaluate the lemon EO extracted from leaves and peels under CYS rates and soil structures. Lemon trees were exposed to different rates (0.0, 0.2 and 0.4 g/L) of CYS in sand and clay soils. The EO isolated from leaves and peels by steam distillation, then analyzed by GC/MS. Obtained results indicated that different changes were recorded in the composition of leaf and peel oils in response to CYS levels and both soils. Limonene, neral, geranial and neryl acetate were the major components of leaf EO while limonene and γ-terpinene were the main constituent in peel EO. CYS at 0.4 g/L resulted in the maximum values of EO (%) and major constituents in both soils. Various chemical groups (monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes) were changed with CYS application x soil textures. Production of EO with CYS is required because the application of CYS produced significant variation in the EO composition of lemon especially under various soils.

Study of Leaf Oil Composition from Various Accessions of Curcuma longa L. Grown on Partially Reclaimed Sodic Soil

The essential oils of Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) were extracted from senescenced leaves by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS. Leaf essential oils of turmeric were found to be rich in monoterpenes. The GCMS analysis of leaf essential oil of 29 accessions showed presence of total 41 compounds mainly α-phellandrene, p-cymene, α-terpinolene and p-cymen-8-ol as the four major compounds. Based on identification of three major compounds from each oil, 13 compounds viz. β-Myrcene, α-Phellandrene, α-Terpinene, Limonene, 1,8-Cineole, p-cymene, τ-terpenine, α-Terpinolene, 1,3,8-p-Menthatriene, p-menth-1-en-4-ol, Borneol, p-menth-1-en-8-ol and p-cymen-8-ol were found to be the major constituents from each accession. The number of compounds in accessions varied from five in NBH-20 to 22 in Prabha. Out of 41 compounds, δ-Elemene was reported only in R. Sonia while β-Bisabolene was detected in Roma and P. Peetabh only. Based on the major compound(s) of turmeric leaf oil, industrial applications can be explored.

Effect of Harvest Time on Phytochemical Profile of Citrus aurantifolia Leaf Essential Oil Grown in North Central, Nigeria

Citrus aurantifolia essential oils are volatile phytochemicals obtained from various part of the plant which has found wide range of domestic, medicinal and industrial applications. The research seeks to investigate the effect of time of harvest on the yield and phytochemical composition of Citrus aurantifolia leaf oil. Pulverized leaves of Citrus aurantifolia harvested in the morning (7a.m) and afternoon (2p.m) on the same day were separately subjected to hydro-distillation which yielded 0.4 and 0.5% (v/w) of the volatile oil respectively. Analyses of the oil harvested in the morning (7am) revealed the predominance of oxygenated terpenes which constituted 58.3% of the oil. The principal constituents were; isolimonene (22.2%), neral (22.2%), citral (21.5%), caryophyllene (4.3%), and α-geranyl acetate (4.1%). Furthermore, the leaf oil from the afternoon (2pm) harvest also showed predominance of oxygenated terpenes which constituted 57.7%. The principal constituents in the oil were; limonene (20.2%), neral (24.5%), citral (10.3%), caryophyllene (5.4%), and α-geranyl acetate (3.3%). This study established that there was compositional variation in the leaf essential oil obtained from the different time of harvests.

Composition and Chemical Variability of Myrtus communis Leaf Oil From Northwestern Algeria

Myrtus communis L. is a shrub growing wild in most countries all around the Mediterranean Sea and myrtle leaf oil is useful in the perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. Nowadays, “chemotyped” essential oils are more and more appreciated. Myrtle oil from eastern and central-north Algeria belong to the “α-pinene-cineole” chemotype. In contrast, Moroccan myrtle oil displayed appreciable content of myrtenyl acetate. Therefore, it appeared crucial to investigate the composition of myrtle leaf oil from northwestern Algeria in order to ensure the homogeneity of the composition of Algerian myrtle leaf oil. The chemical composition of 42 oil samples of M. communis isolated from leaves collected in five locations from Tlemcen Province was investigated by gas chromatography (GC) in combination with retention indices, GC-mass spectroscopy, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Yields ranged between 0.13% and 1.04% (w/w). The chemical composition of the oils was largely dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons, with α-pinene (24.3-59.0%) and 1,8-cineole (13.2-49.5%) being the major compounds followed by limonene (3.2-19.8%). The 42 compositions were submitted to statistical analyses. The combination of hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis allowed the distinction of two groups, the second group being subdivided into two subgroups. Groups and subgroups were differentiated with respect to their contents of α-pinene and 1,8-cineole and, to a lesser extent, of limonene. This study ensures that Algerian myrtle leaf oil belongs to the “α-pinene-cineole” chemotype which displays various biological activities. The observed homogeneity could be a positive point to join the international market of essential oils.

