Flavonoid Composition Research Articles

Enhanced antioxidant activities, polyphenols, flavonoids, and free amino acid contents of Nelumbo nucifera bee pollen via high hydrostatic pressure treatment

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to address the effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus) bee pollen (LBP). The total phenolic contents (TPC) and free amino acids were determined and flavonoid composition was identified by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS. Five analytical methods including DPPH, ABTS, reducing power, FRAP, and silver nanoparticles antioxidant capacity were used for the antioxidant activity analysis. The results revealed a significant increase in the TPC and free amino acid compositions after HHP treatment. The DPPH, ABTS, reducing power, FRAP, and AgNPAC of the extracted fractions were augmented by over 13.94, 2.9, 2.68, 85, and 2.6 times, respectively. PCA analysis showed a strong correlation between TPC, some distinct flavonoids, and antioxidant activities. These results indicated that HHP enhances the antioxidant activity of LBP via increase in amino acids, TPC, and some flavonoids such as Licoagrone, Kuwanon K, Cyanidin 3-rutinoside, etc.

Exploring health beneficial effects of poisonous mushroom Paxillus involutus Batsch Fr.

In the present study, phenolic and flavonoid composition and biological properties of methanolic extract of wild growing Paxillus involutus collected in Serbia have been investigated. Ellagic acid was the most abundant phenolic compound (34.92 µg g−1), followed by 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4.51 µg g−1), whereas isoorientin was the most abundant flavonoid (3.42 µg g−1). P. involutus turned out to be a rich source of phenolic compounds (74.67 mg GAE g−1 d.w.), whereas total flavonoid content was significantly lower (4.05 mg QE g−1 d.w.). As for the various investigated biological activities, methanolic extract exerted high level of antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. The highest antioxidative potential was measured by TAC (350 TE mg g−1 d.w.), whereas evaluation of antimicrobial properties showed selective antimicrobial potential toward tested pathogenic microorganisms, with resistant strain of E. coli being the most susceptible to the activity of the extract (MIC 0.08 mg mL−1, MBC 0.16 mg mL−1). Furthermore, methanolic extract of P. involutus demonstrated genotoxicity, severe hemolysis effects and selective cytotoxicity against colon cancer cells. From the obtained data, it may be concluded that investigated mushroom albeit being toxic for human consumption, may be considered as a source of highly bioactive components with potential application in drug development.

Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS) of Aqueous Extracts and Fractions from Verbesina sphaerocephala Stems.

The Verbesina gender represents the second most diverse group from the Asteraceae family in Mexico; Verbesina sphaerocephala is one of the most distributed species along the Mexican territory. This species has been poorly studied, reporting the presence of some bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antibacterial activity. In this study, phenolic and flavonoid contents and composition, antioxidant and antifungal activities of aqueous extracts of the stem of V. sphaerocephala and its fractions were determined. The results showed that the highest antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea was shown by the aqueous extract (IC50: 0.10 mg/mL) and the ethyl acetate fraction (IC50: 14.8 mg/mL). In addition, the aqueous extract and the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest phenolic (21.40 and 21.26 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry extract, respectively) and flavonoid contents (11.53 and 3.71 mg rutin equivalents, respectively) and high antioxidant activity determined by the Total Antioxidant Capacity (20.62 and 40.21 mg ascorbic acid equivalents per gram of dry extract, respectively), Ferric Reducing Power (74.76 and 129.57 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry extract, respectively), DPPH (IC50: 12.38 and 7.36 mg/mL, respectively), and ABTS (IC50: 5.60 and 7.76 mg/mL, respectively) methods. Twelve phenolic compounds were detected in the aqueous extract using UPLC-MS analysis, of which the major ones were protocatechuic, vanillic, and hydroxybenzoic acid, while in the ethyl acetate fraction, the presence of 18 phenolic compounds were identified, of which the majority were vanillin, rutin, and hydroxybenzoic acid. The results of this research demonstrate that the aqueous extract of V. sphaerocephala stems has phenolic compounds with antifungal and antioxidant activity.

