Glaze Composition Research Articles

In situ boro-mullite phase formation in Glass–Ceramic glazes: Anatase–rutile phase transformations and microstructure properties

‘‘Boro-mullite’’ is the name for mullites produced through the synthesis of boron-rich material and playing a critical role in producing high-performance materials. Also, the stability of the anatase phase in the glaze and against temperature has been addressed and improved by many studies. In situ boro-mullite crystals generated using various glass-ceramic glaze compositions that contain TiO2 and their impact on the transformation of anatase into a rutile phase were examined in this study. Additionally, the samples' water absorption, bulk density, apparent porosity and shrinkage, Vickers hardness, and optical properties were evaluated at various Al2O3 and B2O3 amounts at 700 °C, 800 °C, 900 °C, 1000 °C and 1100 °C. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that as the temperature and Al2O3 ratio rose, it triggered the boro-mullite phase formation. On the other hand, increasing the Al2O3 ratio led to a rise in the samples' sintering temperature and delayed the anatase to rutile phase transformation. Furthermore, the presence of corundum crystals retarded the anatase crystal size growth during the remodelling process of the conversion of anatase to rutile. While the increase in the B2O3 ratio sharpened the peaks of albite crystals, the formation of rutile crystals accelerated with the increase in temperature and caused inhibition of albite formation. The albite phase's presence facilitated the creation of the liquid phase and achieved the 0.010 % water absorption and 0 % apparent porosity values as well the highest bulk density and microhardness with 2.476 g/cm3 and 550 H V. The yellowness (+b∗) values were found to be the highest at 1100 °C where the rutile crystals reached their maximum size. The anatase-rutile conversion is postponed and the increase in the yellowness value is prevented by the glaze's formation of boro-mullite. FESEM-EDS analysis showed that the temperature was the driving force in the transformation of acicular boro-mullite crystal into highly acicular prismatic needle crystal and spherical anatase crystals into the rod shape rutile.

Multi-functional ceramic glazes with nano ZnO/Cu–ZnO incorporation

The study successfully enabled the creation of ceramic surfaces with multi functionalities, including superhydrophilicity, self-cleaning, antibacterial properties, and photocatalytic activity, by applying a glaze composition rich in nano ZnO/Cu–ZnO and utilizing surface chemistry and unique texturing on porcelain tiles. The tiles, coated with unique glaze compositions, were fired in an industrial furnace and heat treated. The crystalline phases and surface morphology of glazed surfaces were systematically evaluated using XRD, SEM, FT-IR, drop shape analyzer, and surface roughness profilometer. Key-factors affecting the wettability, self-clean ability, photocatalytic activity and antibacterial efficacy were discussed. Adding nano Cu into the glaze mixture that is rich in ZnO improves the evolution of zincite crystals, increases the specific surface energy, decreases surface roughness, provide superhydrophilicity and promotes the antibacterial effectiveness and photocatalytic activity. Superhydrophilic surfaces doped with nano Cu–ZnO display antibacterial characteristics that do not require UV or visible light. The quick achievement of complete self-cleaning, up to 100 %, is due to the presence of nano Cu particles in its structure. Hydrophilicity has the ability to improve the efficiency of photocatalysis. If a surface exhibits superhydrophilic properties, it shows exceptional photocatalytic performance. A surface that is solely photohydrophilic may not maintain self-cleaning. Hydrophilicity may be more important than photocatalysis in the self-cleaning effect.

Changsha ware glaze color: Composition, nanostructure, and copper and iron speciation

AbstractThe opacity/transparency, color, and production of designs in Changsha ware, a Tang dynasty Chinese stoneware renowned for its polychromy and pioneering high‐temperature red glaze, are studied by analyzing the composition, micro/nanostructure, and copper/iron speciation. The results shed new light on some of the most debated questions about Changsha ware. In particular, the role of glaze thickness, composition, and firing conditions on the coexistence of transparent and opaque glazes and of oxidized green and reduced red copper designs on the same object, and on the reason for the development of either green or turquoise colors. New data obtained by reproducing a copper red overglaze and underglaze painting with a similar glaze composition and thickness have provided new insights into the origin of the first high‐temperature copper reds and, in the absence of essential knowledge, their discontinuity. This study also contributes to the long debate regarding the use of overglaze versus underglaze painting techniques.