Essential Oil and Fatty Acid Composition of Leaves of Some Lamiaceae Taxa FromTurkey

Essential oil can be extracted from various plants. In this present study, the essential oil and leaf fatty acid compositions of some plants taxa: Saturej amacrantha C.A.Mey., Nepeta transcaucasica Grossh., Nepeta betonicifolia C.A.Mey., Scutellaria orientalis L. subsp. orientalis and Salvia euphratica Montbret & Aucher ex Benth. var. lejocalycina were analyzed by GC-MS. Carvacrol (20.2 %) and thymol (11.3 %) were detected as the main compounds of S. macrantha; caryophyllene oxide (18.5 %), camphor (14.9 %) and β- pinene (14.7 %) were detected as the major constituents of S. euphratica; nepetalactone (18.5 %) and 1,8- cineole (14.4 %) were detected as the main compounds of N. transcaucasica; 1,8-cineole (13.7 %) and nepetalactone (12.2 %) were found to be the main compounds of N. betonicifolia; β-caryophyllene (14.3 %) and 1,8-cineole (10.3 %) were found to be the main compounds of S. orientalis subsp. orientalis. The fatty acid composition of the studied samples were found to be palmitic (21.76-60.00 %), steraic (17.21-38.53 %) and linoleic acid (5.66-27.35 %).

Comparative Antioxidant Activity and Volatile Oil Composition of Leaves and Fruits of Thuja orientalis Growing in Egypt

Thuja orientalis L. (Cupressaceae) is an evergreen arbor that is distributed throughout Northeast Asia as a common ornamental plant. The volatile oil of leaves and fruits of T. orientalis growing in Egypt was prepared by hydro-distillation followed by GC-MS analysis in order to compare between their compositions. Results revealed that fruits are richer in monoterpenes (62.5 %) while leaves are richer in sesquiterpenes (57 %). The major components in leaf oil are; α-cedrol (15.8 %), β-caryophyllene (15 %), α-humulene (10.7 %), d-limonene (7.3 %), α-pinene (6.9 %), β-myrecene (5.9 %) and α-terpinolene (5.2 %). On the other hand, fruit oil contains α-pinene (11.3 %), α-cedrol (11.2 %), β-myrecene (9.6 %), geranyl acetate (9 %) and β-caryophyllene (8.9 %) in major amounts. Comparison between the oil content in the Egyptian conifer and other reported conifers worldwide is also discussed. Comparative determination of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and anti-oxidant activity of alcoholic extract of both leaves and fruits showed that fruits content of flavonoids (0.6267±0.026 mg RE /g) is double the content of the leaves (0.3069±0.019 mg RE /g). Similarly, fruits contain higher phenolic content (0.75±0.007 mg GE/g) compared to 0.51±0.007 mg GE/g in leaves. Also, fruits extract exhibited higher anti-oxidant activity (2.3516±0.0 mg AEAC/g) than leaves (1.2734±0.0022 mg AEAC/g). The extracts of T. orientalis could be a valuable material for pharmaceutical industry.

Chemical composition of leaf oil from Polyalthialongifolia (Sonnerat) Thwait. grown in Côte d’Ivoire

Chemical composition of leaf oil from Polyalthialongifolia (Sonnerat) Thwait. grown in Côte d’Ivoire

Chemical Composition and Variability of Leaf and Berry oils from Corsican Juniperus macrocarpa

The chemical composition of five leaf oil samples and eighteen berry oil samples from Corsican Juniperus macrocarpa have been investigated by GC(RI), GC-MS and 13C NMR. The composition of berry oils was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons with α-pinene (56.4-78.9%) as main component followed by myrcene (2.2-11.9%). Germacrene D (4.5-103%) was the major sesquiterpene. The contents of the main components of leaf oils varied drastically from sample to sample: α-pinene (28.7-76.4%), δ3-carene (up to 17.3%), β-phellandrene (up to 12.3%), manoyl oxide (up to 8.1%). The occurrence of the unusual ( Z)-pentadec-6-en-2-one (0.1-1.2%) should be pointed out. Statistical analysis (Principal Component Analysis and k- means partition) suggested a unique group with atypical samples.