Phytochemistry, and Antioxidant Potential of Aqueous Extract of Terminalia chebula Fruit from the Coal-Affected Forests of Bokaro District, Jharkhand

This study investigates the ethnobotanical significance, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant potential of the aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula fruit, collected from the coal-affected forests of Bokaro District, Jharkhand. Using DPPH and NBT assays, the antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated at various concentrations (50, 100, 250, and 500 µg/mL). The DPPH assay revealed a dose-dependent increase in radical scavenging activity, with Terminalia chebula achieving 82.3% inhibition at 500 µg/mL. In comparison, ascorbic acid, a standard antioxidant, exhibited higher inhibition rates, reaching 95.0% at the same concentration. Similarly, the NBT assay demonstrated that the extract inhibited superoxide radicals, with 78.9% inhibition at 500 µg/mL, while ascorbic acid achieved 94.4% inhibition. The phytochemical analysis indicates a rich composition of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins in the extract, which are likely responsible for its antioxidant properties. These findings support the traditional medicinal uses of Terminalia chebula, particularly in managing oxidative stress-related conditions. Overall, the study highlights the significant antioxidant potential of Terminalia chebula fruit extract, suggesting its possible applications in functional foods and natural health products. Future research should focus on isolating specific bioactive compounds and exploring their synergistic effects to fully understand the therapeutic potential of this valuable ethnobotanical resource.

Muti-omics revealed the mechanisms of MT-conferred tolerance of Elymus nutans Griseb. to low temperature at XiZang

BackgroundLow temperature seriously limited the development of grass and crops in plateau. Thus, it is urgent to develop an effective strategy for improving the plant cold tolerance and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.ResultsWe found that MT alleviated the effects of cold stress on suppressing ENG growth, then improved cold tolerance of ENG. Integration of transcriptome and metabolome profiles showed that both cold exposure (TW) and MT reprogrammed the transcription pattern of galactose and flavonoids biosynthesis, leading to changes in compositions of soluble sugar and flavonoids in ENG. Additionally, TW inhibited the photosynthesis, and destroyed the antioxidant system of ENG, leading to accumulation of oxidant radicals represented by MDA. By contrast, MT promoted activities of antioxidant enzymes and flavonoid accumulation in ENG under cold condition, then reduced the MDA content and maintained normal expression of photosynthesis-related genes in ENG even under TW. Importantly, MT mainly enhanced cold tolerance of ENG via activating zeatin synthesis to regulate flavonoid biosynthesis in vivo. Typically, WRKY11 was identified to regulate MT-associated zeatin synthesis in ENG via directly binding on zeatin3 promoter.ConclusionsMT could enhance ENG tolerance to cold stress via strengthening antioxidant system and especially zeatin synthesis to promote accumulation of flavonoids in ENG. Thus, our research gain insight into the global mechanisms of MT in promoting cold tolerance of ENG, then provided guidance for protecting plant from cold stress in plateau.

Chromatographic Profiles of Polyphenols in the Herbs of Artemisia campestris L. and Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.

This study aimed to analyze the compositions of flavonoids and phenolic acids in the aerial parts of two Artemisia L. species (Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. and Artemisia campestris L.) when grown in Ukraine. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis (HPLC) detected the presence of 11 flavonoids and 10 phenolic acids in the plant materials under study. Among the phenolic acids, chlorogenic acid was the most abundant in the raw material of both species (14.503 mg/g in Artemisia ludoviciana and 4.504 mg/g in Artemisia campestris). The main flavonoids in the Artemisia ludoviciana herb decreased in the following order: flavanone-7-O-glycoside (naringin) (21.924 mg/g) > fisetin (13.068 mg/g) > kaempferol-3-b-glucoside (5.119 mg/g) > rutin (1.295 mg/g). In comparison, in Artemisia campestris raw material the order was: flavanone-7-O-glycoside (7.525 mg/g) > fisetin (2.933 mg/g) > rutin (1.355 mg/g). Since the predominant polyphenols have demonstrated valuable therapeutic potential, the data obtained could be considered for further exploration of their biological activities.