Influence of the composition and structure of sodium borosilicate glasses on the optical-color characteristics of chromium aventurine glass in the presence of cobalt (II) oxide

We investigated the influence of cobalt (II) oxide additive in the amount of 1–3 mol.% on the structure and optical-color characteristics of chromium-containing glass with the following composition (mol.%): 29.6 Na2O; 19.7 В2О3; 49.3 SiO2; and 1.5 Cr2O3. The dependence of the optical-color characteristics of the glasses under study on the thermal treatment of the glass melt at a temperature of 10500C for 20 minutes was established. The thermal treatment resulted in the volumetric crystallization with the subsequent development of the aventurine effect. According to X-ray phase analysis data, the decorative effect was caused by Cr2O3 crystals. By using IR spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis, the structure of the experimental glasses was studied, and the influence of thermal treatment of glass melts on the formation of the structure of glass-ceramic material was established. Aventurine glass of dark blue-green color was obtained with a color tone =490 nm, color purity P=11.35%, and lightness L=5.454 %. The nature of the influence of cobalt (II) oxide on the optical-color characteristics of chromium-containing aventurine glass based on the Na2O–В2О3–SiO2 system is of interest for further development of new compositions of decorative ceramic glazes and enamel coatings.

Colouring mechanism and firing technology of white porcelain from the Sui Dynasty (581–618) from the Xiangzhou kiln, Anyang, China

The Xiangzhou kiln was one of the first significant kilns in China to fire white porcelain and as well as the earliest one to adopt the technique of Make-up clay. It plays a very important role in the history of Chinese ceramics. Here we utilize ten pieces of Sui (581–618) white porcelain from the Xiangzhou kiln as the research objects. The chemical composition, micro-morphology, firing temperature, firing atmosphere, micro-area composition and other characteristics of white porcelain glaze were tested by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF), laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), optical microscope (OM), thermal dilatometer (TD), focused ion beam scanning electron microscope combined with X-ray energy spectrometer (SEM-EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and spectrophotometer (UV–Vis–NIR). Finally, the firing technology and colouring mechanism of the Xiangzhou white porcelain are revealed. Our study demonstrates that the relatively high content of Fe2O3 and TiO2 in the white porcelain glaze of the Xiangzhou kiln results in a milky white glaze with a slight greenish tinge. The high content of CaO and K2O in the glaze and the almost entirely glass phase of glaze layer lead to the fine grain, good transparency and gloss. Most of the white porcelain of the Xiangzhou kiln is fired at high temperature under reducing atmosphere. The Xiangzhou kiln white porcelain glaze belongs to the crystalline glaze, glaze disorderly distribution of some calcium feldspar precipitation crystals and a very small amount of quartz, calcite residual crystals, glaze bubbles are larger, the distribution of relatively dispersed. The overall colour effect of the Xiangzhou kiln white porcelain results from the combined action of the chemical colour of the body and glaze, along with structural colour.

Triboelectric based smart ceramic tiles

With the exponential development of the Internet of Things (IoTs), big data, and artificial intelligence (AI), smart home technologies have become crucial to people's lives and the construction of smart cities, driving an increasing demand for distributed sensors. In this work, we have for the first time successfully fabricated smart ceramic tiles (SCTs) that integrate electrodes with ceramic tiles using a layer-by-layer temperature gradient sintering method. These SCTs, which are based on triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) technology, not only demonstrate high sensitivity and good stability, but also offer the potential for high concealment by adjusting glaze composition and color. Under various motion triggers, the SCTs produced high-discrimination electrical output signals, which proves their potential in behavior recognition. Extreme environmental tests further confirmed the SCTs' superior responsiveness. A wireless security monitoring system for SCT sensing, which was developed using IoT chips, enables remote monitoring via mobile devices. This study not only demonstrates the commercial feasibility of SCTs but also highlights their immense potential for imperceptible monitoring within the smart home domain.