Comparative study on major chemical constituents in volatile oil of true cinnamon (&lt;i&gt;Cinnamomum verum&lt;/i&gt; Presl. syn. &lt;i&gt;C. zeylanicum&lt;/i&gt; Blum.) and five wild cinnamon species grown in Sri Lanka

The genus Cinnamomum has 250 species distributed from South, East and South East Asia to Australia. There are eight species of cinnamon grown in Sri Lanka, of which, Cinnamomum verum Pres1 (syn. C. zeylanicum Blume) which is widely cultivated in the country. In addition, seven other species of wild cinnamon are also grown which are endemic to Sri Lanka which are considered wild cinnamon. In this study, six Cinnamomum species were selected namely Cinnamomum verum, Cinnamomum dubium Nees (Sinhala: Sewel Kurundu or Wal Kurundu), Cinnamomum citriodorum (Sinhala: Pangiri Kurundu), Cinnamomum rivulorum Kostermans, Cinnamomum sinharajense Kostermans, Cinnamomum capparu-corende (Sinhala: Kapuru Kurundu). Much work has been carried out with Cinnamomum verum, however, work on wild cinnamon varieties is scanty. In this backdrop, this study was carried out to identify and quantify the major chemical constituents of volatile oils obtained from bark and leaves of wild and true cinnamon species cultivated or grown in Sri Lanka. It was revealed that leaf oil of Cinnamomum verum contains significantly (p<0.05) higher percentage of volatile oil (3.23%). The highest bark oil content (3.53%) was observed in Cinnamomum sinharajense, the lowest leaf oil (0.41%) and stem bark oil (0.51%) contents were observed in the Cinnamomum rivulorum. Fifteen major volatile chemical constituents were identified by Liquid Gas Chromatographic analysis in the essential oils obtained from bark and leaf of different cinnamon species. The highest cinnamaldehyde content (67.57%) was observed in Cinnamomum verum. Cinnamomum sinharajense contained comparatively higher amount of cinnamaldehyde (57.46%) than the other wild cinnamon species. The highest euginol content (87.53%) was observed in Cinnamomum sinharajense leaf. When compared with the chemical composition of Cinnamomum dubium leaf oil, geraniol was the most abundant (24.05%) among the volatile chemical constituents. β-Caryophyllene (41.31%) was identified in Cinnamomum dubium stem bark oil. The highest Euginol (22.29%) content was present in essential oil obtained from Cinnamomum rivulorum stem bark which was not observed in other cinnamon species.

Engineering the production of conjugated fatty acids in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves.

SummaryThe seeds of many nondomesticated plant species synthesize oils containing high amounts of a single unusual fatty acid, many of which have potential usage in industry. Despite the identification of enzymes for unusual oxidized fatty acid synthesis, the production of these fatty acids in engineered seeds remains low and is often hampered by their inefficient exclusion from phospholipids. Recent studies have established the feasibility of increasing triacylglycerol content in plant leaves, which provides a novel approach for increasing energy density of biomass crops. Here, we determined whether the fatty acid composition of leaf oil could be engineered to accumulate unusual fatty acids. Eleostearic acid (ESA) is a conjugated fatty acid produced in seeds of the tung tree (Vernicia fordii) and has both industrial and nutritional end‐uses. Arabidopsis thaliana lines with elevated leaf oil were first generated by transforming wild‐type, cgi‐58 or pxa1 mutants (the latter two of which contain mutations disrupting fatty acid breakdown) with the diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT1 or DGAT2) and/or oleosin genes from tung. High‐leaf‐oil plant lines were then transformed with tung FADX, which encodes the fatty acid desaturase/conjugase responsible for ESA synthesis. Analysis of lipids in leaves revealed that ESA was efficiently excluded from phospholipids, and co‐expression of tung FADX and DGAT2 promoted a synergistic increase in leaf oil content and ESA accumulation. Taken together, these results provide a new approach for increasing leaf oil content that is coupled with accumulation of unusual fatty acids. Implications for production of biofuels, bioproducts, and plant–pest interactions are discussed.