Comparison of phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanin in pigmented and non-pigmented maize in bangladesh

In the present study the compositions of phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins in a purple maize (SAU Bhutta 3) variety were determined and compared its phytonutrients with those of other maize varieties cultivated in Bangladesh. The SAU purple maize contained 106.0 ± 8.3 and 165.1 ± 8.0 mg /100 g of methanol soluble and acidic methanol soluble polyphenols, respectively. The SAU Bhutta 3 had the greatest amount of flavonoids (77.0 ± 10.0 mg /100 g) and anthocyanins (69.0 ± 5.0 C3G equv./100 g). Nevertheless, the SAU white maize variety had 31.0 ± 2.0, 47.0 ± 4.4 mg FAE/100 g and 9.0 ± 2.0 mg CE/100 g of free and bound phenolics and total flavonoids, respectively, which were lower than those of the SAU Bhutta 3. Again, the SAU red maize contained the lowest level of total anthocyanin (4.11 ± 1.2 mg C3G/100 g). The SAU Bhutta 3 exhibited higher proportions of insoluble phenolics compared to total phenolics and flavonoids compared to insoluble phenolics. Overall, the SAU Bhutta 3 contained relatively high amounts of phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins; thus, this particular maize variety shows significant potential for future utilization. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(3): 495-502, 2024 (September)

Potential Benefits of Moringa oleifera for Diabetic Foot Ulcers - Future Research and Applications

Diabetic foot ulcers are permanent scars in people with diabetes that result from nerve damage, inadequate blood flow, and infection. The ulcers not only cause significant financial burdens but also remain poorly controlled, necessitating the need for new therapeutic approaches. Moringa oleifera, or Moringa, has the potential to be more valuable in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers due to its long-standing and traditional use. Several civilizations, especially in Africa and Asia, have administered the Moringa plant for quite a long period of time, due to its medicinal values in curing wounds and infections through traditional medicine. It is precisely the extensive composition of phytochemicals, including vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, that shapes this herb's medicinal potential. Ultimately, these are elements that relate to meaningfully striking antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant impacts. The extracts of Moringa are known to carry a pharmacological potential that, importantly, contributes to wound healing. Research indicates that the herb can accelerate wound healing, lower the number of microorganisms, and promote the regeneration of damaged tissue. Some of the basic mechanisms include oxidative stress regulation, promotion of collagen formation, and mitigation of inflammatory reactions, all of which play a crucial role in the improvement of ulcer healing. In the near future, the incorporation of Moringa into treatment against diabetic foot ulcers presents substantial hope. Future studies should focus on formulation procedures to improve and understand the long-term consequences of combined applications with traditional therapies. Applying Moringa's natural healing abilities to ulcer treatment could potentially transform diabetic foot ulcers treatment into long-lasting plant-based solutions, improving patient outcomes.

Widely targeted LC-MS/MS approach provides insights into variations in bioactive flavonoid compounds and their antioxidant activities in green, red, and purple sugarcane

Sugarcane produces enormous secondary metabolites that have significant nutritive and pharmacological value. However, flavonoid diversity, their molecular mechanism, and the transcription factor involved in the regulation of flavonoids are mostly unknown in sugarcane. This study revealed a total of 162 flavonoids, encompassing various subclasses such as flavones, flavonoid carbonosides, flavonols, dihydroflavones, dihydroflavonols, chalcones, flavanols, and isoflavones. Among the different color varieties, the purple rind of YT71-210 exhibited the maximum level of flavonoids (19.26 mg/mL) with significantly higher antiradical activities, followed by the red rind of ROC22 (16.83 mg/mL). Conversely, the green rind of YT93-159 displayed the lowest level of flavonoids (6.14 mg/mL). Furthermore, our transcriptome analysis identified candidate MYB transcription factors that are potentially associated with flavonoid biosynthesis. Notably, correlation analysis revealed a strong association between one candidate MYB gene and the flavonoid compounds, further supporting its role in flavonoid biosynthesis. To conclude, our study provides a comprehensive understanding of the flavonoid composition and the identification of candidate MYB transcription factors associated offers valuable insights into the genetic regulation of flavonoids.

The molecular basis of flavonoid biosynthesis response to water, light, and temperature in grape berries.

Flavonoids, including proanthocyanidins (PAs), anthocyanins and flavonols are essential secondary metabolites that contribute to the nutritional value and sensory quality of grape berry and red wine. Advances in molecular biology technology have led to substantial progress in understanding the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. The influence of terroir on grape berries and wine has garnered increasing attention, yet its comprehensive regulatory network remains underexplored. In terms of application, environmental factors such as water, light, and temperature are more easily regulated in grapevines compared to soil conditions. Therefore, we summarize their effects on flavonoid content and composition, constructing a network that links environmental factors, hormones, and metabolites to provide a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms. This review enriches the knowledge of the regulatory network mechanisms governing flavonoid responses to environmental factors in grapes.