The high-hardness ceramic glazes based on basalt from Bali Province for ceramic body coatings

The ceramic glaze method is not only done to add color aesthetics but also to increase the hardness of the glaze. Basalt is one of the raw materials developed as a ceramic glaze material because it is cheap, easy to find, and has good characteristics. This research aims to determine glaze characteristics by varying the concentration of basalt rocks from the Ababi area, Karangasem Regency, Bali Province. The experiment used basalt at 45%-61%, Feldspar 27%-37%, Kaolin 3%-8%, and ZnO 7%-10% as raw materials for glaze, not frit glaze. Heating the glaze material layer at 1,250 °C for 3 hrs. The product characteristics of glaze ceramics include chemical composition, crystal phase, microhardness, porosity, density, thermal expansion coefficient, and surface morphology. Basalt from Bali is characterized by its high Fe2O3 content, reaching 20.07 wt%. Compared to basalt in generally, it has a different impact on the physical and mechanical characteristics of the ceramic glaze produced. Based on the observation of ceramic glaze products, the glaze composition with 56% basalt, 32% feldspar, 5% kaolin, and 7% ZnO showed the best coating, with a yellowish-brown color and an average thickness of 79.82µm. The hardness value of the glaze layer is 6.5 GPa, exceeding the standard hardness value of glazes on the market. Glazed ceramics contain the minerals Gahnite (ZnAl2O4) and Coesite (SiO2), which can increase the hardness of the glaze. This research demonstrates the tremendous potential and added value of using basalt from Bali Province as a raw material for glazed ceramics.

Development of Glaze Compositions to Increase the Durability of Decorative Paints Used in Glazed Porcelain

Colorful paint works are carried out to highlight the visuality of ornamental and tableware products, such as cups and plates. As these products come into contact with detergents, food products or grime, erosion and abrasion occur in paint and patterns over time. In this study, transparent glaze compositions that can be applied on patterned products have been developed in order to minimize wear and damage to the paint on ornamental and tableware products such as porcelain cups and plates. It is aimed to have a compatibility with the glaze layer and the porcelain body, to have high transparency and brightness. Different glaze compositions have been implemented to porcelain wares containing precious metallic paints. Then the glazed products were coducted to final firing between 870˚C-900˚C. Colours values of porcelain wares were determined with L-a-b spectrophotometer colours measurment devices and ΔE values was found to be lower than 0.50. Erosion and abrasion resistance were determined by staining test and washing test. According the results, the mass loss values are in the range of 2.7-3.4 mg (24h washing) and 7.9-8.3 mg (168 h washing). The morphology of the samples and the analysis of the phases formed during sintering were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and scanning electron miscroscopy (SEM and EDX). Quartz-SiO2 and Albite-Na (AlSi3O8) phases were observed in the structure of the glazes. The results showed that glaze compositions with high transparency and wear resistance can be obtained with only 30% frit content.

Scandal at the Albrechtsburg: The Hoym–Lemaire affair and its impact on the early 18th‐century development of pigment technology at the Meissen Manufactory

AbstractWe present portable X‐ray fluorescence data on the composition of body, glaze and enamels of several Meissen porcelain objects associated with the Hoym–Lemaire Affair (1728–1731). In 1728, the French merchant Rodolphe Lemaire convinced the Meissen Porcelain Manufactory into making copies of Japanese Kakiemon porcelain for sale as originals in Paris, a dubious enterprise that depended on the development of additional pigments closely emulating the Kakiemon palette. We shall illustrate how the color formulations for these objects, designed to imitate Japanese porcelain, differ from those on earlier porcelain from 1723–24, as well as later (mid‐18th century) objects. In all cases, the colorant chemistry can be related to special recipes introduced by Johann Gregorius Höroldt specifically for this purpose and preserved in the Meissen archives. A surprising observation is the absence of antimony or tin in the yellow colorant. As an ancillary finding, we have confirmed analytically for the first time that unmarked, undecorated Meissen porcelain in storage since prior to 1725 was decorated around 1730 and became part of the Hoym–Lemaire shipment.

The influence of varying Cu doping concentrations on the microstructure, phase evolution and surface wettability of ceramic glazes modified with nano Cu-ZnO

This study intended to develop nano Cu-doped nano ZnO-modified ceramic glazes. In this scope, nano-sized ZnO and nano Cu powders were incorporated into a commercial glaze composition and then the modified glaze was applied to the surface using the spraying method. The glazed tiles were sintered in a laboratory furnace at 1210oC for 10 min. The surfaces of the sintered samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. X-Ray diffractometer, surface profilometer and contact angle goniometer. The study examined the influence of varying levels of Cu doping on the microstructural evolution and formation of phases, surface roughness, as well as the contact angle. Additionally, wettability conversion experiments were conducted under UV light. As a result, the addition of Cu increased the presence of Willemite crystals and also increasing the quantity and size of Plagioclase crystals. The contact angle of the sintered commercial glaze coated surface was measured to be 51.8o. However, when nano ZnO was added, the contact angle reduced to 44.4o. Likewise, the contact angle of the Cu doped nano ZnO coated surfaces decreased even further to approximately 33o. The inclusion of nano ZnO in commercial glaze resulted in a decrease in the Ra value, while doping Cu led to a modest increase in the Ra value. UV irradiation resulted in a reduction in the contact angles of all surfaces.