Green surfactant and circulating ultrasound coupling extraction of total flavonoids from Cynanchum auriculatum leaves: Parameter optimization, extraction mechanism, and HPLC-MS analysis

This study aimed to devise an integrated green surfactant and circulating ultrasound coupling extraction (GSCUE) approach for extracting the total flavonoids from Cynanchum auriculatum leaves. Single-factor optimization combined with a Box–Behnken design was used to determine the optimal technological conditions, which included an APG0814/MES amount of 5 % (w/v), extraction temperature of 46 °C, ultrasound irradiation power of 509 W, liquid–solid ratio of 30 mL/g, mixing speed of 1000 r/min, and extraction time of 50 min. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of the total flavonoids reached 7.83 mg/g. The HPLC-MS was applied to identify the flavonoid compositions in Cynanchum auriculatum leaves extract. The results showed that flavonoid composition included Gardenin B, Luteolin, Kaempferol, Quercetin, 4′-Methoxy-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-8,3′-dihydroxyflavanone, Astragalin, Spiraeoside, Rutin, and Kaempferol 3-gentiobioside. Further, to investigate the GSCUE mechanism, plant samples before and after extraction were analyzed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle analysis. The results indicate that the functional groups, surface microstructure, and surface wettability of the plant samples all affect the yield of the target active ingredients. The hydrophilic group content on the plant sample surface after GSCUE treatment was higher compared to the case of the untreated samples. Additionally, there was evidence of surface structural collapse and shrinkage, increased surface roughness, and a decreased contact angle due to GSCUE treatment. These results highlight the greater surface wettability of the plant samples, faster solvent penetration, and an effective increase in the total flavonoid yield, indicating the synergistic effect of combining ultrasound with green surfactants for total flavonoid extraction. Overall, GSCUE technology provided a sustainable and efficient approach for extracting the total flavonoids from plant materials.

Citrus limon var. pompia Camarda var. nova: A Comprehensive Review of Its Botanical Characteristics, Traditional Uses, Phytochemical Profile, and Potential Health Benefits.

Citrus limon var. pompia Camarda var. nova, commonly known as pompia, is a distinctive citrus ecotype native to Sardinia, notable for its unique botanical, phytochemical, and potential health benefits. It holds cultural significance as a traditional food product of Sardinia, recognized by the Italian Ministry of Agricultural Food and Forestry Policies. This comprehensive review examines pompia's traditional uses, taxonomic classification, pomological characteristics, phytochemical profile, and potential health benefits. Pompia phytochemical analyses reveal a rich composition of flavonoids and terpenoids, with notable concentrations of limonene, myrcene, and various oxygenated monoterpenes. Pompia essential oils are primarily extracted from its peel and leaves. Peel essential oils exhibit a high concentration of the monoterpene limonene (82%) and significantly lower quantities of myrcene (1.8%), geranial (1.7%), geraniol (1.5%), and neral (1.4%). In its rind extract, flavanones such as naringin (23.77 µg/mg), neoeriocitrin (46.53 µg/mg), and neohesperidin (44.57 µg/mg) have been found, along with gallic acid (128.3 µg/mg) and quinic acid (219.67 µg/mg). The main compounds detected in the essential oils from pompia leaves are oxygenated monoterpenes (53.5%), with limonene (28.64%), α-terpineol (41.18%), geranial (24.44%), (E)-β-ocimene (10.5%), linalool (0.56%), and neryl acetate (13.56%) being particularly prominent. In pompia juice, the presence of phenolic compounds has been discovered, with a composition more similar to lemon juice than orange juice. The primary flavonoid identified in pompia juice is chrysoeriol-6,8-di-C-glucoside (stellarin-2) (109.2 mg/L), which has not been found in other citrus juices. The compound rhoifolin-4-glucoside (17.5 mg/L) is unique to pompia juice, whereas its aglycone, rhoifolin, is found in lemon juice. Other flavonoids identified in pompia juice include diosmetin 6,8-C-diglucoside (54.5 mg/L) and isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside (79.4 mg/L). These findings support the potential of pompia in developing nutraceuticals and natural health products, further confirmed by its compounds' antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. Future research should focus on optimizing extraction methods, conducting clinical trials to evaluate efficacy and safety, and exploring sustainable cultivation practices. The potential applications of pompia extracts in food preservation, functional foods, and cosmetic formulations also warrant further investigation. Addressing these areas could significantly enhance pompia's contribution to natural medicine, food science, and biotechnology.

The Metabolomic Profiling of the Flavonoid Compounds in Red Wine Grapes and the Impact of Training Systems in the Southern Subtropical Region of China.

Flavonoids play an important role in forming wine grapes and wine quality characteristics. The flavonoids of three winter red wine grapes, Yeniang No. 2 (YN2), Marselan (Mar), and Guipu No. 6 (GP6), were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QQQ-MS). Furthermore, the flavonoids in GP6 grapevines using two types of training systems, namely, trellis (T) and espaliers (E), were also compared in this study. Overall, 196 flavonoid metabolites, including 96 flavones, 38 flavonols, 19 flavanones, 18 polyphenols, 15 anthocyanins, 7 isoflavones, and 3 proanthocyanidins, were identified. The flavonoid profiles were remarkably different among these three grape varieties, while they did not change much in the GP6 managed on trellis and espaliers. Grape varieties with different genetic backgrounds have their own unique flavonoid profiles. Compared with Mar-T, isoflavones and flavonols presented higher contents in GP6-T and YN2-T, which mainly contain glycitein, genistin, calycosin, kaempferide, isotrifoliin, and ayanin. The anthocyanin content was significantly higher in YN2-T than in the other two varieties. YN2 and GP6-T present a more stable color, with significantly more acetylated diglucosides and methylated anthocyanins in YN2-T and GP6-T than in Mar-T. Notably, GP6 had more varied flavonoids and the better characteristics to its flavonoid profile out of these three varieties, due to it containing a higher number of anthocyanins, flavone, and flavonols and the greatest number of different flavonoid metabolites (DFMs), with higher contents than YN2 and Mar. Compared with the trellis training system, the espaliers training system increased the content of flavonoids detected in GP6 grape berries; however, the composition of flavonoids strictly depends on the grape variety.

Antimicrobial activity of curcuma longa and mimosa pudica: a comprehensive review

The active ingredient in turmeric, Curcuma longa, and the traditional medicinal plant, Mimosa pudica, have both been the subject of intensive research due to their wide range of therapeutic applications. The antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing qualities of Mimosa pudica have long been employed, whereas curcumin is well known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer benefits. The pharmacological advantages of these two naturally occurring substances are summarized in this article, which also discusses their possible synergistic effects, modes of action, and therapeutic uses. Our goal in examining the complimentary qualities of Mimosa pudica and curcumin is to present a through analysis that bolsters their application in integrative medicine and offers ideas for further research. Curcumin is known for its powerful anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Its therapeutic success is related to its capacity to affect numerous cellular pathways, such as inhibiting NF-KB and activating AREs. These pathways play a vital role in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, which contribute to chronic diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegeneration. Curcumin's antibacterial characteristics make it a promising medicinal agent with broad-spectrum applications. Mimosa pudica, often known as the "sensitive plant" for its quick responsiveness to physical stimuli, has a long history in traditional medicine, especially in Ayurvedic and folk treatments. It is used for wound healing,anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anti-ulcer properties. The pharmacological actions of Mimosa pudica are primarily due to its rich composition of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids,flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic acids.These compounds collectively contribute to the plant's ability to modulate immune responses, promote tissue regeneration, and inhibit microbial growth.Curcumin and Mimosa pudica have complimentary mechanisms that can lead to synergistic effects. Curcumin modulates intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factors, while Mimosa pudica's bioactive ingredients also interact with extracellular targets and microbial cell walls, indicating a multimodal approach to illness management.