Development of self-cleaning matte ceramics based on polycrystalline hexaferrite and its application in oil removal

This study focused on developing self-cleaning matte ceramics based on polycrystalline hexaferrite for oil removal. The ceramics were glazed using glaze materials BaO, Fe2O3, ZnO, and TiO2 with varying ZnO:TiO2 ratios. The aim of this research was to determine the glaze composition that was able to provide the best self-cleaning/PA removal characteristics. After calcination at 1200°C, a polycrystalline hexaferrite compound formed, BaFe12ZnTiO19. All ceramic samples demonstrated palmitic acid (PA) photodegradation, with CM3 (ZnO:TiO2; 1:1) showing the highest efficiency. This efficiency correlated with CM3’s lowest bandgap of 1.43 eV. The photodegradation of PA by CM3 follows first-order kinetics with rate constants of 0.0482 min−1 under UV irradiation and 0.0179 min−1 under visible irradiation. CM3 displayed exceptional durability, maintaining PA removal even after prolonged use, making it optimal for practical applications.

Analysing the glaze of a medieval ceramic fragment from the Durres Amphitheater in Albania

The paper analyses the glaze of a ceramic sherd found in the southern sector of the Durres amphitheatre. Specifically, the sherd was found in a layer datable to the late 12th to early 13th century, which can be interpreted as a dismissal layer of a pottery kiln in use between the early and second half of the 12th century. The glaze was analysed using SEM–EDS and Total XRF techniques. The green-ocean glaze with a blue-sky decoration of the fragment has As-Co and Pb–Sn-Si compounds as pigments and phosphorous as a modifying agent and a flux. The glaze composition is SiO2 47.6 wt.%, TiO2 0.22 wt.%, Al2O3 4.08 wt.%, FeOtotal 0.22 wt.%, MnO 0.08 wt.%, MgO 0.23 wt.%, CaO 2.51 wt.%, Na2O 1.55 wt.%, K2O 5.16 wt.%, P2O5 3.01 wt.%, SnO2 4.13 wt.%, As2O5 4.13 wt.%, PbO 25.4 wt%. Fe is expressed as FeOtotal. The trace elements composition (ppm) is Co 3684, Ni 1023, Cu 819, Zn 3070, Bi 3172, and Sr 205. We introduced a robust glaze classification scheme based on chemistry. This scheme categories the glaze as alkaline-lead SnO2-opacified. We examined uncommon compounds formed in various textural contexts to establish the production origin and technique peculiarity. The glaze glasses form three different compositional domains: one represents the parental high-temperature initial glass composition, and two are related to immiscible segregations forming at lower temperatures. Five phases of the apatite supergroup were identified, along with other phases distributed throughout the glaze. The compounds present, such as Pb and Sn silicates, leucite, and k-feldspar and their balances, constrain the firing temperature to 720 ℃ and 900 ℃, respectively.

Muz Kabuğu Atığı Küllerinin Seramik Sır Yapımında Kullanım Olanaklarının Araştırılması

Banana peel waste is a very rich source of alkali oxides used in glaze composition. Today, the importance of concepts such as sustainability, recycling, and upcycling has accelerated research into recycling mineral-rich resources such as banana peel, which is considered waste. The use of this mineral-rich resource in the production of ash glaze in the field of ceramic art and the development of new surface suggestions in ceramic art in this context constitute the basis of the research. In this research, the banana peel wastes obtained from Selçuk University dining hall were dried and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed, then the banana peel ash calcined at 1000 °C was analyzed by XRF analyzer on elemental basis between Na-U and oxide semi-quantitatively. Using the binary system, glaze recipes developed at 1200 °C from banana peel ash with potassium, sodium and ulexite additives were prepared and the possibilities of using banana peel ash in glaze were investigated.
 The results of the research show that banana peel ash can be used as the main source for obtaining natural ash glaze, as well as an alternative to alkali oxides in standard transparent glaze composition at 1200 °C.

Investigation of the effects of kiln roller waste addition on porcelain tile matte-opaque glazes

Ceramic tiles reach their final microstructures and acquire their technical properties by firing process after shaping, glazing, and drying processes. The firing process is carried out continuously in roller kilns. In roller kilns, tiles pass through firing zones at different firing temperatures such as preheating, firing, and cooling zones in which different types of rollers are used. deformations such as breakage and deterioration of roller smoothness occur in the kiln roller over time due to high temperature and tile mass. For these reasons, unused kiln rollers are separated into waste and replaced with new ones. In the present study, the purpose was to transform the kiln roller into a value-added product. For this purpose, the use of kiln roller wastes in glazed porcelain tile matte-opaque glaze was investigated. Ground kiln roller waste was used instead of alumina, quartz, and zircon in a standard matte-opaque glaze composition. The developed glazes were sintered at 1190 °C for 44 min. The thermal, optical, and physical properties of the glazes were examined and compared with the standard glaze recipe. The melting behaviors of the glazes were measured with a heating microscope, and the thermal expansion coefficients were measured with a dilatometer. The phases developed in the structure were determined by XRD analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM). According to the results, the usage of roller waste instead of alumina and quartz decreased the crystal phase development in the glaze and the opacity, causing an increase in surface glossiness. When it was used instead of zircon, anorthite and crystal phase development increased and the surface brightness decreased, but the opacity decreased significantly due to the decline of zircon crystals. Considering all these thermal and optical properties, it was determined that the use of roller waste would be possible with some optimizations in the composition of matte-opaque glaze composition.

Comparative study on the Ru ware, Ru-type ware of Qingliangsi kiln and celadon of Zhanggongxiang kiln.

Thirty-three porcelain shards (28 Ru ware and 5 Ru-type ware) unearthed from Qinglingsi kiln and 31 celadon fragments from Zhanggongxiang kiln were studied systematically for tracing their correlation and difference in glaze and body characteristics through a variety of characterisation methods. Samples without HF corrosion were applied to achieve the microstructure and composition details by SEM and TEM. Results exhibited that there were certain similarities between Ru ware, Ru-type ware and Zhanggongxiang kiln celadon in glaze colour and thickness, body features, fracture structure; however, they showed obvious differences in body thickness, chemical composition of glaze and body, phase constituents and microstructure of glaze. Plentiful needle-like diopside were widely distributed in Zhanggongxiang kiln celadon glazes, while this type of crystals was only existed in few Ru and Ru-type ware glazes with small content. Besides, a large amount of residual quartz was present over the Ru ware glazes, which could have relation to the incorporation of agate. The liquid-liquid phase separation structure (Ca-rich droplets and Si-rich matrix) was generated within the interspaces of anorthite clusters or around the brims of anorthite needles or columns. The occurrence of phase separation was generally accompanied by Al2 O3 consumption, but suppressed in the areas far from anorthite due to the rise of Al2 O3 content, indicating that Al2 O3 was the most sensitive constituent for this glaze behaviour. The distinguished size, shape and distribution of phase-separated droplets or interconnected structures were closely associated with the scale and crowding level of anorthite crystallisation.

W kwestii techniki wykonania i szkliwienia wczesnośredniowiecznych pisanek-grzechotek ze Śląska.

The article concerns early medieval egg-shaped rattles from the area of Silesia. First of all, the issue of how they were made and glazed is studied. The issues of the origin of these products and their role in the culture of ancient societies, as problems repeatedly raised by other researchers, is treated marginally. Macro- and microscopic observations, experimental studies, as well as the results of analyses of the chemical composition of glazes and petrographic tests of ceramic bodies were used to study the technology of making eggs-shaped -rattles. On their basis, the probable process of their formation and glazing was reconstructed. While the making of the ceramic base did not require extraordinary skills, the glazing and decoration of the rattles took place in several stages, requiring knowledge of advanced pottery techniques. For their decoration, a specific category of glaze was used, namely high-lead non alkali glass.