Extraction, characterization, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities of ethanolic extracts from the split gill mushroom (Schizophyllum commune)

Split gill mushroom (Schizophyllum commune) is among the known functional foods for the antitumor and immunomodulatory activities. However, its antidiabetic activity has not been well characterized. Thus, this study aims to characterize ethanolic extracts and investigate the antidiabetic mechanism of the extracts from the split gill mushroom. We utilized both dried and fresh split gill mushrooms as sources for ethanol extractions. We find that the extracts have differential carbohydrate, protein, total phenolic, and total flavonoid compositions, and antioxidant activities. The fresh mushroom extract 1 (FME1) is the best stimulator of glucose uptake in the C2C12 myotubes. Furthermore, FME1 dose-dependently activates glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, possibly by promoting the phosphorylation of the α-subunit of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) complex. This sample also enhance lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Additionally, the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHLC-ESI-QTOF/MS) reveals many potential antidiabetic compounds in the sample. In conclusion, we illustrated the antioxidant and antidiabetic mechanism of an ethanolic extract from fresh split gill mushrooms and identified potential antidiabetic components in the extract, demonstrating the antidiabetic potential of S. commune.

Effects of different postharvest drying processes on flavonoid content and enzymatic activity of Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott flowers for industrial and medicinal use

Traditionally, fresh S. japonicum flowers (SJF) and S. japonicum flowers buds (SJFB) are dried prior to further processing and use. Here, we investigated the ways in which drying techniques, including sun drying (SD), steam drying (STD), microwave drying (MD), hot air drying (HAD, 40 °C, 60 °C, 80 °C, 100 °C), and freeze drying (FD), alter the flavonoid composition of freshly-harvested SJF and SJFB. The flavonoid content of dried samples was determined by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector (UPLC-DAD). Overall, different drying techniques had significantly different effects on the RU content, ranging from 10.63 % (HAD-80 °C) to 34.13 % (HAD-100 °C) in SJF and from 18.91 % (HAD-100 °C) to 29.16 % (HAD-40 °C) and 30.53 % (SD) in SJFB. To clarify the mechanism by which drying affects the RU content of S. japonicum flowers, we studied the activity of a rutin-hydrolyzing enzyme (RHE) isolated from SJF and SJFB using multiple separation and assay methods. According to the Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) results, the apparent molecular weight of the purified RHE was approximately 38 kDa. According to UPLC-DAD, RHE catalyzes the production of quercetin (QU) from rutin (RU), but not from other flavonoid glycosides. Drying fresh SJF and SJFB at low and high temperatures can inhibit RHE activity and prevent RU hydrolysis. Therefore, subjecting freshly-harvest SJF to HAD-100 °C, and freshly-harvest SJFB to SD or HAD-40 °C, can greatly increase the RU content. In particular, HAD is viable for large-scale application due to its simplicity and industrial feasibility.

Silver Nanoparticle Biosynthesis using Distimake vitifolius Extract for Enhancement of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity

ABSTRACT. The biological method for silver nanoparticle synthesis emphasizes green synthesis, which is faster, environmentally safer, facile, energy-efficient, and cost-effective. It provides good alternatives to physical and chemical methods. In this research, we have synthesized silver nanoparticles using D. vitifolius ethanolic extract. The 38 natural compounds of flavonoid, phenolic or polyphenol compositions have been determined by LC-MS/MS-QTOF which is carried out using UNIFI software equipped with a mass spectrum library of active substances from natural ingredients from the Waters database. Silver nanoparticle (Dv-AgNP) was characterized by using TEM and SEM where the average diameter of nanoparticle was seen <100 nm and confirmed by PSA analysis that the Z-average is 62.73 ± 0.71 nm. EDS spectrum confirmed the silver element as a major element of the particles. PI value of Dv-AgNP is 0.557, while the zeta potential is -17.37 ± 1.53 mV. Dv-AgNP can inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa (amoxicillin resistant) with an inhibition zone of 15.83 ± 2.36 mm, and K. pneumoniae with an inhibition zone is 10.03 ± 0.55 mm. These are moderate inhibitory activities. The antioxidant result of the Dv-AgNP suspension solution shows that the IC50 is 0.58 mM. The IC50 of the crude extract is 752 ppm and is categorized as very weak antioxidant activity. Keywords: Antibacterial; D. vitifolius; silver nanoparticle.