Development of the composition of matte glaze with usage of pharmaceutical glass waste for the production of porcelain stoneware

The paper shows the prospects of using pharmaceutical glass waste for partial replacement of high-value frits in the glazes composition. According to the results of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, the glass wastes belong to the group of alkali-containing aluminoborosilicate glasses. The results of thermomicroscopic and dilatometry studies showed that the combination of industrial waste frits and glass waste allows obtaining coatings that, according to their technological characteristics, meet the conditions of porcelain stoneware high-speed firing. The conditions for the resource-valued glass waste use as part of porcelain stoneware tiles glazes have been established. This allowed to use their potential as efficiently as possible and to partially replace (within 15–30%) high-value frits. Combinations of waste glass and industrial boron-free frits with high crystallization ability due to the increased content of alkaline earth oxides (RO=22–34 wt.%) were studied to prepare opaque matte coatings. Glazes compositions have been developed, which under conditions of high-speed firing, form matte coatings due to the directed crystallization of phase’s complex (ZnAl2O4, Zn2SiO4 and CaAl2Si2O8). Ceramic granite with white color coating (brightness coefficient of 80–83%) that differs by "silky" mattness (mirror reflection coefficient of 31–42%), high heat resistance (10 or more heat changes) and abrasion resistance of III–IV class was obtained. The best results were observed when using matte glazes in a complex with engobe, which includes the same glass waste in the amount of up to 30 wt.%. This is in general ensures a high level of their utilization, a significant high-value raw materials saving and an energy costs reduction for fritting.

DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME GLAZE FAULTS ENCOUNTERED IN SANITARYWARES

The use of suitable glaze compositions, which enable ceramic sanitaryware (such as sink, toilet bowl, toilet bowl, etc.) to have better hygienic, aesthetic and technical properties, is of great importance as in other ceramic products. Glaze compositions, which provide durability to sanitaryware materials, reduce impact resistance and give ceramic material a hygienic appearance, are produced as ~97% white color depending on the preferences of the consumers, therefore, surface defects attract more attention in glazing and post-glazing process applications. When faults occurred during the different stages of manufacture detected on the final product, failure to detect faults on the final product by passing many production stages poses a problem in terms of intervention in the process. Faults that occur during glaze preparation are important in terms of cost. Since it is a stage in which many economic evaluations have been made in production, eliminating the faults caused from glaze preparation prevents further financial loss. In this study, the appearance of the faults in the sanitaryware items and the change in their regions (occured as a result of the oils contaminations from the machinery and components used in the preparation of glaze, the pipes of the tanks used in the glaze transport tanks and the glaze transfer or the impurities contaminated from the environment, the splashing of the impurities by the colored glazes in the glazing cabinets etc.) were characterized by means of SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), XRF (X-ray fluorescence spectrometry), XRD (X-Ray Diffractometry) and color measurement (L a* b*) analyses. According to the data derived from the final defected products, the faulty products were imitated by using the same components and methods on the plates under the laboratory conditions. Finally, the solutions for the problems were determined on the basis of faulty products obtained in the laboratory.

The Effect of SrO Addition on the Recrystallization of ZrSiO4 in Raw Glass–Ceramic Glazes from the SiO2-Al2O3-CaO-MgO-K2O-ZrO2 System

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of the addition of strontium oxide on the recrystallization of zirconium silicate when adding strontium oxide to the glaze composition. Zirconia glazes (four different contents) were prepared, to which strontium oxide was added in amounts of 0, 1, 3, 6, and 12 mass% SrO. The characteristic temperatures of the raw glazes were measured, based on which the maximum firing temperatures were determined. The fired glazes were subjected to a study of their phase compositions and an observation of their microstructures. An analysis of the characteristic temperatures showed a fluxing effect, but it was not as strong for all glazes. Differences in the amount of the crystalline phase of zirconium silicate obtained in the fired glazes, as well as the partial transition of zirconium silicate to the amorphous phase, were observed. Observations of the microstructure clearly indicated an increase in the homogeneity of the distribution of zirconium silicate.

Creating anti-slip properties in porcelain floor tiles by recycling alumina rollers from tile kilns

Having flooring tiles with good slip resistance is essential in avoiding accidents and injuries. This study achieved the anti-slip property by incorporating recycled aluminum rollers into the glaze composition while maintaining all the tile's standard properties. This process reduces environmental pollution and adds value by reusing scraps. The effect of grain sizes of crushed rollers and their optimum amount on the slip resistance was investigated.The anti-slip property was tested using a friction-measuring pendulum based on the EN 13036–4 standard. Also, X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscope (SEM), and dilatometry were utilized to investigate the samples. The results showed that the pendulum test value is smaller than 18 degrees (equivalent to R9), with a high slip potential in the usual tile. The angle in the tile reached higher than 36 degrees (equivalent to R11) by adding 10 wt% scrap roller to the base glaze, which means low slip potential; consequently, the possibility of slipping decreased from 1/20 to 1/100000. Also, their slip potential remains the same by getting the tiles wet.