Investigation of chemical constituents, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and nutritional properties of oil of Persea americana (Avocado) seeds

This study investigated the phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of the oil of Persea americana seeds (OPAS). The flavonoid and total phenol compositions were quantified using standard colorimetric methods; the antioxidant potentials of the seed were determined using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, while the anti-inflammatory potentials were investigated using membrane stabilization (hypotonicity) and heat-induced hemolysis of human red blood cells (HRBC) assays. In addition, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was employed to characterize the phytochemicals in the oil. The nutritional indices (atherogenic index, thrombogenic index, and polyene index) were also calculated. Results indicated high total phenolic and flavonoid contents (25.78 ± 0.68 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram (GAE/g) and 72.69 ± 1.11 mg quercetin equivalent per 100 mg (QE/100 mg), respectively). The oil of P. americana seeds showed dose-dependent (25–400 μg/mL) antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities compared to the standard agents used (olive oil and ascorbic acid). The GC–MS analysis showed the presence of fatty acids including tetradecanoic acid (33.33 %), 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (20.12 %), n-hexadecenoic acid (7.07 %), and oleic acid (11.60 %). Nutritional indices showed that OPAS had a very low polyunsaturated/saturated (PUFA/SFA) ratio (0.45), hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (0.26), but high atherogenicity index (IA) (4.13) and thrombogenicity index IT (9.47) values. The beneficial potentials of OPAS revealed in this study suggest that it can be harnessed as a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent in phytomedicine. However, the nutritional quality and culinary suitability of OPAS with different oils require further study.

A Comparison of Phenolic, Flavonoid, and Amino Acid Compositions and In Vitro Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Activities in Thai Plant Protein Extracts.

The leaves of mulberry, Azolla spp., sunflower sprouts, cashew nut, and mung bean are considered rich sources of plant protein with high levels of branched-chain amino acids. Furthermore, they contain beneficial phytochemicals such as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. Additionally, there are reports suggesting that an adequate consumption of amino acids can reduce nerve cell damage, delay the onset of memory impairment, and improve sleep quality. In this study, protein isolates were prepared from the leaves of mulberry, Azolla spp., sunflower sprouts, cashew nut, and mung bean. The amino acid profile, dietary fiber content, phenolic content, and flavonoid content were evaluated. Pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, anticholinesterase, monoamine oxidase, and γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) activities, were also assessed. This study found that concentrated protein from mung beans has a higher quantity of essential amino acids (52,161 mg/100 g protein) compared to concentrated protein from sunflower sprouts (47,386 mg/100 g protein), Azolla spp. (42,097 mg/100 g protein), cashew nut (26,710 mg/100 g protein), and mulberry leaves (8931 mg/100 g protein). The dietary fiber content ranged from 0.90% to 3.24%, while the phenolic content and flavonoid content ranged from 0.25 to 2.29 mg/g and 0.01 to 2.01 mg/g of sample, respectively. Sunflower sprout protein isolates exhibited the highest levels of dietary fiber (3.24%), phenolic content (2.292 ± 0.082 mg of GAE/g), and flavonoids (2.014 mg quercetin/g of sample). The biological efficacy evaluation found that concentrated protein extract from sunflower sprouts has the highest antioxidant activity; the percentages of inhibition of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical were 20.503 ± 0.288% and 18.496 ± 0.105%, respectively. Five plant-based proteins exhibited a potent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition, and GABA-T ranging from 3.42% to 24.62%, 6.14% to 20.16%, and 2.03% to 21.99%, respectively. These findings suggest that these plant protein extracts can be used as natural resources for developing food supplements with neuroprotective activity.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Key Functions of MiMYB Gene Family in Macadamia Nut Pericarp Formation.

Macadamia nuts are one of the most important economic food items in the world. Pericarp thickness and flavonoid composition are the key quality traits of Macadamia nuts, but the underlying mechanism of pericarp formation is still unknown. In this study, three varieties with significantly different pericarp thicknesses, namely, A38, Guire No.1, and HAES 900, at the same stage of maturity, were used for transcriptome analysis, and the results showed that there were significant differences in their gene expression profile. A total of 3837 new genes were discovered, of which 1532 were functionally annotated. The GO, COG, and KEGG analysis showed that the main categories in which there were significant differences were flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and the cutin, suberine, and wax biosynthesis pathways. Furthermore, 63 MiMYB transcription factors were identified, and 56 R2R3-MYB transcription factors were clustered into different subgroups compared with those in Arabidopsis R2R3-MYB. Among them, the S4, S6, and S7 subgroups were involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and pericarp formation. A total of 14 MiMYBs' gene expression were verified by RT-qPCR analysis. These results provide fundamental knowledge of the pericarp formation regulatory mechanism in macadamia nuts.